‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨــﺴﺒﺔ ﻷداة اﻹﺿــﺎﻓﺔ )‪ (genitival adjective‬ﻛﺨﺒــﺮ )‪ ،(predicate‬أﻧﻈــﺮ اﻟــﺪرس اﻟﺘﺎﺳــﻊ؛ وﻗﺒــﻞ ‪ sDm.f‬و ‪،sDm.n.f‬‬
‫أﻧﻈـ ــﺮ اﻟـ ــﺪرس اﻟﺨـ ــﺎﻣﺲ ﻋـ ــﺸﺮ؛ وﻗﺒـ ــﻞ اﻟﻤـ ــﺼﺪر )‪ ،(infinitive‬أﻧﻈـ ــﺮ اﻟـ ــﺪرس اﻟﺤـ ــﺎدي واﻟﻌـ ــﺸﺮﻳﻦ )أ(؛ وﻗﺒـ ــﻞ ﺣـ ــﺮف ﺟـ ــﺮ ‪ +‬اﺳـ ــﻢ‬
‫)‪ ،(preposition + noun‬أﻧﻈــﺮ اﻟــﺪرس اﻟﺜﺎﻟــﺚ ﻋــﺸﺮ؛ وﺑﻌــﺪ اﻟــﺼﻔﺎت )‪ ،(adjectives‬أﻧﻈــﺮ اﻟــﺪرس اﻟﺜــﺎﻣﻦ؛ وﺑﻌــﺪ اﺳــﻢ‬
‫)‪ ،(passive participle‬أﻧﻈﺮ اﻟﺪرس اﻟﺴﺎدس واﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻔﻌﻮل‬

‫]اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ‪ :[٨٧‬اﻟﻤﻨﺎدى )‪:(Vocative‬‬

‫ﻗﺪ ﻳﺄﺗﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺎدى )‪ (vocative‬ﻓﻲ ﺑﺪاﻳﺔ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ أو ﻓﻲ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺘﻬﺎ ؛ وﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺎدر أن ﻳـﺄﺗﻲ ﻓـﻲ وﺳـﻄﻬﺎ‪ ،‬وﻟﻜـﻦ ﻻ ﻳﺠـﺐ‬

‫أن ﻳﻘﻄﻊ ﺗﺴﻠﺴﻞ ﻛﻠﻤﺎت ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺤﻮ وﺛﻴﻖ ﺟﺪاً‪ .‬وﻣﻦ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ذﻟﻚ‪:‬‬

‫‪Hsw, Hs tw Ory-S.f "O praised one, may‬‬

‫‪Arsaphes (the god of Herakleopolis Magna) praise thee (you).‬‬
‫"أﻳﻬﺎ اﻟﻤﻤﺪوح‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﺖ اﻹﻟﻪ ﺣﺮﻳﺸﻒ )إﻟﻪ إﻫﻨﺎﺳﻴﺎ اﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ( ﻳﻤﺪﺣﻚ"‪.‬‬

‫‪sDm rk n.i, H#ty-o "hearken thou (you) to me, O prince".‬‬

‫"أﺻﻐﻰ ﻟﻲ‪ ،‬أﻳﻬﺎ اﻷﻣﻴﺮ"‪.‬‬

‫‪mk wi r nHm o#.k, sXty, Hr wnm.f Smo.i "I will take away thy (your) ass,‬‬
‫‪peasant, because it is eating my corn".‬‬
‫"ﺳﻮف أﺳﻠﺐ ﺣﻤﺎرك‪ ،‬أﻳﻬﺎ اﻟﻘﺮوي‪ ،‬ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﺄﻛﻞ ﻗﻤﺤﻲ"‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﻟﻐﺔ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ اﻟﻌﺎدﻳﺔ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﺻﻮت ﺗﻌﺠﺒﻲ اﺳﺘﻬﻼﻟﻲ )‪(introductory interjection‬؛ وﻟﻜﻦ‬

‫‪ ،‬ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﺄﻟﻮﻓﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻦ ‪" O‬ﻳﺎ"‪،‬‬ ‫‪ ، I‬اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﺘﺐ أﻳﻀﺎً‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﺼﻮص اﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ وﺷﺒﻪ اﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬

‫‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻮ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻧﺪرة‪ .‬وﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ ،h#‬اﻟﺬي ﻳﻜﺘﺐ أﻳﻀﺎً‬ ‫أﻣﺎ اﻟﻤﺮادف‬
 ‫‪i nb snD "O lord of fear".‬‬
‫"ﻳﺎ رب اﻟﺨﻮف"‪.‬‬

‫‪i onXw "O living ones".‬‬

‫"ﻳﺎ أﻳﻬﺎ اﻷﺣﻴﺎء"‪.‬‬

‫‪h# sS Nbsny "O scribe Nebseny".‬‬

‫"ﻳﺎ أﻳﻬﺎ اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﻧﺒﺴﻨﻲ"‪.‬‬

‫]اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ‪ :[٨٨‬اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﺎت اﻟﻈﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﺳﻤﺎء‪:‬‬

‫‪(Adverbial uses of nouns):‬‬

‫‪-١‬ﻳَُـﻌﺒــﺮ ﻋــﻦ دﻻﻻت اﻟــﺰﻣﻦ ﻋــﺎدة ﺑﺎﺳــﻢ )‪ (nouns‬ﻣــﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘــﺔ ﻣﻄﻠﻘــﺔ‪ ،‬أي ﺑــﺪون ﺣــﺮف ﺟــﺮ‪ .‬واﻟﻤﻮﺿــﻊ‬

‫اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻟﻤﺜﻞ ﻫﺬا اﻻﺳﻢ ﻫﻮ ﻗﺮب ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻊ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺸﻐﻠﻪ اﻟﻈﺮف )‪ (adverb‬ﺑﺎﻧﺘﻈﺎم‪ .‬وﻣﻦ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ‬

‫ذﻟﻚ‪:‬‬

‫‪Sms ib.k tr n wnn.k "follow thy (your) desire so‬‬

‫‪long as thou livest (you live)", lit. "time of thou-art (you are).‬‬
‫"اﺗﺒﻊ رﻏﺒﺘﻚ ﻃﺎﻟﻤﺎ أﻧﺖ ﺣﻲ"‪ ،‬ﺣﺮﻓﻴﺎً‪ :‬وﻗﺖ أن ﺗﻜﻮن أﻧﺖ"‪.‬‬
 ‫‪iw sonX.n.(i) Iwmitrw rnpwt Qsnt‬‬
‫‪"I nourished (the town of) Imiotru in troubled years".‬‬
‫"أﻃﻌﻤﺖ )ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ( إوﻣﻴﺘﺮو ﻓﻲ اﻷﻋﻮام اﻟﻤﻀﻄﺮﺑﺔ"‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺷﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﺟﺪاً ﻛﻈﺮوف )‪:(adverbs‬‬

‫‪".‬اﻷﺑﺪﻳﺔ" "‪", lit. "eternity‬أﺑﺪﻳﺎً" "‪Dt "eternally‬‬

‫‪".‬ﻛﻞ ﻳﻮم" "‪ro nb "every day‬‬

‫‪" "ten times" sp 10‬ﻋﺸﺮ ﻣﺮات"‪.‬‬ ‫ﻻﺣﻆ اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﻲ ﻟـ‬

‫ﺗﺎرﻳﺨﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﺒﺪأ ﺑﻬﺎ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ‪ ،‬وﻣﻦ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ذﻟﻚ‪:‬‬

‫ً‬ ‫إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺷﺒﻪ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﻈﺮﻓﻴﺔ )‪(adverbial phrase‬‬

‫…‬ ‫‪H#t-sp 12 … wD# Hm.f "year 12 … His Majesty‬‬

‫‪proceeded".‬‬
‫"اﻟﻌﺎم ‪ …١٢‬ﺗﻘﺪم ﺟﻼﻟﺘﻪ"‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٢‬ﻗ ـ ـ ــﺪ ﺗ ـ ـ ــﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻷﺳ ـ ـ ــﻤﺎء )‪ (nouns‬أﻳ ـ ـ ــﻀﺎً ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳ ـ ـ ــﺪ اﻟ ـ ـ ــﺼﻔﺎت )‪ (adjectives‬أو اﻷﻓﻌ ـ ـ ــﺎل اﻟﻮﺻ ـ ـ ــﻔﻴﺔ‬

‫)‪ (adjective verbs‬ﺷـﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﻓـﻲ ذﻟـﻚ ﺷـﺄن "اﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴـﺰ" )‪ (accusative of respect‬ﻓـﻲ اﻟﻠﻐـﺔ اﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴـﺔ‪،‬‬

‫واﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ )‪ (genitive‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬وﻫﺬا اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺷﺎﺋﻊ ﺟﺪاً‪ .‬وﻣﻦ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ذﻟﻚ‪:‬‬

‫‪spd Hr "sharp of face" , i.e. "clever".‬‬

‫"ﺣﺎد اﻟﻮﺟﻪ"‪ ،‬أي‪" :‬ﻣﺎﻫﺮ"‪.‬‬

‫‪nTr.Tn bnr mrwt "your lovable god, lit. your god sweet of‬‬
‫‪love".‬‬
 ‫"إﻟﻬﻜﻢ اﻟﻤﺤﺒﺐ"‪ ،‬ﺣﺮﻓﻴﺎً‪ " :‬إﻟﻬﻜﻢ ﺣﻠﻮ )ﻋﺬب( اﻟﺤﺐ"‪.‬‬

‫‪rX.n.f #X.i n.f "he knew I was serviceably minded‬‬

‫‪towards him", lit. that I was beneficial to him in heart".‬‬
‫"ﻟﻘﺪ ﻋﺮف أﻧﻨﻲ ﻛﻨﺖ ﻣﻬﺘﻤﺎً ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻔﻴﺪة ﻣﻦ أﺟﻠﻪ )ﻧﺤﻮﻩ("‪ ،‬ﺣﺮﻓﻴﺎً‪" :‬أﻧﻨﻲ ﻛﻨﺖ ﻣﻔﻴﺪاً ﻟﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﻠﺐ"‪.‬‬

‫]اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ‪ :[٨٩‬اﻻﺳﻢ ﻣﺆدﻳﺎً وﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪(The noun with the function of a sentence):‬‬

‫وﻣـﺎ ﻳﻤﺎﺛـﻞ ذﻟـﻚ‪ .‬وﻓﻴﻤـﺎ ﻳﻠـﻲ‬ ‫‪ -١‬ﻫﺬا اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﺄﻟﻮف ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻨﺎوﻳﻦ )‪ ،(headings‬وﻓﻰ اﻟﻘﻮاﺋﻢ )‪،(lists‬‬

‫ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪".‬دواء آﺧﺮ""‪kt pxrt "another remedy‬‬

‫ﻋﻨﻮان ﻳﺘﺼﺪر وﺻﻔﺔ ﻃﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪".‬ﻣﺴﻨﺪ رأس ‪wrs 1 "head-rest 1" "١‬‬

‫ﺑﻨﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺳﻠﻊ‪.‬‬

‫‪".‬ﻣﺨﻤﺮ اﻟﺠﻌﺔ ﻧﺨﺖ" "‪ofty NXt "the brewer Nakht‬‬

‫ﻣﻜﺘﻮب ﻓﻮق ﺻﻮرة ﻷﺣﺪ ﺻﺎﻧﻌﻲ اﻟﺠﻌﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪(self-sufficient‬‬ ‫‪ -٢‬وﻟ ــﻴﺲ ﻣ ــﻦ اﻟﻨ ــﺎدر‪ ،‬ﻋﻠ ــﻰ أﻳ ــﺔ ﺣ ــﺎل‪ ،‬أن ﺗ ــﺴﺘﺨﺪم أﺷ ــﺒﺎﻩ اﻟﺠﻤ ــﻞ اﻟﻤ ــﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﺑ ــﺬاﺗﻬﺎ‬

‫)‪ phrases‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎت أو ﺣﺘﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺮد ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻣﺎ‪ .‬وﻣﻦ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ذﻟﻚ‪:‬‬
 ‫‪".‬دواء )ﻋﻼج( ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ" "‪sSr m#o "a real remedy‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﻣﺼﺎﺣﺐ ﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺬة‪.‬‬

‫‪kt Hswt iryt n.i "another favour that was done to‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺪي إﻟﻲ""‪me‬‬
‫‪".‬ﻣﻌﺮوف آﺧﺮ ُ‬
‫ﻛﺘﺒﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ اﻟﻌﺒﺎرة ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﻗﺼﺔ؛ وﻗﺪ ﻋﺪت اﻟﻤﻨﺔ ﺣﻴﻨﺌﺬ ﻧﻮﻋﺎً ﻣﻦ أﻧﻮاع اﻟﺒﺪل )‪.(apposition‬‬

‫‪If the eleven workmen are waiting here for their remuneration (?),‬‬
‫"ﻟﻮ أن اﻷﺣﺪ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻋﺎﻣﻼ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﺮﻳﻦ اﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺄة )؟(‪،‬‬

‫‪bw nb nfr "all well and good", lit. everything good".‬‬

‫وﺟﻴﺪ"‪ ،‬ﺣﺮﻓﻴﺎً‪" :‬ﻛﻞ ﺷﻲء ﺟﻴﺪ"‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﺴﻦ ٌ‬‫ﻛﻞ َ َ ٌ‬
‫" ٌ‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺳﻮف ﻧﻌﻮد إﻟﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﺎت ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻷﺟﺰاء اﻻﺳﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪ :‬ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﺼﺪر )‪) (infinitive‬اﻟﺪرس اﻟﺤﺎدي واﻟﻌﺸﺮون )أ((‬
‫‪ ،‬وﻣﻊ اﺳﻤﻲ اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ واﻟﻤﻔﻌﻮل )‪ (participles‬وﺻﻴﻎ اﻟﺼﻠﺔ )‪) (relative forms‬اﻟﺪرس اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ واﻟﻌﺸﺮون(‪.‬‬

‫]اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ‪ :[٩٠‬اﻟﺒﺪل )‪:(Apposition‬‬

‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﻮاﻗﻌـﺔ ﻓـﻲ ﻣﺤـﻞ ﺑـﺪل )‪ (apposition‬ﻣـﻦ ﺑﻌـﻀﻬﺎ ﺑﻜﻠﻤـﺎت أﺧـﺮى‪ .‬وﻓﻴﻤـﺎ ﻳﻠـﻲ ﺑﻌـﺾ‬

‫اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪or nTr r #Xt.f, n-sw-bit cHtp-ib-Ro "the‬‬

‫‪god mounted up to his horizon (i.e. his tomb), the king of Upper and‬‬
‫‪Lower Egypt SeHetepibreo".‬‬
 ‫"ﺻﻌﺪ اﻹﻟﻪ إﻟﻰ أﻓﻘﻪ )أي‪ :‬ﻣﻘﺒﺮﺗﻪ(‪ ،‬ﻣﻠﻚ ﻣﺼﺮ اﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ واﻟﺴﻔﻠﻰ ﺳﺤﺘﺐ إﻳﺐ رع"‪.‬‬

‫ﻗﺪ ﻳﺘﻘﺪم ﺿﻤﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ )‪ (suffix-pronoun‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﺳﻢ واﻗﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺑﺪل ﻣﻨﻪ‪ ،‬وﻣﻦ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ذﻟﻚ‪:‬‬

‫‪":‬ﻛﻴﻒ ﺳﻴﺼﻴﺮ ﺣﺎل ﻫﺬا اﻟﺒﻠﺪ" ‪How shall this land fare‬‬

‫‪m Xmt.f, nTr pf mnX "without him, that‬‬

‫‪beneficent god?".‬‬
‫اﻟﺨﻴﺮ )اﻟﻨﺎﻓﻊ(؟"‪.‬‬
‫"ﺑﺪوﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ذﻟﻚ اﻹﻟﻪ َ ‪‬‬

‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻧﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﺪل ﺷﺎﺋﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ واﻟﻠﻐﺎت اﻟﺴﺎﻣﻴﺔ وﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﻲ ﺛﻼث ﺣﺎﻻت ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪-١‬ﻟﻠﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﻤﺼﻨﻮع ﻣﻨﻬﺎ أﺣﺪ اﻷﺷﻴﺎء‪ ،‬وﻣﻦ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ذﻟﻚ‪:‬‬

‫‪Hno oS X#y(t) wrt "together with the great altar of‬‬

‫‪cedar", lit. together with cedar, the great altar".‬‬
‫"ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺬﺑﺢ اﻟﻌﻈﻴﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺸﺐ اﻷرز"‪ ،‬ﺣﺮﻓﻴﺎً‪" :‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺧﺸﺐ اﻷرز‪ ،‬اﻟﻤﺬﺑﺢ اﻟﻌﻈﻴﻢ"‪.‬‬

‫‪-٢‬ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ واﻟﻤﻜﺎﻳﻴﻞ واﻟﻤﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ )‪ (measures‬واﻷﻋﺪاد )‪ ،(numbers‬وﻣﻦ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ذﻟﻚ‪:‬‬

‫‪HnQt, ds 2 "beer, two jugs", i.e. "two jugs of beer".‬‬

‫"ﺟﻌﺔ‪ ،‬إﺑﺮﻳﻘﺎن"‪ ،‬أي‪" :‬إﺑﺮﻳﻘﺎن ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﻌﺔ"‪.‬‬

‫‪-٣‬ﻋﻨﺪ اﻹﺷﺎرة إﻟﻰ أﺣﺪ اﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻊ‪:‬‬

‫‪v#-wr #bDw "Abydos in the Thinite nome (province)",‬‬

‫‪lit. "Thinite nome, Abydos".‬‬
‫"أﺑﻴﺪوس ﻓﻲ اﻹﻗﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﺜﻴﻨﻲ"‪ ،‬ﺣﺮﻓﻴﺎً‪" :‬اﻹﻗﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﺜﻴﻨﻲ‪ ،‬أﺑﻴﺪوس"‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻮﻗﻮع اﻟﻤﺒﺘﺪأ اﻻﺳﻤﻲ )‪ (nominal subject‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺑﺪل )‪ (apposition‬ﻣﻦ ﺿﻤﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ‪(dependent‬‬
‫)‪ ،pronoun‬وﻓـ ــﻰ ﻣﺤـ ــﻞ ﺑـ ــﺪل ﻣ ــﻦ ﺿ ــﻤﻴﺮ اﻹﺷـ ــﺎرة )‪ ،pw (demonstrative‬أﻧﻈـ ــﺮ اﻟـ ــﺪرس اﻟﺤـ ــﺎدي ﻋ ــﺸﺮ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨـ ــﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫)‪ (m of predication‬ﻟﺘﻮﻛﻴـﺪ اﺳـﻢ )‪ (noun‬واﻗـﻊ ﻓـﻲ ﻣﺤـﻞ ﺑـﺪل‪ ،‬أﻧﻈـﺮ اﻟـﺪرس اﻟﺜـﺎﻣﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻻﺳـﺘﺨﺪام ‪ m‬اﻟﺨﺒﺮﻳـﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام ‪ n is‬ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﻲ اﺳﻢ )‪ (noun‬واﻗﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺑﺪل‪ ،‬أﻧﻈﺮ اﻟﺪرس اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ‪.‬‬

‫]اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ‪ :[٩١‬اﻟﻌﻄﻒ واﻟﻔﺼﻞ‪:‬‬

‫‪(Co-ordination and disjunction):‬‬

‫‪ -١‬ﻻ ﺗﺤﺘــﻮى اﻟﻠﻐــﺔ اﻟﻤ ــﺼﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤــﺔ ﻋﻠ ــﻰ ﻛﻠﻤــﺔ ﺧﺎﺻــﺔ ﺗﻌﺒــﺮ ﻋــﻦ ﻣﻌﻨــﻰ )‪" (and‬و"‪ .‬وﺗــﺮﺑﻂ اﻷﺳــﻤﺎء أو‬

‫اﻟﺼﻔﺎت ﻋﺎدة ﺑﻮﺿﻊ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت إﻟﻰ ﺟﻮار ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة‪ .‬وﻣﻦ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ذﻟﻚ‪:‬‬

‫‪gm.n.i d#bw i#rrt im "I found‬‬

‫‪figs and grapes there".‬‬
‫"وﺟﺪت ﺗﻴﻨﺎً وﻋﻨﺒﺎً ﻫﻨﺎك"‪.‬‬

‫‪t#S.f rsy mHy‬‬ ‫‪"its southern and northern‬‬

‫‪boundary".‬‬
‫"ﺣﺪﻩ اﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻲ واﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻲ"‪.‬‬

‫وﻗ ــﺪ ﻳﻔﻴ ــﺪ ﺗﻜـ ـﺮار ﺣ ــﺮف اﻟﺠ ــﺮ)‪ ،(preposition‬اﻟ ــﻀﻤﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺘ ــﺼﻞ )‪ ،(suffix-pronoun‬أو اﻟ ــﺼﻔﺔ‬

‫)‪ (adjective‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ‪ .‬وﻣﻦ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ذﻟﻚ‪:‬‬

‫‪i#wt.Tn prw.Tn "your offices and your houses".‬‬

‫"ﻣﻜﺎﺗﺒﻜﻢ وﻣﻨﺎزﻟﻜﻢ"‪.‬‬
 ‫‪Xt.i nbt m S# m niwt "all my property in‬‬
‫‪country and in town".‬‬
‫"ﻛﻞ أﻣﻼﻛﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺮﻳﻒ وﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ"‪.‬‬

‫‪ ،Hr‬اﻟﺘـﻲ ﺗﻌﻨـﻰ ﺣﺮﻓﻴـﺎً "‪"upon‬‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺮﺑﻂ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﻤﺘـﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺒﻌـﻀﻬﺎ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻧﺤـﻮ وﺛﻴـﻖ ﺑﺎﺳـﺘﺨﺪام‬

‫"ﻋﻠﻰ‪-‬ﻓﻮق"‪ .‬وﻣﻦ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ذﻟﻚ‪:‬‬

‫‪Do Hr Hyt "wind and rain".‬‬

‫"رﻳﺢ وﻣﻄﺮ"‪.‬‬

‫‪" "together with" Hno‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿـﺎﻓﺔ إﻟـﻰ"‪ ،‬وﺑﺨﺎﺻـﺔ ﻋﻨـﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜـﻮن‬ ‫أو أن ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ أﻳﻀﺎً ﺑﺎﺳـﺘﺨﺪام‬

‫اﻟﺘﺮاﺑﻂ أﻗﻞ إﺣﻜﺎﻣﺎً‪ .‬وﻣﻦ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ذﻟﻚ‪:‬‬

‫‪msw.i Hno snw.i "my children and my‬‬

‫‪".‬أﺑﻨﺎﺋﻲ وأﺧﻮﺗﻲ" "‪brothers‬‬

‫‪ -٢‬وﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺘﺮك ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "‪" "or‬أو" ﺑﺪون اﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "‪" "and‬و"‪ .‬وﻣﻦ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ذﻟﻚ‪:‬‬

‫‪Tsw nb H#ty-o nb "any commander or any prince".‬‬

‫ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺗﻜﺮار ‪ nb‬ﻫﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ‪ ،‬وﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻟﺘﻜﺮار ﺣﺮف اﻟﺠﺮ )‪ (preposition‬أو اﻟﻀﻤﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺘـﺼﻞ‬

‫)‪ (suffix-pronoun‬ﻧﻔﺲ اﻷﺛﺮ اﻟﺬي رأﻳﻨﺎﻩ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ "‪" "and‬و"‪.‬‬

‫‪ ،r-pw‬اﻟﺘـﻲ ﺗﻮﺿـﻊ ﺑﻌـﺪ آﺧـﺮ اﻟﺒـﺪاﺋﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺧﺎﺻـﺔ ﺗﻌﺒـﺮ ﻋـﻦ ﻣﻌﻨـﻰ "‪" "or‬أو" ﻫـﻲ‬

‫وﻣﻦ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ذﻟﻚ‪:‬‬

‫‪m nb, m sn, m Xnms r-pw "as‬‬

‫‪lord, as brother, or as friend".‬‬
‫"ﻛﺴﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﻛﺄخ‪ ،‬أو ﻛﺼﺪﻳﻖ"‪.‬‬

‫]اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ‪ :[٩٢‬ﺟﻨﺲ اﻷﺳﻤﺎء )‪:(Gender of nouns‬‬

‫ﺗﻨﺒﻐﻲ إﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺎت إﻟﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻗﻴﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع )راﺟﻊ اﻟﺪرس اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ(‪.‬‬

‫‪ -١‬ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ أﺳﻤﺎء اﻟﺒﻼد اﻷﺟﻨﺒﻴﺔ إﻋﺮاﺑﻴﺎً ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺆﻧﺚ‪ .‬وﻣﻦ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ذﻟﻚ‪:‬‬

‫‪K#S xst "the vile Ethiopia (Cush)".‬‬

‫"ﺑﻼد اﻟﺤﺒﺸﺔ )ﻛﻮش( اﻟﻮﺿﻴﻌﺔ"‪.‬‬

‫وﻳﺼﺢ ﻫﺬا اﻷﻣﺮ أﻳﻀﺎً ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ إﻟﻰ أﺳﻤﺎء اﻟﻤﺪن‪ ،‬وﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎً ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻗﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ إﻟﻰ أﺳﻤﺎء اﻷﻗﺎﻟﻴﻢ‪.‬‬

‫‪) Xt‬ﻓـﻲ اﻷﺻـﻞ ‪" "things" (iXt‬أﺷـﻴﺎء" أو"‪ِ" "property‬ﻣﻠـﻚ‪-‬‬ ‫‪ -٢‬ﻋﻨـﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﻨـﻰ ﻛﻠﻤـﺔ‬

‫ِﻣﻠﻜﻴﺔ" ﻓﻬﻲ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻣﺆﻧﺜﺔ‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﺮﺿﺔ ﻷن ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺬﻛﺮ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﻨﻰ "‪" "something‬ﺷﺊ ﻣﺎ"‪ ،‬أو‬

‫"‪" "anything‬أي ﺷﺊ"‪ .‬وﻣﻦ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ذﻟﻚ‪:‬‬

‫‪Xt mr "something painful".‬‬

‫"ﺷﻲء ﻣﺆﻟﻢ"‪.‬‬
 ‫وﻣﻊ اﻟﺠﻤﻊ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻣﺘﻘﻠﺒﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪" "wood" Xt‬ﺧﺸﺐ"‪" "tree" ،‬ﺷﺠﺮة" ﻟﻴـﺴﺖ ﻣﺆﻧﺜـﺔ ﻓـﻲ اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘـﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴـﺚ أن ﺣـﺮف ‪t‬‬ ‫‪ -٣‬ﻛﻠﻤﺔ‬

‫ﺣﺮف أﺻﻠﻰ ؛ ﻗﺎرن‪:‬‬

‫‪Xt nDm "sweet(-smelling) wood".‬‬

‫"ﺧﺸﺐ ﺣﻠﻮ )اﻟﺮاﺋﺤﺔ("‪.‬‬

‫‪Xt Q# "a high tree".‬‬

‫"ﺷﺠﺮة ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ"‪.‬‬

‫‪" "body" xt‬ﺟــﺴﺪ"‪" "belly" ،‬ﺑﻄــﻦ" ﻣﺆﻧﺜ ـﺔ ﻋــﺎدة‪ ،‬وﻟﻜــﻦ ﺗﻮﺟــﺪ أﻣﺜﻠــﺔ ﻋﻮﻣﻠــﺖ ﻓﻴﻬــﺎ‬ ‫‪ -٤‬ﻛﻠﻤــﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺬﻛﺮ‪.‬‬