Survey details are performed through four groups: geometry, mechanics, physics, chemistry, and

environment. In each section has the same structure including typical parameters, methods and
survey tools, data presentation, the preliminary evaluations:
1) Survey geometrical characteristics: size mapping structures and works; determine the
deformation (displacement, fracture). In addition to structural mapping structure: thickness,
length of the layer structure, the main section down, way links, installing tile, quarry ... In this
began to notice the visually handicapped often.
Equipment and survey instruments: steel size, grip size, the mirror cracks, deflection gauges, the
TENZO, surveying machines ... and other devices.
Presentation and data processing:
- Chart and table values cracks: length, width, aperture, fracture spacing, progression ...
- The deformation diagram and description: deflection, bending, displacement, development ...
- Location and description of the defect;
- Category: characteristics of defects: stability, development, through walls, one side, Horizontal,
vertical, diagonal, single grid, parallel, intersecting ...
- The size of the cracks split: micro cracks (a ≤ 0.1 mm aperture), small (a ≤ 0.3 mm), medium (a
≤ 0.5 mm), large (a ≤ 1.0 mm), development (a ≤ 3.0 mm), high growth (a ≤ 5 mm), sabotage (a>
5 mm).
Preliminary remarks:
- Deformation of dangerous or not dangerous; disabilities that affect or not affect the structure (in
section 4 of this standard).
- Prediction cause damage and progressive deformation ability, the ability to increase the mutant
strain (damage).
- Propose solutions temporarily reinforced if necessary.
- To propose additional survey direction.
Note: For masonry structures built long years, the cracks appear as signs of serious damage
should pay special attention and careful study. Based on the distribution characteristics of the
judge cracks can cause damage to buildings

2) Investigation of the mechanical characteristics

Identify targets for durability materials for assessing the bearing capacity of the structure
(compressive strength, dual, bending, cutting, elastic modulus, stresses in the structure ...). For
existing buildings the material properties change with depth should also be determining the
appropriate layout to get the full picture of the bearing capacity of the structure.
Equipment and laboratory instruments: including the instrumentation in the field, sampling tools
and testing machines in the rooms, (each with its own instructions on how to take samples, how
to use). Select by two methods: destructive testing and non-destructive. For brick stone structure,
the flat type device size can directly measure the intensity of the scene is built in the most
convenient way today.
Presentation and data processing:
- Map of the sampling sites and checks.
- The list of test results (the components are separated out individually or in groups, each lot) of
measurement methods and standards applied.
- The characteristic values of the mechanical and structural components; mentioned methods for
data processing and statistical calculations and statistical characteristics.
- The chart stresses - deformation of the material.
- Change the value of the mechanical characteristics (if any) in-depth structural inspection.
Preliminary remarks:
- The status of the corresponding technical than design or function works; levels of the corresponding
grade material under investigation panel against experimental results in the field are not destroyed.
- Predicting the quality of the work situation.
3) Investigation of physical characteristics
The characteristic physical parameters surveyed divided into 2 groups according to:
- Physical properties of structural materials: additional parameters for the geometric parameters and
mechanical (structural weight, absorbency, abrasion, hardness, porosity, fighting ability, the Sound
insulation, heat insulation ...).
- Physical properties of architectural parameters used to evaluate the comfort and hygiene of the
environment (lighting, ventilation, walls absorb heat, humidity inside the house, ...) .
The above parameters are determined according to the standard testing methods and techniques to
current guidelines.
Note: For existing buildings, the class test according to the process of detection - occurs in depth of the
work is very important.
4) Environmental Impact Survey
Collect data: climatic parameters (air humidity, air temperature, radiant intensity, rainfall, chemical
corrosive agents, biological ...), hydrogeology, ecology of the region. In many cases the need for
attention to the direction of the wind, splashing rain direction, direction of water movement to and from
work ...
Samples for analysis should take;
- Samples of the material, take the class from outside to inside.
- The environmental samples, groundwater samples, waste gas, waste water, air, solid waste, land form,
the corrosive chemical agents, biological (algae, fungi, termites ....).
Presentation and processing results:
- Classification of samples.
- The mineral content, chemistry of the sample, testing method.
- Interoperability between substances in materials and environmental samples, the chemical reaction
schemes.
- The level of material degradation: chemical concentrations in texture, proportion% of the volume
involved structural response, corrosion depth, speed corrosion process ...
- Influence of the corrosion process and weathering to: architectural color, geometry, mechanical and
physical features of the structure and operation of the facility.
Preliminary remarks:
- The level of environmental impact to the state of the art facility.
- How to overcome (general orientation).

4.2. Survey methodology masonry works

The survey was conducted in three steps:
- Close survey to study situation
- Visual Survey (naked eye).
- Survey details (with equipment).
Depending on the complexity of the process, can proceed in steps or shortened to 2 or 1 step.

4.2.1 Close survey to study situation

Learn step approach that works through contact with materials to understand the value of architecture,
culture, history, and welfare of the public, the necessity, reasonableness and significance of remodeling
work, renovation works. The contents include:
a) How to proceed: on the basis of user requirements and project management, consulting agencies to
collect records, documents related research, consulting, video, Image status ....
b) Presentation of results:
- Opinions about the need (or not needed) of the survey and subsequent repair.
- The evidence proving the repair and maintenance of the economic significance - social, not
inconsistent with the general plan.
c) step approach to learn survey ends when:
- Notification of damage does not correspond to reality;
- Damage can be overcome with minor repair work periodically;
- How simple fix, may transfer directly to the repairer or manager;
- Defects due to construction or repair previous incomplete or incorrect design that is longer warranty
period;
- Buildings damaged too heavy, more expensive repairs new construction (except monuments to be
conserved);
- The existence of the conflict with the zoning (to remove);
- The repair is not feasible (technically).
4.2.2. Visual Survey
Survey work in visual and simple tools. The goal is to establish the status report and preliminary
assessment of the status of each structural parts, using quality; proposed content surveyed next, as well
as reinforcing temporary solution (if necessary).

. Comment of the overall

- Deformation of the work overall, especially deformation (if any).
- Factors affecting the process: geological and hydrological conditions, the stability of the platform,
corrosive environments.
- Life works: if the records do not have data on the time of construction or the construction department
at this stage can be predicted indirectly through a motif architecture, using materials, structural
composition. This data is needed to assess the current situation and forecast the next state (if not
designed architecture allows us to identify the age of the building in phases next survey techniques to
identify with specialized equipment ).
Observation detailed description of the main structural parts of the building
Basements and foundations
In the previous works have basements or may not, be the only floor underfloor ventilation low arch.
Nails can be brick, building rubble, sometimes as reinforced concrete.
How to proceed:
- Check the foundation structure; when no documents are required storage pit, the pit number depends
on the importance of work, mainly on the length and bearing walls proposed by experts. If the basement
works, you can use layout 2/3 of the pit inside.
- Data Requirements: henna measure, identify deviations from design, material composition description,
sizing beams, bracing nails (if any), define the deformation and fracture.
- Describe structural waterproofing, moisture, ventilation, the technical equipment in the basement;
described disrepair (wet garbage fill, water leaks, mortar quality, quality tiles, ventilation ... ).
- If discovered under layers material degradation, they must be cross-described components.
Wall friezes
- Review the entire wall, tap to locate blister. Need peeled layers to consider each situation class
structure tao.Tong loading and unloading area of the survey is 15% of the total wall area. In the case
needs to be examined carefully by expert requirements of the survey area may be larger. The box needs
survey distributed evenly. Plot size in height with 5-6 tiles (dash line revealed), the length - enough to
determine the layout of the brick masonry. Besides having to drill a hole the wall for review section. Peel
mortars at corner to determine how to install tile, start mining. If there are cracks along the walls
peeling shirt slit to consider cracks.
- Determine size components, damaged parts, materials composition, defects and damage to the seat;
- Description of the cracks (size distribution on the wall .... development), represented in the figure, tilt,
shift, twist (if any);
- Describe the status of weathered material (mortar acne, peeling, blisters, acne face brick, more salt,
discoloration ....), status moss, mold, weeds grow in the works;
- Describe the current state of doorways, arches, wall bracing, cylinder motor, tilt, deflection of them,
noting the tension cracks, flax bowl;
- Note wall moisture status: from the outside (if bad or mortar cracks through walls) from the
background can be up (if the wall backfill or lack of moisture in the top layer of the hoof wall) can leach
horizontal (if the opposite works as septic tanks, water tanks, tank tree). Finally, because the moisture
can wall brick or mortar containing a mineral salt is hygroscopic.
- Describe the general condition of the building blocks: quality brick, mortar and links between them.
- If discovered under layers material degradation, they must be cross-described components.
Floor compartment floor
Building brick, stone usually wooden floor, the floor swept dome building, floor tiles to I-shaped steel
beams, may have reinforced concrete floors.
General requirements for all cases surveyed floor:
- Measured in size, structure layer (layer slices, bearing floor, ceiling plaster).
- Identify the structural floor beams, the distance between them, the depth of the wall bearing
hydrated, if the tile is identified links between the beams, structural beams that link - the floor.
- Measure the deflection, local deformation.
- Identification of cracks in the 4.1 guide, mapping the cracks.
- Check the status of stainless steel (reinforcement or steel beams), moisture status, quality plaster ...
- If discovered under layers material degradation, they must be cross-described components.
For wood floors: identification% floor area needing to be replaced, the number of beams required
reinforcement or replacement; timber can sample testing of physical properties.
For floor tiles to: the review should start from the bottom: find the cracks due to overload, due to the
wet area waterproof from above, there is the phenomenon of peeling plaster in place with stainless
steel beams ...

For reinforced concrete floor: first preliminary survey the entire floor to the top and bottom
regions are divided into good and poor quality areas. The total area for loading and unloading
areas surveyed identified by experts and not more than 15% of floor area.
Attic and roof
The roof structure is often wood or wood - steel combination (for pulling steel, wood or steel
purlins, rafters, wood sesame); washed brick, reinforced concrete roof.
The contents of the survey:
- Measuring, drawing and composition roof surface if a flat roof, the measured slope length of
flowing water, the number and size of water sumps, composed of waterproof layer, heat-
resistant, if the slope is then mapped truss structure, will try and drains, the number and size of
drainage pipes. Note consider adjoining roof structure and equipment, construction details
through roof (chimneys, box technique ...). If the dome is to determine how to install tile, start
mining.
- Consider drawing record status leakings attention long positions moisture, will explode,
stormwater sumps, joints between adjacent panels, subsidence slot ... For the roof box can be
divided survey as floor compartment floor.
- Defining the roof deformation and cracking, fracture mapping and comparison with the likely
position displacements below, pay special attention to the distance between the cracks, wall
cracks due to peak cause of roof heat.
- Defining the bearing structure (rafters, purlins and rafters, sesame), quality of materials and
roofing materials roof frame; describes the condition of the wood components, note the contact
surface wood - wood, wood - tile, wood - stucco, wood - land, timber - metal ...; consider
biological status corrosion termites, fungus, mold, moisture, preservation methods used;
determine of the deformation (deflection, cracking) ... the rafters, purlins, rafters, the roof ...
- Review of the technical equipment in the attic and to the roof of their link, affect equipment
operation to roof.
- Determine the level of roof ventilation, dryness of moist heat-resistant layer.
4.2.2.4. Observation describe other parts of the building
Stairs
Draw the structure, size, description and condition damaged materials, attention and beam scale
ladder positions linked to the wall.
Balconies, wall flower beds, sofas box
Description associated with the wall (which easily absorb water), measure the height difference
with the floor, windowsill, balcony floor condition, drainage holes ...
Interior and exterior
Description facing materials, paving, erosion status, loss of color, gloss, burst rate, detachment.
Describe the situation ledges, cornices, only flowers and paintings ...
Technical equipment
- Ventilation system: performance status regularly or infrequently, or lack of demand response
capacity.
- Plumbing: Water supply scheme to the principle of location, description of the material,
equipment is being used (or not meet), the problem in the past ...
- Sewer: Description of liquid waste, material composition and escape routes, safety (tightness,
corrosion resistant ...), constructed septic tanks, sewage treatment plans if ... Description
operational status, current damage, incidents and remedies have been carried out,
- Electrical system: determining supply, power, principle diagrams, location diagrams, structure
transmission lines, describing conditions used, the problems in the past, the ability to test and
repair ...

- Lightning protection system: determining building height, type of lightning, drawing layout, size needle,
wire, wire rack, connected to the grounding system (or solder connections used ghip); way layout, and
wire rods size field, trees and the location near the high, the soil type, soil moisture condition dry,
arranged in ...
- System Status waterproof, heat-resistant, sound insulation, moisture, light: structure and describe the
situation.
4.2.2.5. Presenting survey results visually
- The report of the technical status and the accompanying parts to drawings, diagrams, photographs;
- Preliminary remarks on the status and quality prediction causes the damage;
- For large deformation texture should be identified and recommended treatment;
- If there is corrosion or weathering, degradation of materials, to predict the depth and scale of chemical
reactions;
- To propose technical program next survey.
4.2.3. Technical surveys (detailed survey)
Survey details the use of technical means of identifying characteristics, physico-chemical, structural
geometry and environmental parameters. The goal is to provide sufficient data for the quantitative
assessment of the quality and design calculations repair and renovation.
Contents detailed survey include:
- Identify and impact loads such as the weight of the survey data, the type of load and impact.
- Determine the status of structural engineering: structural masonry, reinforced concrete, wood.
If the observation period described detect changes in material properties with depth layer, the samples
were taken in class. For class materials are not degraded nor sampling experiments in the field (except
to obtain verifiable data).
4.2.3.1. Survey of brick structures (foundations, walls, columns, floors)
Structural surveyed separately, to determine the following properties:
- The intensity and the physical properties of brick and stone building.
- The intensity and the physical properties of mortar.
- The mechanical properties of the material warrants, tiles, paving, painting, baits.
- Type of corrosion or deterioration of the material ...
- Intensity of the building can be determined by the investigation panel label brick, mortar grade
measurement of works.

. Assess the condition of the brick, stone

5.1. Assessing the current state structure (physical losses)
5.1.1. The current status assessment techniques
5.1.1.1. The assessment of the current status including evaluation of the bearing capacity of the whole
or a part of the work by calculating or comment on the technical condition of the bearing wall structure
through expression of the cracks.
5.1.1.2. Evaluating the strength and quality status of the whole or a part of the work should be based on
the results of the previous survey period (the state cracks, deformation, the material characteristics of
the bearing structures, resulting in subsidence monitoring of works, structural diagrams, load and
impact reality ...).

5.1.1.3. The predicted bearing capacity of structures or buildings in the future can be based on
the law of the degraded material (see Appendix) and the direction of load fluctuations,
environment.
5.1.2. Assessing the current state structure
5.1.2.1. Using survey data on geometry, material characteristics, the displacement (deformation)
of the structure or parts of the foundation, using actual load, calculate the test actual bearing
capacity of structures and buildings in the limit state.
5.1.2.2. Comment technical status brick wall bearing according to the characteristics of
cracks.
1) The cracks caused by the effects of temperature, are generally not dangerous to the safety of
the structure. In case the length and width of cracks not exceeding the length and width limits
specified in point 4 of this section, the cracks only affect the conditions of use of the facility.
2) The cracks caused by subsidence of the differences not only affect the conditions of use, but
also reduces the bearing capacity of the whole project. The impact of these traces to the bearing
capacity of the facility depends on the length and width of cracks in accordance with point 4 of
this section.
3) The cracks due to improper design, quality of materials by or low quality construction of this
type is as dangerous as crack overload. They usually appear under the concentrated load and
weakness in the section. Need for attention because they can cause damage works (Appendix B).
4) Based on the number, length and width of the cracks most of the load-bearing brick walls can
evaluate the technical condition of the following four cases:
In the first case: the cracks in small quantities, the largest width of cracks less than 1 mm, a
length of about 2-3 bricks back. In this case, the structure can be used normally without
reinforcement repair if no agents required to prevent chemical corrosion near to the works
department.
The second case: the number of multiple cracks, crack width from 1mm to 4mm large seat, crack
length greater than 3 bricks: Hardness of structural decline. The structure in a state closer to
term. In this case the structure should be reinforced.
The third case: the structural limit state of bearing. In this case, there may be a lot of cracks in
the structure but little or cracks but has great size. Crack length can be run through the wall,
where the largest width is from 5 - 9mm. In this case, the structure should be reinforced or
replaced.
Fourth case: in state structures destroyed. On many structural cracks appear to make it crumble
or break away. Crack width of 10mm and larger room largest. Length width cracks running
throughout the structure. The structure had to be replaced at this time (except for the monument
should be strengthened to preserve).