‫‪ink wnnt imy ib n nb.

f m#o “I was indeed one‬‬

‫‪truly in the heart of his lord”.‬‬
‫ﺣﻘﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﻨﺖ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ ﺷﺨﺼﺎً ﻓﻲ ﻗﻠﺐ ﺳﻴﺪﻩ"‪.‬‬
‫" ً‬

‫‪ink wnt mry rmT “I was indeed one beloved of‬‬

‫‪people”.‬‬ ‫"ﻛﻨﺖ ﺷﺨﺼﺎ ﻣﺤﺒﻮﺑﺎً ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺎس ﺣﻘﺎً"‪.‬‬
‫‪ pw‬ﻋﻮﺿﺎً ﻋﻦ ﺿﻤﻴﺮ اﻟﺸﺨﺺ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ]‪ :[١٢٨‬اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬
‫‪(Use of‬‬ ‫‪pw for the pronoun 3rd pers.):‬‬
‫ﺗﺴﺒﺐ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻹﺷﺎرات )‪ (demonstratives‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﺤﻮ اﻟﻤﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺬﻛﻮرة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ‪(٢) ١٢٧‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻇﻬﻮر ﻋﺒﺎرة اﺻﻄﻼﺣﻴﺔ ذات أﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻗﺼﻮى‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪم ﺿﻤﻴﺮ اﻹﺷﺎرة )‪(demonstrative pronoun‬‬
‫‪) pw‬راﺟﻊ اﻟﻔﻘﺮﺗﻴﻦ ‪ (١١١ ،١١٠‬ﻛﻤﺒﺘﺪأ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻲ )‪ (logical subject‬ﺑﻌﺪ اﻷﺧﺒﺎر اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﻴﺔ‬
‫)‪ (logical predicates‬اﻟﻤﺆﻟﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ أﺳﻤﺎء )‪ ،(nouns‬وﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﻤﻌﻨﺎﻫﺎ اﻷﺻﻠﻲ اﻟﺨﺎص ”‪”this‬‬
‫"ﻫﺬا" أو ”‪" ”that‬ذﻟﻚ"‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻦ ﻛﻤﺮادف ﻟﻠﻀﻤﻴﺮ ”‪" “he‬ﻫﻮ"‪" ”she” ،‬ﻫﻲ"‪" “it” ،‬ﻫﻮ ]ﻟﻠﺠﻤﺎد["‬
‫أو ”‪" “they‬ﻫﻢ"‪ ،‬وﻫﻮ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺪد وﻻ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﻨﺲ‪ .‬وﻣﻦ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ذﻟﻚ‪:‬‬

‫‪Ro ow “it is Rēc” or “he is Rēc”.‬‬

‫"إﻧﻪ رع" أو "ﻫﻮ رع"‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ إﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺴﺆال ‪" “who is he?” ptr rf sw‬ﻣﻦ ﻫﻮ؟" اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻬﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ‪ ١٣٢‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪Hmt wob pw n Ro “she is the wife of a priest of‬‬

‫‪c‬‬
‫‪Rē ”.‬‬ ‫"إﻧﻬﺎ زوﺟﺔ ﻛﺎﻫﻦ رع"‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ إﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺴﺆال ”?‪" “who is this Reddjedet‬ﻣﻦ ﺗﻜﻮن رد‪-‬ﺟﺪت ﻫﺬﻩ؟" اﻟﻤﺬﻛﻮر ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ‪ ١٣٢‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪Hwrw pw “they are wretches”.‬‬

‫"ﻫﻢ ﺑﺆﺳﺎء"‪.‬‬
‫)‪.(independent pronoun‬‬ ‫وﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﺨﺒﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﻲ )‪ (logical predicate‬ﺿﻤﻴﺮاً ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻼً‬
‫وﻣﻦ اﻣﺜﻠﺔ ذﻟﻚ‪:‬‬
 ‫‪ntf pw m m#ot “it is he in truth”.‬‬
‫"إﻧﻪ ﻫﻮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻖ"‪.‬‬

‫أو ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮن ﺿﻤﻴﺮ إﺷﺎرة )‪ (demonstrative pronoun‬أﻳﻀﺎً‪ ،‬وإن ﻛﺎن ذﻟﻚ ﻧﺎدراً إﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ﻣﺎ‪ .‬وﻣﻦ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ‬
‫ذﻟﻚ‪:‬‬
‫‪p# pw “this is it”.‬‬
‫"ﻫﺬﻩ ﻫﻲ"‪.‬‬

‫أﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ‪ pw‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻮاﺿﻊ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻧﺘﻮﻗﻊ وﺟﻮدﻫﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ؛ وﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﻴﻞ ﺣﻴﻨﺌﺬ أن ﻧﺘﻴﻘﻦ ﻣﻤﺎ إذا ﻛﺎن ﻫﻨﺎك‬
‫ﺣﺬف ﻣﺘﻌﻤﺪ ﻟـ ‪ pw‬ﺑﻘﺼﺪ اﻹﻳﺠﺎز‪ ،‬أو أن ﻫﻨﺎك ﺳﺒﺒﺎً آﺧﺮاً‪ ،‬أو ﻣﺎ إذا ﻛﺎن ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ اﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ اﻟﻤﺬﻛﻮر ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ‪٨٩‬‬
‫)‪٠(٢‬‬

‫‪T#w n r “[it is mere] breath of the mouth”.‬‬

‫"]إﻧﻪ ﻣﺠﺮد[ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻔﻢ"‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ”‪" “he is Rec‬ﻫﻮ رع"‪ ،‬ﻓﻜﻤﺎ رأﻳﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ‪ ،١٢٥‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﻘﺎل ‪ ntf Ro‬أﻳﻀﺎ؛ وﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﻜﻮن‬
‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫أن‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫وﻳﻤﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻛﻴﺪاً‪،‬‬ ‫أﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻤﻴﺮ‬
‫اﻟﺨﺒﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﻲ )‪" “he is Rec” (logical predicate‬ﻫﻮ رع"‪٠‬‬

‫‪:pw‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ]‪ :[١٢٩‬ﻣﻮﺿﻊ‬

‫‪(Position of‬‬ ‫‪pw):‬‬

‫‪pw‬‬
‫إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﺨﺒﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﻲ )‪ (logical predicate‬ﻣﺆﻟﻔﺎً ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪة ﻛﻠﻤﺎت‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن ‪ pw‬ﻗﺪ ﺗﻘﺤﻢ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ‪ .‬وﻣﻦ‬
‫أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ذﻟﻚ‪:‬‬

‫‪sXty pw‬‬
‫‪pw n cXt-‬‬
‫‪cXt-Hm#t “he was a peasant‬‬
‫‪of the Wâdy Natrûn”.‬‬
‫"ﻛﺎن ﻫﻮ أﺣﺪ ﻓﻼﺣﻲ وادي اﻟﻨﻄﺮون"‪.‬‬
 ‫‪t# pw nfr, I## rn.f ‘it was a good land, whose‬‬
‫‪name was Yaa”.‬‬
‫"إﻧﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ أرﺿﺎً ﻃﻴﺒﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎن اﺳﻤﻬﺎ ﻳﺎ"‪.‬‬

‫‪Ow pw Hno ci# “they are Ou and Sia”.‬‬

‫"ﻫﻤﺎ ﺣﻮ وﺳﻴﺎ"‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ إﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺴﺆال ”?‪" “who are these gods‬ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬان اﻹﻟﻬﺎن؟"‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‪ :‬ﻗﺎرن اﻷﻗﺤﺎم اﻟﻤﻤﺎﺛﻞ ﻟﻸﺧﺒﺎر اﻟﻈﺮﻓﻴﺔ )‪ (adverbial predicates‬اﻟﻘﺼﻴﺮة‪ ،‬اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ‪ ١٢١‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺗﻘﺪم‪.‬‬

‫‪ pw‬ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻞ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺒﺘﺪأ واﻟﺨﺒﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺳﻤﺎء‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ]‪:[١٣٠‬‬

‫(‬ ‫‪pw in sentences where both subject and predicate are nouns):‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ رأﻳﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ‪ ،١٢٥‬ﻓﺈن اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺠﻤﻞ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺒﺘﺪأ )‪(subject‬‬
‫واﻟﺨﺒﺮ )‪ (predicate‬ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺳﻤﺎء ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺠﺎور اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮ‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻦ أﻫﻤﻠﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻋﺼﺮ‬
‫اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ اﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﺑﺰﻣﻦ ﻃﻮﻳﻞ‪ ،‬وﺗﺮﻛﺖ اﻟﻤﺠﺎل ﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ أﺧﺮى ارﺗﻜﺰت ﻋﻠﻰ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ‪ pw‬اﻟﺘﻲ درﺳﺖ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ‪١٢٨‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺄﺗﻲ اﻟﺨﺒﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﻲ )‪ (logical predicate‬أوﻻً )أو ﺟﺰء ﻣﻨﻪ‪ ،‬راﺟﻊ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ‪ (١٢٩‬ﺛﻢ ﺗﺘﺒﻌﻪ ‪ pw‬ﻛﻤﺒﺘﺪأ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻲ )‪ (logical subject‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺤﻮ ﺷﻜﻠﻲ ﻣﺤﺾ؛ أﻣﺎ اﻟﻤﺒﺘﺪأ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﻲ )‪ (logical subject‬اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﻴﻀﺎف ﺑﺪﻻً ﻣﻦ ‪ .pw‬وﻣﻦ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ذﻟﻚ‪:‬‬

‫‪dmi pw Imnt “the West is an abode; lit. an abode [is] it,‬‬

‫‪namely the West”.‬‬
‫"اﻟﻐﺮب ﻣﻘﺮ‪ ،‬ﺣﺮﻓﻴﺎً‪ :‬ﻣﻘﺮ ﻫﻮ‪ ،‬أي اﻟﻐﺮب"‪.‬‬

‫‪mnw pw n s nfrw.f “a man’s goodness is his‬‬

‫‪monument, lit. the monument it (is) of a man, [namely] his goodness”.‬‬
‫"ﻃﻴﺒﺔ اﻟﺮﺟﻞ أﺛﺮﻩ اﻟﺒﺎﻗﻲ‪ ،‬ﺣﺮﻓﻴﺎً‪ :‬اﻷﺛﺮ اﻟﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﻫﻮ ﻟﻠﺮﺟﻞ‪] ،‬أي[ ﻃﻴﺒﺘﻪ"‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﺎدراً ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﻤﺒﺘﺪأ )‪ (subject‬أو اﻟﺨﺒﺮ )‪ (predicate‬إﺷﺎرة )‪ .(demonstrative‬وﻣﻦ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ‬

‫ذﻟﻚ‪:‬‬
 ‫‪bit pw n# m wn m#o “this is my character in‬‬
‫‪reality”.‬‬ ‫"ﻫﺬﻩ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺘﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ "‪.‬‬

‫‪p# pw Wsir “such is Osiris, lit. this [is] he, Osiris”.‬‬

‫"ﻫﻜﺬا أوزورﻳﺲ‪ ،‬ﺣﺮﻓﻴﺎً‪ :‬ﻫﺬا ﻫﻮ‪ ،‬أوزورﻳﺲ"‪.‬‬

‫اﺣﻼل ﻫﺬﻩ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﺤﻞ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎوز اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮ إﻧﻤﺎ ﻳﺮﺟﻊ ﺑﻮﺿﻮح إﻟﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ إﻇﻬﺎر اﻟﺨﺒﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﻲ‬
‫)‪ (logical predicate‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺤﻮ أوﺿﺢ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﻘﻮم ﺑﻪ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‪ ،‬وذﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻴﺎق ﻛﺎن ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺄﻟﻮف ﻓﻴﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻮاﺿﻊ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت‪ .‬و اﻵن ﻓﺈن ﻛﻠﻤﺔ إﺷﺎرة ﻣﺜﻞ "ﻫﺬا" ﻛﺜﻴﺮاً ﺟﺪاً ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﺒﺘﺪأ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻲ ‪(logical‬‬
‫)‪subject‬أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﺧﺒﺮاً ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻴﺎً )‪ .(logical predicate‬وﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﻓﺈن اﻗﺤﺎم اﻹﺷﺎرة ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺒﺘﺪأ )‪ (subject‬واﻟﺨﺒﺮ )‪ (predicate‬ﻣﻦ اﻷﺳﻤﺎء )‪) (noun‬ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﺗﺤﺘﻞ اﻹﺷﺎرة اﻟﻤﻜﺎن‬
‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة ﻫﻨﺎ‪ ،‬راﺟﻊ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ‪ ،([٢] ١٢٧‬ﺟﻌﻞ اﻹﺷﺎرة ﺗﻈﻬﺮ اﻻﺳﻢ )‪(noun‬‬
‫اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﻤﻈﻬﺮ اﻟﺨﺒﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﻲ اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ )‪٠(logical predicate‬‬

‫وﻫﻜﺬا‪ ،‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ أن اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ )اﻟﻤﺒﺘﺪأ اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪي‪ ،(logical (subject‬راﺟﻊ اﻟﻔﻘﺮات ‪-١٢٥‬‬
‫‪ (١٢٦‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﺗﻜﺰة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺠﺎور اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻛﺎن ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﺧﺒﺮاً ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻴﺎ ‪(logical‬‬
‫)‪ predicate‬ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﻛﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺒﺘﺪأ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻴﺎً )‪) (logical subject‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ أن اﻟﺨﻴﺎر اﻷﺧﻴﺮ ﻫﻮ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ ﻣﺒﺘﺪأ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻴﺎً‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ وﻇﻴﻔﺘﻬﺎ اﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ( ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﺤﻤﺔ‬
‫)‪ ،(logical subject‬ﺑﻞ ﺗﻜﻮن ﺧﺒﺮاً ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻴﺎً ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﺤﺎﻻت‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺮاﻛﻴﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﺪاﺋﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻔﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻐﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺄﺳﺎة‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻠﺨﺺ‬ ‫ﺣﺎل‪،‬‬ ‫أﻳﺔ‬ ‫وﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺗﺒﺘﺪﻋﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ أﻫﺪاف ﻟﻢ ﺗﻜﻦ ﻣﻌﺪة ﻟﻬﺎ أﺻﻼً‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ آﺧﺮ ﻓﻲ وﺿﻊ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت )اﻷول ﻫﻮ اﻟﻤﺬﻛﻮر ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ‪،([٢]١٢٧‬ﻓﺈن اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ pw‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﺸﻐﻞ اﻟﻤﺒﺘﺪأ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﻲ )‪ (logical subject‬ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻜﺎن اﻷول أﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎً‪ ،‬وﻫﻜﺬا ﻧﻌﻮد إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ اﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻜﻠﻤﺎت )راﺟﻊ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ‪ . (١٢٥‬وﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪pxrt pw nt How.s mrHt “oil is the‬‬

‫‪remedy of her body”.‬‬
‫"اﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻋﻼج ﺟﺴﺪﻫﺎ"‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻄﺮح اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺳﺆاﻻ ﻋﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ أﻓﻀﻞ وﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺴﺪ اﻟﻤﺮأة‪ ،‬واﻻﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻫﻲ "اﻟﺰﻳﺖ"‪.‬‬
 ‫‪bwt.i pw Hs “my abomination is excrement”.‬‬
‫"اﻟﺸﻲء اﻟﺒﻐﻴﺾ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻲ ﻫﻮ اﻟﺒﺮاز"‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ]‪ :[١٣١‬ﺑﺴﺒﺐ إﻗﺤﺎم ‪ pw‬اﻟﻤﺘﻜﺮر ﺑﻴﻦ اﺳﻢ )‪ (noun‬وﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺼﻔﻪ )راﺟﻊ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ‪،(١٢٩‬‬
‫ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﻨﺸﺄ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬا ﺑﻌﺾ اﻻﻟﺘﺒﺎس اﻟﺬي ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻋﻨﺎﻳﺔ دﻗﻴﻘﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫‪ ، Nwn pw it nTrw‬ﻓﻼ ﺷﻲء ﺑﺨﻼف ﺳﻴﺎق اﻟﻜﻼم ﻗﺎدر ﻋﻠﻰ أن ﻳﻘﺮر ﻣﺎ إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ اﻟﻤﻘﺼﻮد ﻫﻮ‬
‫”‪" “it [or “he”] is Nun, the father of the gods‬ﻫﻲ ]أو "ﻫﻮ"[ ﻧﻮن‪ ،‬أﺑﻮ اﻵﻟﻬﺔ" )وذﻟﻚ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎر ‪ it‬ﺑﺪﻻً ﻣﻦ ‪ ،Nwn‬راﺟﻊ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ‪ ،(١٣٠‬أو أﻧﻪ ”‪" “the father of the gods is Nun‬أﺑﻮ‬
‫اﻵﻟﻬﺔ ﻫﻮ ﻧﻮن"‪)،‬وذﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎر‪ it‬ﺑﺪﻻً ﻣﻦ ‪ ،pw‬راﺟﻊ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ‪.(٩٠‬‬

‫اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ]‪ :[١٣٢‬اﻟﻀﻤﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺪﻻً ﻣﻦ ‪:pw‬‬

‫‪(The dependent pronoun in place of pw):‬‬
‫‪pw‬‬

‫ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺗﻄﻮر ﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ‪ ptr sw‬اﻟﻤﺬﻛﻮرة ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ‪ ،(٣)١٢٧‬وﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻣﻊ أدوات‬
‫اﻻﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎم )‪ (interrogatives‬ﻓﻘﻂ‪ .‬وﻣﻦ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ذﻟﻚ‪:‬‬
‫‪pty sy t# Rd-‬‬
‫‪Rd-Ddt “who is this Reddjedet?”.‬‬
‫‪Lit. “who is she, this Reddjedet?”.‬‬
‫"ﻣﻦ ﺗﻜﻮن ردﺟﺪت ﻫﺬﻩ؟"‪ .‬ﺣﺮﻓﻴﺎً‪" :‬ﻣﻦ ﻫﻲ‪ ،‬ردﺟﺪت ﻫﺬﻩ"‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ]‪ :[١٣٣‬اﻟﺰﻣﻦ واﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﻤﻞ ذات اﻟﺨﺒﺮ اﻻﺳﻤﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪(Tense and mood in the sentences with nominal predicate):‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﺤﺎل ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ذات اﻟﺨﺒﺮ اﻟﻈﺮﻓﻲ )‪ ،(adverbial predicate‬ﻓﺈن ﺳﻴﺎق اﻟﻜﻼم ﻫﻨﺎ أﻳﻀﺎ ﻫﻮ‬
‫اﻟﺬي ﻳﻤﺪﻧﺎ ﻋﺎدة ﺑﻤﻔﺘﺎح اﻟﺰﻣﻦ واﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ‪ .‬وﻛﻘﺎﻋﺪة‪ ،‬ﻓﻼ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ اﻟﻔﻌﻼن ‪ iw‬و ‪ wnn‬ﻣﻊ أي ﻣﻦ أﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺑﻨﺎء اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻮﺻﻮﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮات ‪ ،١٣٠ – ١٢٥‬وﻟﻬﺬا ﻓﻌﻨﺪ اﻟﺮﻏﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻫﺬﻩ اﻷﻓﻌﺎل‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻛﺎن ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﻴﻦ أن‬
‫راﺟﻊ‬ ‫‪،(m‬‬
‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪of‬‬ ‫)‪predication‬‬ ‫اﻹﺧﺒﺎرﻳﺔ‬ ‫إم‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﻠﺠﺄوا‬
‫اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺬﻛﻮرة ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻔﻘﺮات ‪ ١١٨ – ١١٧‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺗﻘﺪم‪.‬‬

‫وﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ أﺧﺮى‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن ‪" “behold” mk‬أﻧﻈﺮ – ﻻﺣﻆ" وﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻷدوات )‪ (particles‬اﻟﻤﻤﺎﺛﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻗﺪ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺪاﻳﺔ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ‪ .pw‬وﻣﻦ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ذﻟﻚ‪:‬‬
‫‪mk xrt.i pw im.k “behold, that is my due from‬‬
‫‪thee (you)”.‬‬
 ‫"ﻻﺣﻆ‪ ،‬ذﻟﻚ ﺣﻘﻲ ﻣﻨﻚ"‪.‬‬
‫‪isT s# pw mnX “lo, he was a beneficient son”.‬‬
‫"أﻧﻈﺮ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎن ﻫﻮ إﺑﻦ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ"‪.‬‬

‫‪smwn sXty.f pw “probably he is a peasant of his”.‬‬

‫"رﺑﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻓﻼح ﻟﺪﻳﻪ"‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ إﻟﻰ ‪" “probably” smwn‬رﺑﻤﺎ"‪ ،‬أﻧﻈﺮ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ‪.٢٤١‬‬

‫وﻛﺬﻟﻚ أداة اﻟﺘﻤﻨﻲ ‪ H#‬أﻳﻀﺎً )راﺟﻊ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ‪ .([٧] ١١٩‬وﻣﻦ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ذﻟﻚ‪:‬‬
‫‪H# pw grH pw‬‬
‫‪pw m rmT “would that it were‬‬
‫‪the end of men”.‬‬
‫"ﻟﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﺒﺸﺮ"‪.‬‬

‫‪(clause of‬‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‪ :‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﺠﻤﻞ اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺒﺮة ﻋﻦ اﻟﺰﻣﻦ )‪ (clause of time‬وﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻤﻌﺒﺮة ﻋﻦ اﻟﺤﺎل‬
‫‪ (m‬وﺗﻌﻤﻞ وﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻘﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺨﺒﺮ اﻟﻈﺮﻓﻲ ‪(adverbial‬‬
‫)‪ circumstance‬إم اﻹﺧﺒﺎرﻳﺔ )‪m of predication‬‬
‫‪ wnn.‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺣﺮوف‬ ‫)‪ ،predicate‬أﻧﻈﺮ اﻟﻔﻘﺮات ‪ .(٢) ١١٩ ،١١٧‬وﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺒﺔ ‪wn.f) m‬‬
‫‪wnn.f (wn.‬‬
‫اﻟﺠﺮ )‪) (prepositions‬اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ‪ ([٢] ١٥٧‬وﺑﻌﺪ ‪" “if” ir‬إذا" )اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ‪ .(١٥٠‬أﻣﺎ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺤﺎﻻت اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺄﺗﻲ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ ذات ﺧﺒﺮ اﺳﻤﻲ )‪ (nominal predicate‬ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺣﺮف ﺟﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻧﻈﺮ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‪.١٥٤‬‬

‫اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ]‪ :[١٣٤‬ﻧﻔﻲ اﻟﺠﻤﻞ ذات اﻟﺨﺒﺮ اﻻﺳﻤﻲ أو اﻟﻀﻤﻴﺮي‪:‬‬

‫‪(Negation pf sentences with nominal or pronominal predicate):‬‬
‫‪ nn‬ﻗﺒﻞ اﺳﻢ )‪ (noun‬ﺗﺘﺒﻌﻪ ‪ .pw‬وﻣﻦ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ذﻟﻚ‪:‬‬ ‫اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺷﺎﺋﻌﺔ‪ .‬وﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬
‫‪nn oH# pw Hno ky “it means (lit. is) no fighting‬‬
‫‪with another”.‬‬
‫"ﻫﺬا ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻻ ﺣﺮب ﻣﻊ آﺧﺮ"‪.‬‬

‫‪is‬‬ ‫‪ n‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم إذا ﺳﺒﻘﺖ ‪ pw‬اﻷداة اﻟﻤﺤﺸﻮرة )‪(enclitic particle‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ أﻳﺔ ﺣﺎل‪ ،‬ﻻﺣﻆ أن‬
‫”‪" “indeed‬ﺣﻘﺎً"‪ .‬وﻣﻦ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ذﻟﻚ‪:‬‬
‫)‪sti (for isT‬‬
‫‪isT n tr is pw n iwt r bi#‬‬
‫‪pn “lo, it was indeed not the season for coming to this mining region”.‬‬
‫"أﻧﻈﺮ‪ ،‬ﺣﻘﺎً إﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻮﺳﻢ اﻟﺤﻀﻮر إﻟﻰ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ"‪.‬‬
 ‫‪ .n … is‬وﻣﻦ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ذﻟﻚ‪:‬‬ ‫…‬ ‫أﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ ﺗﺤﺬف ‪ pw‬ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻬﺎ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺿﺮورﻳﺔ ﻣﻊ‬
‫‪n s#.i is ”he is not my son”.‬‬
‫"ﻫﻮ ﻟﻴﺲ إﺑﻨﻲ"‪.‬‬

‫ﻳﺒﺪو أن اﻟﻀﻤﻴﺮ ‪" “they” st‬ﻫﻢ" ﻗﺪ ﺣﻞ ﻣﺤﻞ ‪ pw‬ﻓﻲ إﺣﺪى اﻟﺤﺎﻻت‪:‬‬

‫‪n rmT is nt Sft st “they are not people of‬‬
‫‪worth”.‬‬
‫"ﻫﻢ ﻟﻴﺴﻮا أﻧﺎس ذوي ﻣﻘﺎم رﻓﻴﻊ"‪.‬‬

‫‪ n‬ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ ‪(independent‬‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم أداة اﻟﻨﻔﻲ )‪(negative word‬‬

‫)‪ .pronouns‬وﻣﻦ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ذﻟﻚ‪:‬‬
‫‪“I am not, forsooth, a confederate of his”.‬‬
‫ﺣﻘﺎ‪ ،‬أﻧﺎ ﻟﺴﺖ ﺷﺮﻳﻜﻪ"‪.‬‬
‫" ً‬
‫‪n ntf pw m m#ot “it is not he in truth”.‬‬
‫"إﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻖ"‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺼﺮ ﻻﺣﻖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ أﻳﺔ ﺣﺎل‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻧﺠﺪ‬