1.

cold air slows the movement of the cilia, resulting in accumulation of mucus that may in turn
lead to a runny nose during cold weather.
2. The alveolar wall consists of three major cell types: type I alveolar cells, type II alveolar cells, and
alveolar macrophages. A type I alveolar cell is a squamous epithelial cell of the alveoli, which
constitute up to 97 percent of the alveolar surface area. These cells are about 25 nm thick and
are highly permeable to gases. A type II alveolar cell is interspersed among the type I cells and
secretes pulmonary surfactant , a substance composed of phospholipids and proteins that
reduces the surface tension of the alveoli. Roaming around the alveolar wall is the alveolar
macrophage , a phagocytic cell of the immune system that removes debris and pathogens that
have reached the alveoli.
3. What are the three changes that occur inside the airways during an asthma attack?
4. Inflammation and the production of a thick mucus; constriction of the airway muscles, or
bronchospasm; and an increased sensitivity to allergens.
5. The word endocrine derives from the Greek words "endo," meaning within, and "crinis,"
meaning to secrete.
6. Endocrine Glands and Their Major Hormones
7. Endocrine gland Associated hormones Chemical class Effect
8. Pituitary (anterior) Growth hormone (GH) Protein Promotes growth of body tissues
9. Pituitary (anterior) Prolactin (PRL) Peptide Promotes milk production
10. Pituitary (anterior) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Glycoprotein Stimulates
thyroid hormone release
11. Pituitary (anterior) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Peptide Stimulates hormone
release by adrenal cortex
12. Pituitary (anterior) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Glycoprotein Stimulates
gamete production
13. Pituitary (anterior) Luteinizing hormone (LH) Glycoprotein Stimulates androgen
production by gonads
14. Pituitary (posterior) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Peptide Stimulates water reabsorption
by kidneys
15. Pituitary (posterior) Oxytocin Peptide Stimulates uterine contractions during
childbirth
16. Thyroid Thyroxine (T 4 ), triiodothyronine (T 3 ) Amine Stimulate basal metabolic rate
17. Thyroid Calcitonin Peptide Reduces blood Ca 2+ levels
18. Parathyroid Parathyroid hormone (PTH) Peptide Increases blood Ca 2+ levels
19. Adrenal (cortex) Aldosterone Steroid Increases blood Na + levels
20. Adrenal (cortex) Cortisol, corticosterone, cortisone Steroid Increase blood glucose
levels
21. Adrenal (medulla) Epinephrine, norepinephrine Amine Stimulate fight-or-flight
response
22. Pineal Melatonin Amine Regulates sleep cycles
23. Pancreas Insulin Protein Reduces blood glucose levels
24. Pancreas Glucagon Protein Increases blood glucose levels
25. Testes Testosterone Steroid Stimulates development of male secondary sex characteristics
and sperm production
26. Ovaries Estrogens and progesterone Steroid Stimulate development of female secondary sex
characteristics and prepare the body for childbirth
27.