Unit 8 Assignment 4 Fluid Systems

Jacob Smith
06/04/2020
Task 1)

i) 1.4 × 1.8 × 1.2 = 3.024𝑚3 = 3024

3024 − 2000 = 1024 𝐿 = 1.024𝑚3
1.024 = ℎ × 1.8 × 1.2
1.024 ÷ 1.8 × 1.2 = ℎ
0.47𝑚 = ℎ
ℎ = 470𝑚𝑚
ℎ = 1400 − 470 = 940𝑚𝑚
ℎ = 0.93𝑚

ii) 𝑝 = 1000
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 𝑝 × 𝑔 × ℎ
1000 × 9.81 × 0.93 = 9123.3𝑃𝑎

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iii) 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 3 ℎ
1
∴ 𝐶𝑜𝑃 = 0.93
3
= 0.31𝑚

iv) 𝑟𝑡 = (𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 × 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎) ÷ 2

𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 1000 × 9.81 × 1.2 = 11772
𝑟𝑡 = (9123.3 × 2.52) ÷ 2
𝑟𝑡 = 11495.36𝑛

v) 𝑚=𝐹×𝐷
𝑚 = 11495.36 × 0.31
𝑚 = 3563.56 𝑁𝑀

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Task 2)
i) A pen lid would float in a water bottle because of its weight. However this is
counteracted by the weight on the end of the lid which is the clay and this
counteracts the buoyancy of the air trapped in the pen lid. This means it will
neither sink nor float. The interesting part of the experiment though comes when
the bottle is squeeze and the pen lid begins to sink. The reason behind this is
because the bottle being squeeze causes the air to compress in the lid and
become denser, making the pen lid sink and when the pressure in the bottle is
released by not squeezing it this decompresses the air allowing the lid to float
back up again.

2
ii) 𝑣 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ + 3 𝜋𝑟 3
2
𝑣 = 𝜋5.752 75.75 + 3 𝜋5.753
𝑣 = 8266.23𝑚𝑚3
𝑣 = 8.26623 × 10−6 𝑀3
𝑢𝑝𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡 = 𝑉𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑑 × 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 ×
𝐴𝑐𝑐 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑢 = 8.26623 × 10−6 × 1000 × 9.81
𝑢 = 0.081𝑁

iii) 0.081 ÷ 3 = 0.027

𝑀 = 0.081 ÷ 3
𝑀 = 0.027𝐾𝑔

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Task 3)
i) 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝐹𝑅 × 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
3.392 × 10−6 × 1000 = 3.392 × 10−3

ii) 1000 × 𝐴 × 268 = 3.392 × 10−3

𝐴 = 3.392 × 10−3 ÷ 268 × 1000
𝐴 = 12.65 × 10−9
𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2
𝑟 = 12.65 × 10−9 ÷ 𝜋 = √12.65 × 10−9 ÷ 𝜋 = 63.46 × 10−6
𝐷 = 63.46 × 10−6 × 2 = 126.91 × 10−6

iii) 𝑉 = 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 ÷ 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎

𝑉 = 3.392 × 10−6 ÷ 𝜋0.42
𝑉 = 6.748 × 10−6

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Task 4)
This report will carefully describe two forms of measuring irregularly shaped objects in detail,
it will specifically be aimed toward solid shaped material. I will then proceed to evaluate the
effectiveness of each method in comparison to one and other and will identify pros and cons
that could lead to inaccurate results with either and both of them.
One major method is known as pycnometer, which is known as this as a translation of the
Greek word for “dense”. This is perfect as it tells us it is a way of measuring density which is
the subject in question. For this you need a body of water with a volume already known by
yourself or those conducting the metrology experiment. In simple terms you must place the
solid into the body of water and then by using the amount the water rises by it is some
calculations away from the density of the object in question. In order to complete the
calculations you will need the mass and volume of the object however this leaves you
extremely close to the density; by dividing the mass by the volume found through the method
stated you will have your density.
Apparatus necessary to complete this is: a Pycnometer, a capillary vessel, distilled water (with
known temperature), a weighing scale, a water bath and finally obviously the solid and
irregular shaped objects of which you wish to find the density of whilst completing this specific
task.
As I quickly stated above the temperature of the water being used must be known as well as
the density however one will give you the other. Density changes with temperature of water
so the simplest way to find these is by measuring the temperature of the water using a
calibrated and extremely accurate thermometer and then using the temperature given using
this to gage the density of the water perhaps using a comparative table that can be found
online. Here is one I found on a website:

Room temperature and therefore the most likely

temperature of the water being used will be around 23
degrees Celsius. From the table it is visible that this would
give us water of roughly 0.99754 grams per centimetre. Once
the temperature and density of water has been calculated
you can proceed to complete the rest of the task which begins
by placing the object you are measuring in the pycnometer
carefully being sure not to displace any water nor damage
anything involved in the measuring. Then you should measure the mass of the pycnometer
along with the object. Then by subtracting the mass of the instrument you will be left with
the mass of the object. Then fill the flask again with distilled water and measure again, this
will not be the same if the procedure is done correctly and the calculations from the will
involve finding the differences between the initial and final mass, giving the mass of water
displaced. From this you can then subtract the value found from the overall initial volume of
both the object and pycnometer, which will give you the volume of the object which once
divided by the mass of it will leave you with the density as wished for.

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This is a very effective method as its extremely precise and accurate when done correctly with
good equipment however, using slightly damaged equipment, or something not properly
calibrated, or some human error or incorrect procedure in any of it can completely ruin results
negating the whole process which is time consuming and this is a major con of it.
The other method specifically in question is much easier to explain, as it just uses and
equation known as the hydrostatic equation which is:
Pressure = Density of the liquid x gravity x depth.
The equation can be simply rearranged to form density = pressure / gravity x depth. The
equation seems hard and weird to understand but when you think
of the liquid as water and an object being inside of it pictorially it
becomes much simpler in the example here:
This method does still require a number of items to be completed
these involve: water, water bath, measuring equipment and
obviously the object in question.
By placing the object in the water you proceed to gage the pressure
on it using various numbers of calculations along with the depth the
by measuring it. The depth is then taken and multiplied by 9.98N or the force due to gravity.
Dividing this number then by the pressure will have you your density.
This method is also easy to do and simple to understand and the only let downs should be
down to human calculation within using the correct formulae, measurements and
calculations. No method is the right one however the hydrostatic is my personal preference
purely due to speed being better and the simpler idea of it, however this is completely down
to everyone to debate and people may have different opinions if they do not like using
measurements in calculations then they would possibly prefer the first method, but both one
conducted right should always work.
If there was to be an error it could be down to temperature in the first experiment or in the
second down to incorrect measurement of depth or a mistake in the calculations, for this
reason it is important to always carefully check all working outs and calculations.

https://www.fpharm.uniba.sk/fileadmin/faf/Pracoviska-
subory/KFCHL/ENG/lectures/Physics/1.Density-pycnometer.pdf

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269694863_Measurement_of_the_volume_and_density
_of_weight_by_hydrostatic_weighing_method

https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=3214
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