‫الدرس الحادي عشر‬

‫اﻟﺪرس اﻟﺤﺎدي ﻋﺸﺮ‬

‫الجمل ذات الخبر االسمي أو الضميري‬

‫‪Sentences with Nominal or Pronominal Predicate‬‬

‫]اﻝﻔﻘرة ‪ :[١٢٥‬رأﻳﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ أن اﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﻴﻦ ﻛﺎن ﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎﻧﻬﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻧﻤﻮذج اﻟﺠﻤﻞ ذات اﻟﺨﺒﺮ اﻟﻈﺮﻓﻲ‬
‫) ‪ (adverbial predicate‬ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ اﻟﺠﻤﻞ ذات اﻟﺨﺒﺮ اﻻﺳﻤﻲ أو اﻟﻀﻤﻴﺮي ) ‪nominal or‬‬
‫‪ ( Pronominal Predicate‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ وذﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﺳــﺘﺨﺪام ﺣﺮوف اﻟﺠـﺮ اﻟﺘﻲ أﻃﻠﻘﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ " إم‬
‫‪(٣٨‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬ ‫)أﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫‪m‬‬
‫‪(m‬‬ ‫‪of‬‬ ‫)‪predication‬‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺒﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫و " ر اﻟﻤﺴـﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ" ) ‪) (r of futurity‬أﻧﻈﺮ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ‪ ، (١٢٢‬وﻟﻘـﺪ اﺳﺘﺸﻬﺪﻧﺎ ﺑﺄﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮات ‪،١١٧‬‬
‫‪ .١٢٢ ،١١٩ ،١١٨‬وﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ أن ﻧﻌﻠﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪرس اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲ أﻧﻪ وﺑﺼﺮف اﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ أﺷﺮﻧﺎ إﻟﻴﻬﺎ اﻵن‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ‬
‫ﻛﺎن ﻟﻠﻤﺼﺮﻳﻴﻦ ﻧﻤﻮذج ﺧﺎص وﻣﻤﻴﺰ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎً ﻟﺒﻨﺎء اﻟﺠﻤﻞ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻜﻮن ﺧﺒﺮﻫﺎ )‪ (predicate‬اﺳﻤﺎً )‪ (noun‬أو‬
‫ﺿﻤﻴﺮاً )‪ .(pronoun‬ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺟﻤﻞ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻄﺮاز ﻋﻦ اﻟﺠﻤﻞ ذات اﻟﺨﺒﺮ اﻟﻈﺮﻓﻲ ‪(adverbial‬‬
‫)‪ predicate‬أﺳﺎﺳﺎً ﻓﻲ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻬﺎ اﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ )‪ (independent pronouns‬اﻟﻤﺬﻛﻮرة ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ‪ ٦٤‬ﺑﺪون ﻗﻴﻮد‪ ،،‬وﻓﻲ ﻋﺪم اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻬﺎ ‪ iw‬و ‪ ، wnn‬ﺛﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺮوز دور ﻛﻠﻤﺔ‬
‫اﻹﺷﺎرة‪ pw demonstrative) (word‬ﻛﻌﻨﺼﺮ إﻋﺮاﺑﻲ ﻫﺎم‪.‬‬
‫و اﻟﻤﺒﺪأ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ذو اﻷوﻟﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ذات اﻟﺨﺒﺮ اﻹﺳﻤﻲ أو اﻟﻀﻤﻴﺮي ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﺪأ اﻟﺘﺠﺎور اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮ‪ ،‬وﺗﻘﺪم اﻟﻤﺒﺘﺪأ )‪ (subject‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺨﺒﺮ )‪ (predicate‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﺤﺎل ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ‬
‫ذات اﻟﺨﺒﺮ اﻟﻈﺮﻓﻲ‪ . (adverbial (predicate‬وﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻻﻳﺰال ﺷﺎﺋﻌﺎً ﺟﺪاً ﻓﻲ ﻟﻐﺔ اﻟﻌﺼﺮ اﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ‬
‫ﺣﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﻤﺒﺘﺪأ )‪ (subject‬ﺿﻤﻴﺮاً ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺎً )‪ ،(personal pronoun‬وﺗﻌﻠﻤﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ درس ﺳﺎﺑﻖ أن‬
‫اﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ )‪(independent pronouns‬ﻫﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ )راﺟﻊ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ‪("١ "٥٦‬؛‬
‫وﻻ ﻳﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ اﻟﺮاﺑﻂ‬
‫)‪ (copula‬ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‪ .‬وﻣﻦ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ذﻟﻚ‪:‬‬

‫‪ink Smsw “I was a follower”.‬‬

‫"أﻧﺎ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ"‪.‬‬

‫‪ntk it n nmH “thou art (you are) the father of‬‬

‫‪the orphan”.‬‬
‫"أﻧﺖ أب اﻟﻴﺘﻴﻢ"‪.‬‬

‫"ﻫﻮ ﺳﻴﺪﻧﺎ"‪.‬‬ ‫‪"swt nb.‬ﻫﻮ ﺳﻴﺪﻧﺎ"‪.‬‬

‫‪nb.n ”he is our lord”.‬‬

‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﻤﺒﺘﺪأ إﺳﻤﺎً◌ً )‪ ،(noun‬ﻓﺈن اﻟﺘﺠﺎور اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻛﺎن ﻗﺪ أﻫﻤﻞ ﻓﻌﻠﻴﺎً‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ أﻧﻪ ﻛﺎن ﻻ‬
‫ﻳﺰال ﺷﺎﺋﻌﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻧﺼﻮص اﻷﻫﺮام‪ .‬وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻧﺴﺘﺸﻬﺪ ﺑﺒﻀﻌﺔ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺼﺮﻫﺎ‬
‫اﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ‪.‬‬

‫‪mkt.t mkt Ro‬‬

‫‪“thy (your) (f.) protection is the protection of Rēc”.‬‬

‫"ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺘﻚ ﻫﻲ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ رع"‪.‬‬
 ‫‪rn n mwt.s‬‬
‫‪mwt.s Vwi# “the name of her mother is‬‬
‫‪Tjuia”.‬‬
‫"اﺳﻢ أﻣﻬﺎ ﺛﻮﻳﺎ"‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‪:‬‬
‫اﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺆﻟﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺒﺘﺪأ )‪ (subject‬وﺧﺒﺮ اﺳﻤﻲ )‪ (nominal predicate‬ﻋﺎﺷﺖ أﻳﻀﺎً ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ‪ + in‬اﺳﻢ‬
‫)‪ + (noun‬اﺳﻢ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ أو ﻣﻔﻌﻮل )‪ ،(participle‬أﻧﻈﺮ اﻟﻔﻘﺮات ‪ ٣٧٣ ،٣٧٢ ،،(٣)٢٢٧‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ‪ .‬وﻫﻨﺎك ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﻟﺘﻠﻚ اﻟﺠﻤﻞ‬
‫ذات اﻟﻤﺒﺘﺪأ اﻟﻀﻤﻴﺮي ﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﺿﻤﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻞ )‪ + (independent pronoun‬اﺳﻢ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ أو ﻣﻔﻌﻮل‬
‫)‪ + (participle‬اﺳﻢ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ أو ﻣﻔﻌﻮل‪ ،‬وﻫﻲ ﺗﺘﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎً ﻣﻊ اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺬﻛﻮرة ﻓﻲ أﻋﻠﻰ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ]‪ :[١٢٦‬اﻟﻤﺒﺘﺪأ و اﻟﺨﺒﺮ‪:‬‬

‫‪(Subject and predicate):‬‬
‫ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮ اﻟﺨﻠﻂ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﺒﺘﺪأ )‪ (subject‬واﻟﺨﺒﺮ )‪ (predicate‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﻤﻞ ذات اﻟﺨﺒﺮ اﻟﻈﺮﻓﻲ‬
‫)‪ ،(adverbial predicate‬ﺣﻴﺚ أن اﻟﻈﺮف )‪ (adverb‬أو ﺷﺒﻪ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﻈﺮﻓﻴﺔ ‪(adverbial‬‬
‫)‪ phrase‬ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺻﻴﻐﺘﻬﺎ اﻟﻤﻤﻴﻴﺰة ﺗﻤﻨﻌﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﺒﺘﺪأ )‪ (subject‬ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪي ﻟﺬﻟﻚ اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ‪.‬‬
‫وﻋﻠﻰ أﻳﺔ ﺣﺎل‪ ،‬ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺤﻲ "ﻣﺒﺘﺪأ" )‪ (subject‬وﺧﺒﺮ )‪ (predicate‬ﺿﺮورة ﻣﻠﺤﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﺸﺮع‬
‫ﻓﻲ دراﺳﺔ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ذات اﻟﺨﺒﺮ اﻻﺳﻢ )‪ (noun‬أو اﻟﻀﻤﻴﺮ )‪(pronoun‬؛ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻟﻦ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺴﺎغ ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺎً‬
‫أن ﻧﺘﺤﺪث ﻋﻦ اﻟﺠﻤﻞ ذات اﻟﺨﺒﺮ اﻻﺳﻤﻲ أو اﻟﻀﻤﻴﺮي‪ (nominal or pronominal (predicate‬ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻢ ﻧﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﺒﺘﺪأ واﻟﺨﺒﺮ ﻓﻲ أي ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬وﺑﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﻷن اﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ اﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮي ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﻟﻦ‬
‫ﻳﻌﻴﻨﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ذﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻤﻌﻴﺎر ﻛﺜﻴﺮا ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻴﺴﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻮاﻗﻒ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ اﻟﺮاﺑﻂ )‬
‫)‪ (copula‬ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﺒﺘﺪأ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﺨﺺ )‪ (person‬واﻟﻌﺪد )‪ ،(number‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ واﺿﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ‪“I am‬‬
‫”‪" your friend‬أﻧﺎ ﺻﺪﻳﻘﻚ"‪ ،‬وﺟﻤﻠﺔ ”‪" “they are a united family‬ﻫﻢ ﻋﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻣﺘﺂﻟﻔﺔ"‪ ،‬وﻻ ﻧﺠﺪ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﺘﻨﺎوﻟﻨﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ اﻟﻮﺳﻴﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺎوﻧﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ‪ ،‬وﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﻧﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎت اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺒﺘﺪأ و اﻟﺨﺒﺮ‪ ،‬واﻟﺘﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ أﺳﺎﺳﻬﺎ ﻧﻌﺮف اﻟﻤﺒﺘﺪأ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ "اﻟﺸﻲء اﻟﺬي ﻧﺘﺤﺪث ﻋﻨﻪ"‪ ،‬أﻣﺎ اﻟﺨﺒﺮ ﻓﻬﻮ "ﻣﺎ أُﻗَﺮ أو أُ َ‬
‫ﻧﻜﺮ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺒﺘﺪأ"‪ .‬وﻫﻨﺎك ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻻ ﺑﺄس ﺑﻬﺎ ﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎر اﻟﺨﺒﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﻲ ‪ (logical (predicate‬وﻫﻲ أن ﻧﻨﻈﻢ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺳﺆال‪ ،‬وﺗﻜﻮن ﺣﻴﻨﺌﺬ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﻮاﻓﻘﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ اﻻﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎم )‪ (interrogative word‬ﻫﻲ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺆﻟﻒ‬
‫اﻟﺨﺒﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﻲ )‪ ٠(logical predicate‬وﻫﻜﺬا ﻓﻔﻲ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ”‪" “I am your friend‬أﻧﺎ ﺻﺪﻳﻘﻚ"‬
‫ﻓﺈن اﻟﺨﺒﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﻲ ﻫﻮ ”‪" “your friend‬ﺻﺪﻳﻘﻚ" ﻣﺘﻰ أﺟﺒﺖ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺴﺆال ”?‪“what am I‬‬
‫"ﻣﺎذا أﻧﺎ؟‪.‬‬
‫إذا ﻣﺎ ﻋﺪﻧﺎ اﻵن إﻟﻰ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﺔ ذات اﻟﺨﺒﺮ اﻟﻀﺮﻓﻲ ‪ ، (adverbial (predicate‬ﻓﺴﻨﺠﺪ أن‬
‫اﻟﺨﺒﺮ اﻟﻈﺮﻓﻲ ﻛﺜﻴﺮاً ﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﺺ ﺑﻮﺿﻮح ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺮر أو أﻧﻜﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺒﺘﺪأ )‪ .(subject‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ‪n# m‬‬
‫‪iw n#‬‬
‫‪ m sb#‬ﻫﻲ اﻟﺨﺒﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﻲ ‪(logical‬‬
‫‪" “ “this is (as) an instruction sbyt‬ﻫﺬا درس"‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن ‪sb#yt‬‬
‫‪ ،(predicate‬إﻟﻲ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ أﻧﻬﺎ اﻟﺨﺒﺮ اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪي ‪ .(grammatical (predicate‬وﻋﻠﻰ ذﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻨﺎ‬
‫أن ﻧﻌﺮف اﻟﺨﺒﺮ اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪي )‪ (grammatical predicate‬ﺑﺎﻧﻪ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮد ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ )أو ﺣﺘﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮد ﻓﻲ إﺣﺪى اﻟﺠﻤﻞ اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ )‪ ، (subordinate clause‬أﻧﻈﺮ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ‪ (١٨٢‬اﻟﺬي ﻳﻌﺒﺮ ﺑﺼﻮرة ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ اﻟﺨﺒﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﻲ ﺳﻮاء ﺑﺤﻜﻢ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻪ أو ﺑﺤﻜﻢ ﺻﻴﻐﺘﻪ؛ وأن ﻧﻌﺮف اﻟﻤﺘﺪأ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﻲ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ اﻟﺬي ﻳﻌﺒﺮ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺤﻮ ﻣﻤﺎاﺛﻞ وﺑﺼﻮرة ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ اﻟﻤﺒﺘﺪأ )‪ . (logical subject‬ﺗﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﻧﻮﻋﻲ اﻟﺨﺒﺮ ﻟﻦ ﻳﻜﻮن ﺿﺮورﻳﺎً‬
‫‪iw d#‬‬‫ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺑﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ اﻟﺤﺎل إذا ﻣﺎ ﺗﻄﺎﺑﻘﺎ؛ وﻟﻜﻦ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ أن ﻧﻌﺮف اﻵن ﺑﺄن ذﻟﻚ اﻟﺤﺎل داﺋﻤﺎً‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ‪d#bw‬‬
‫‪" “figs were in it “and grapes im.‬ﻛﺎن ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺗﻴﻦ وﻋﻨﺐ" ‪٠‬راﺟﻊ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ‪،(١١٧‬‬
‫‪im.f Hno‬‬
‫‪Hno i#‬‬
‫‪i#rrt‬‬
‫ﻓﻘﺪ أُﺧﺒﺮﻧﺎ ﺣﻘﺎ أﻳﻦ ﻛﺎن اﻟﺘﻴﻦ و اﻟﻌﻨﺐ‪ ،‬وﻟﻬﺬا ﻓﺈن اﻟﺨﺒﺮ اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪي ‪(grammatical (predicate‬‬
‫‪ im.‬ﻳﻌﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ أﺧﺮى اﻟﺨﺒﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﻲ ‪ ، (logical (predicate‬وﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﺬا ﻟﻴﺲ اﻟﻐﺮض اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻣﻦ‬
‫‪im.f‬‬
‫اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﺗﺨﺒﺮﻧﺎ ﻋﻤﺎ ﻛﺎن ﻫﻨﺎك‪ ،‬وﻋﻞ ذﻟﻚ ﻓﺈن ‪i#rrt‬‬
‫‪“figs and grapes” d#bw Hno i#‬‬
‫"ﺗﻴﻦ وﻋﻨﺐ" ﻻﺑﺪ وأن ﺗﻌﺪ اﻟﺨﺒﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﻲ اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﺑﺪون ﺷﻚ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻮﻧﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﺒﺘﺪأ ﻣﻦ وﺟﻬﺔ ﻧﻈﺮ اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ‪ .‬ﺛﻞ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ اﻟﺤﺎﻻت ﻣﺄﻟﻮﻓﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﺲ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻦ أﻳﻀﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻮﺿﻊ ﺗﻮﻛﻴﺪ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﻄﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫)‪ (logical predicate‬ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎن ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺨﺒﺮ اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪي )‪،(grammatical predicate‬‬
‫وﻫﻜﺬا ﻓﺈن ”‪"“he is in the house‬ﻫﻮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺰل" ﺗﺠﻴﺐ اﻟﺴﺆال ”?‪" “where is he‬أﻳﻦ ﻫﻮ؟"‬
‫"ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺰل" ﻫﻲ اﻟﺨﺒﺮ اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪي واﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﻲ ﻓﻲ آن واﺣﺪ؛ وﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﻮ ﻗﻠﻨﺎ‬ ‫وﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﻓﺈن‪“in "the house‬‬
‫‪“who is in the‬‬ ‫”‪" “he is in the house‬ﻫﻮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺰل"‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن اﻟﺴﺆال اﻟﻤﺠﺎب ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻫﻮ‬
‫‪(logical‬‬ ‫"ﻫﻮ" ﻫﻲ اﻟﺨﺒﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﻲ‬ ‫"ﻣﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻨﺰل؟"‪ ،‬واﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺆﻛﺪ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ”‪“he‬‬ ‫”?‪house‬‬
‫)‪ ،predicate‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ أﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﺪ ﻣﺒﺘﺪأ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪﻳﺔ‪ ٠‬وﻟﻬﺬا ﻓﺈن اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ اﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﻟﻤﺜﺎل اﻟﻠﻐﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﺬﻛﻮر آﻧﻔﺎً ﺗﻀﻊ ﺗﻮﻛﻴﺪاً ﺧﻔﻴﻔﺎً ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺘﻴﻦ ”‪ ”figs‬و ”‪.“grapes‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺆﻛﺪ أﻧﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﺔ ذات اﻟﺨﺒﺮ اﻻﺳﻤﻲ ‪ ،((nominal (predicate‬ﺳﻮاء ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل‬
‫اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ اﻟﺸﺎﻣﻠﺔ أو ﻣﻦ اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﻤﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﻟﻤﺎ ذﻛﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ‪ ،١٢٥‬أن اﻟﻨﺴﻖ اﻟﻠﻔﻈﻲ )ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ(‬
‫)‪ (word-order‬ﻛﺎن ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﺤﻮ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ ١‬ـ اﻟﻤﺒﺘﺪأ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﻲ )‪ ٢ ( logical subject‬ـ اﻟﺨﺒﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﻲ )‪ ، (logical (predicate‬وﻳﻤﺎﺛﻞ ﻫﺬا‬
‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ وﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﺔ ذات اﻟﺨﺒﺮ اﻟﻈﺮﻓﻲ ‪(adverbial‬‬
‫)‪ ،predicate‬وﻫﻲ اﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺒﻨﻴﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ‪ .١٢٥‬وﻫﻜﺬا ﻓﻌﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻘﺪم اﻟﺨﺒﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺒﺘﺪأ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﻲ‪ ،‬وﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﺳﻨﺠﺪﻩ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﻦ ﺣﻘﻨﺎ أن ﻧﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻮﺿﻊ اﻧﺤﺮاﻓﺎً ﻋﻦ اﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﻤﻌﻨﻲ أن ﻫﺬا ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮاً ﻟﻠﻮﺿﻊ اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻟﻠﻜﻠﻤﺎت ﻳﻤﺎﺛﻞ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎً اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ”‪" “he‬ﻫﻮ" اﻟﻤﺆﻛﺪ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻧﻄﻖ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻻﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪“he (and no one else) is my brother”.‬‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‪ :‬ﺻﻴﻐﺖ اﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎت اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺒﺘﺪأ اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪي )‪ (grammatical subject‬واﻟﺨﺒﺮ اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪي ‪(grammatical‬‬
‫اﻟﺠﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫أﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻼﺋﻢ‬ ‫)‪predicate‬ﺑﺤﻴﺚ‬
‫‪ sDm.‬وﻣﺎ ﻳﻤﺎﺛﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻴﻎ‬
‫ذات اﻟﺨﺒﺮ اﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ )‪ ، (adjectival predicate‬وﻛﺬﻟﻚ اﻟﺠﻤﻞ اﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﺎﻏﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ‪sDm.f‬‬
‫اﻷﺧﺮى‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﺤﻮ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪١‬ـ اﻟﺨﺒﺮ اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪي )‪ -٢ . (grammatical predicate‬اﻟﻤﺒﺘﺪأ اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪي )‪ (grammatical subject‬؛ وﻋﻦ‬
‫أﺳﺒﺎب ذﻟﻚ أﻧﻈﺮ اﻟﻔﻘﺮات ‪) ١٣٧‬اﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺎت‪ (١) ٤١١ ،‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﻮف ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ اﻟﻤﺒﺘﺪأ اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪي ‪(grammatical‬‬
‫)‪ subject‬أﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎً ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻀﺎد ﻣﻊ ﻣﻊ " اﻟﻤﻔﻌﻮل اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪي " )‪ (grammatical object‬أو ﻣﺮة أﺧﺮى ﻓﻲ ﺗﻀﺎد ﻣﻊ‬
‫اﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫اﺑﺘﻜﺮﻧﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺬي‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫آﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﻮع‬
‫)‪" (semantic subject‬اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟﻠﻔﻈﻲ")أﻧﻈﺮ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ‪ (١) ٢٩٧‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ(‪ .‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﺘﺐ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ )‪ (subject‬ﺑﺪون ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻣﺎ‬
‫أن ﻳﻜﻮن ﻫﻨﺎك ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺘﺸﻮش‪ ،‬أو أن ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺻﻮﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﻣﺒﺘﺪأ ﺑﺄﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻔﻬﻮم واﺣﺪ ﻛﻤﺎ رأﻳﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ‪.١٢٥‬‬

‫اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ]‪:[١٢٧‬‬
‫ﻳﺄﺗﻲ اﻟﺨﺒﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﻲ )‪ (logical predicate‬أوﻻ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻻت اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺠﺴﺪاً ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻧﻮع ﻋﻜﺲ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ‬
‫اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﻤﻮﺿﺢ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ‪:١٢٦‬‬
‫‪ ١‬ـ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﻤﺒﺘﺪأ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﻲ )‪rn.f (logical subject‬‬
‫‪“his name” rn.‬‬
‫‪" “her name” rn.‬اﺳﻤﻬﺎ"‪ .‬وﻣﻦ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ذﻟﻚ‪:‬‬
‫"اﺳﻤﻪ"‪rn.s ،‬‬
‫‪nDs Edi rn.f‬‬
‫‪“a commoner whose name is Djedi, lit. a commoner, Djedi is his name.‬‬
‫"أﺣﺪ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ اﺳﻤﻪ ﺟﺪي‪ ،‬ﺣﺮﻓﻴﺎً‪ :‬أﺣﺪ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺟﺪي اﺳﻤﻪ"‪.‬‬
‫ﻻﺣﻆ أﻧﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ‪ ،‬وأﻳﻀﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻻت أﺧﺮى أوردﻧﺎﻫﺎ ﻛﺄﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺑﺮﻗﻤﻲ )‪ (٢‬و )‪ ،(٣‬ﻗﺪ اﺳﺘﺨﺪم‬
‫اﻟﺘﺠﺎور اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ أن اﻟﻤﺒﺘﺪأ اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪي )‪ (logical subject‬ﻟﻴﺲ ﺿﻤﻴﺮاً ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺎً‪.‬‬

‫‪ ٢‬ـ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﻤﺒﺘﺪأ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﻲ )‪ (logical subject‬ﺿﻤﻴﺮ إﺷﺎرة )‪.(demonstrative pronoun‬‬
‫وﻣﻦ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ذﻟﻚ‪:‬‬
‫‪dpt mwt nn “this is the taste of death”.‬‬
‫"ﻫﺬا ﻣﺬاق اﻟﻤﻮت"‪.‬‬
 ‫‪w#t EHwty nw r pr M#ot “this is‬‬
‫‪c‬‬
‫‪the road of Thoth to the house of Mā et”.‬‬
‫"ﻫﺬا ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺟﺤﻮﺗﻲ إﻟﻰ ﻣﻨﺰل ﻣﺎﻋﺖ"‪.‬‬

‫‪(interrogative‬‬ ‫‪ ٣‬ـ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﺨﺒﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﻲ )‪ (logical predicate‬ﺿﻤﻴﺮ اﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎم‬

‫)‪ ،pronoun‬وﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﻤﺒﺘﺪأ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﻲ ‪ (logical (subject‬ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺿﻤﻴﺮاً ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻘﺎً ‪(dependent‬‬
‫ﺿﻤﻴﺮ‪ ،‬إذ أﻧﻪ ﻳﺸﻐﻞ اﻟﻤﻜﺎن اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‪ .‬وﻣﻦ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ذﻟﻚ‪:‬‬
‫ً‬ ‫)‪ ،pronoun‬إن ﻛﺎن‬

‫‪iSst tr iXt irt.n.k n.s “what is, pray, the thing‬‬

‫‪which thou hast (you have) done to it”.‬‬
‫"أﺗﻮﺳﻞ إﻟﻴﻚ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﺸﻰء اﻟﺬي ﻋﻤﻠﺘﻪ ﻟﻬﺎ"‪.‬‬

‫‪ptr rf sw “who is he?”.‬‬

‫"ﻣﻦ ﻫﻮ؟"‪.‬‬

‫‪(independent‬‬ ‫‪ ٤‬ـ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﺨﺒﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﻲ )‪ (logical predicate‬ﺿﻤﻴﺮاً ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻼً‬

‫)‪ .pronoun‬إن اﻟﺘﻮﻛﻴﺪ اﻷﻛﺒﺮ ﻟﻠﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﻳﻤﻴﻞ داﺋﻤﺎ إﻟﻰ اﻋﻄﺎﺋﻬﺎ ﻗﻮة اﻟﺨﺒﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﻲ ‪(logical‬‬
‫)‪ .predicate‬وﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻞ أن اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﻦ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ و اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ‪ ١٢‬ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ اﻷﻓﻀﻞ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺘﻬﻤﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪“it is thou (you) [who art (are)] the father of the orphan”.‬‬
‫"إﻧﻪ أﻧﺖ أب اﻟﻴﺘﻴﻢ" ‪.‬‬
‫‪“it is he [who is] our lord”.‬‬ ‫"إﻧﻪ ﻫﻮ ﺳﻴﺪﻧﺎ"‪.‬‬

‫‪" “indeed” is‬ﺣﻘﺎً" )أﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫وﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺆﻛﺪ اﻟﻀﻤﻴﺮ ﺑﻬﺬﻩ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﻦ ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻨﺎدر أن ﻳﺼﺤﺐ ﺑﺎﻷداة‬
‫اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ‪٠(٢٤٧‬وﻣﻦ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ذﻟﻚ‪:‬‬

‫‪ink is HQ# |Pwnt “it is I [who am] the ruler of‬‬

‫‪Pwēnet”.‬‬
‫"إﻧﻪ أﻧﺎ ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ﺑﻮﻧﺖ"‪.‬‬

‫وﻋﻠﻰ أﻳﺔ ﺣﺎل‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻴﺴﺖ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺔ أن اﻟﻀﻤﻴﺮ إذا ﺻﺤﺐ‬

‫ﺑﺎﻷداﻩ ‪ is‬ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﻳﻔﻬﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﻪ ﺧﺒﺮ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻲ )‪ .(logical predicate‬وﻻ ﻳﺼﺢ اﻷﻣﺮ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻣﻊ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺘﺎن ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺤﻮ ﻣﻤﺎﺛﻞ‪ ،‬ورﺑﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺘﺎ اﺳﻤﺎ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‫‪wnt‬‬ ‫‪ wnnt‬و‬
‫ﻣﺆﻧﺜﻴﻦ )‪ (fem. Participles‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ‪" “be” wnn‬ﻳﻜﻮن‪ ،‬واﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺎ ﻛﺄداﺗﻴﻦ ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ ”‪“indeed‬‬
‫"ﺣﻘﺎُ"‪" “really” ،‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ"‪ ،‬أﻧﻈﺮ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ‪ ٢٤٩‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ‪ .‬وﻣﻦ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ذﻟﻚ‪:‬‬