CE-3203 Hydrology

Dr. Mohammed Alauddin, DUET, Gazipur

 75% of Earth’s surface is covered with ocean.
25% is land (7 continents)
Maybe that’s why Earth is called the Water Planet.
Salt water is in the oceans
Fresh water
(Fresh doesn’t mean clean, it means not salty).

is everywhere else
Most (97%) of the water on Earth is salt
water in the oceans.
Only
Earth’s water about
3% of
Earth’s
Salt water in the oceans water
is fresh
97% water.

Fresh
water
3%
There are many types of plants and
animals that live in the salt water.
But all the plants and animals that don’t live in the
ocean must have fresh (not salt) water to live and grow.
Salt water from the oceans becomes fresh
water; after some processes, this goes back
to ocean again - the process we call the
Water cycle.

fresh water

Salt water
Hydrology is one of the major courses of
Water Resources Engineering

Water Resources Engineering?

Water Resources?
Water resources are sources of water that
are useful or potentially useful. Uses of
water include agricultural, industrial,
household, recreational and environmental
activities. The majority of human uses
require fresh water.
 Water Resources Engineering
• Utilisation of water
• Control of water
• Water conservation and water quality
management
Control of water
Not to cause damage to property,
inconvenience to the public,
Utilize/Need water
or loss of life
• Domestic & Industrial uses
• Irrigation
• Power generation
Water-quality management
• Navigation Required quality of water for different
• Other purposes uses,
Preserve Ecological balance.
Water Resources projects – Two Main Steps
First step – How much water is available?
Knowledge of Hydrology!
• Precipitation – not uniform over space and
time
- Require measuring and analysing
• Abstraction – losses; estimated to know the
available water
• Runoff – analysed to know yield of a basin
• Flood – peak runoff, Its Routing – advancing
towards downstream
• Reservoir sizing – mass curve
Second step – How to utilise and control
water?
Require various structures, i.e.
Hydraulic Structures!
Types of Hydraulic Structures
• Storage
• Diversion
• Transportation
• Regulation
• Control
 WRE Bangladesh Context
Brahmaputra
CHINA
BRAHMAPUTRA Jamuna
A: 552x103km2
Ganga
INDIA BHUTAN INDIA
Padma Meghna
GANGES
Area(A): 1087x103km2 MEGHNA
A: 82x103km2
Bangladesh

South-Eastern
Hill Basin

The Bay of Bengal

The combined basin area is about 1.72 million sq.

km. and spreads over
China, India, Nepal, Bhutan and
Bangladesh. Bangladesh is the lowest riparian
country.

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Importance of WRE – Bangladesh Context
Contd. development of upstream basins increases the
difficulties like:
*devastating floods when rivers can’t carry the
flow;
*during the October-May, severe water shortage
across the country
-reduced flow is also aggravating salinity intrusion
and environmental degradation.

Drought
Floods
 Hydrology
• Hydrology: ..can be defined as the science
concerned with the occurrence and movement
of water - in atmosphere, on the surface and
underground.

• The practical application of hydrology is called

Applied Hydrology

• Applied Hydrology is widely used for different

fields of water resources engineering (Design
and operation of hydraulic structures, water
supply, irrigation, hydropower, etc.)
 Course Objectives
✓ Students will obtain an understanding of
hydrologic processes, particularly the processes
of precipitation, evaporation, infiltration,
underground and surface water.
✓ Students will learn about the methods of
hydrologic analysis, including unit hydrograph,
flow routing, statistical methods and frequency
analysis in hydrology.
✓ Students will learn about methods of hydrologic
design, including the development of design
storms and design flows.
 Course Outline
1. Hydrologic cycle, Water balance
2. Precipitation
3. Evaporation and evapotranspiration
4. Infiltration and ground water
5. Rainfall-runoff relations
6. Streamflow measurements
7. Hydrographs, Ungauged catchments
8. Floods, Flood routing
9. Hydrologic models, Climate change
impact
Text Books
1. A Text Book of Hydrology by P. Jaya Rami Reddy
2. Applied Hydrology by V. T. Chow
3. Elementary Hydrology by V. P. Singh
4. Engineering Hydrology by K. Subramanya
5. Groundwater Hydrology by H.M. Raghunath
6. Hydrology for Engineers by R. K. Linsley
 Learning outcome (Part B)
• Describe runoff and its Runoff process; Class Written test
components Factors affecting lecture, (closed
• Recognize runoff runoff; Rainfall- Demonstrati book) –
processes runoff on quiz, exam,
• Determine relation relationship. written
between rainfall and assnmnt;
runoff

• Recognize stream Streamflow Class Written test

gauging Measurement: lecture, (closed
• Estimate steamflow Stream gauging; Exercise, book) –
• Determine stage- Stage-discharge Demonstrati quiz,exam,
discharge relation relation; Site for on, written
stream gauging. Field trip assnmnt
 Learning outcome …
•Describe runoff Hydrograph Class Written test
hydrograph Analysis: lecture, (closed
•Derive unit hydrograph Components of Group book) – quiz,
•Analyze hydrograph and hydrograph; discussion, exam
derive storm hydrograph Hydrograph Demonstrati
separation; Unit on
hydrographs;
Synthetic
hydrographs.
•Recognize flood routing Flow Routing: Class lecture, Written test
and predict flood flow Reservoir routing; Exercise, (closed book)
•Analyze flood frequency, Streamflow routing; Demonstratio – quiz, exam
and evaluate design flood Methods of n
•Recognize models used in determining design
hydrological analyses flood; Frequency
analysis; Modeling;
Simulation of Flow.
Week Content Learning Materials/Suggested Reading
1 Introduction Handout
2 Runoff PJR Reddy, 1997. A Text Book of Hydrology, Chap. 10/Handout
3 Runoff PJR Reddy, 1997. A Text Book of Hydrology, Chap. 10/Handout
4 Streamflow K Subramanya, 2008. Eng. Hydrology 3rd ed. Chap. 4/Handout
5 Hydrographs K Subramanya, 2008. Eng. Hydrology 3rd ed. Chap. 6//Handout
6 Hydrographs K Subramanya, 2008. Eng. Hydrology 3rd ed. Chap. 6/Handout
7 Hydrographs K Subramanya, 2008. Eng. Hydrology 3rd ed. Chap. 6//Handout
8 Floods K Subramanya, 2008. Eng. Hydrology 3rd ed. Chap. 7/Handout
9 Floods K Subramanya, 2008. Eng. Hydrology 3rd ed. Chap. 7/Handout
10 Routing K Subramanya, 2008. Eng. Hydrology 3rd ed. Chap. 8/Handout
11 Routing K Subramanya, 2008. Eng. Hydrology 3rd ed. Chap. 8/Handout
12 Routing K Subramanya, 2008. Eng. Hydrology 3rd ed. Chap. 8/Handout
Models and
13 Handout
Climate change
 Water on earth exists:
• in a space called
Hydrosphere
(15km up into the atmosphere)
• in the crust of the earth (1 km
down into the Lithosphere)

Water circulates in the hydroshpere

and lithosphere through different paths
constituting the Hydrologic Cycle
Earth’s water is in a constant cycle.
Concepts of hydrologic cycle, upon which water
Hydrologic Cycle Processes
balance assessments are normally made

Processes Atmospheric water

Precipitation

Evaporation
Soil water Surface Water
Surface Runoff

Groundwater Recharge
Groundwater
Baseflow
A lot of the precipitation runs off into river
channels where it flows back to the ocean,
is called runoff.
 Water Balance

Water balance equation

R
P - R - ET = △S

In terms of rainfall-runoff relationship, the equation can be

represented as,
R=P–L
P = Precipitation.
R = Total runoff
G = Net groundwater flow out of the catchment
△S = Change in storage : △Ss (surface water) + △Ssm (soil
moisture) +△Sg (ground water).
L = Losses, water not available to have runoff due to
evaporation, transpiration (ET), infiltration (causing
addition to soil moisture and ground water storage) and
surface storage (△S).