Gujarat Technological University Chandkheda, Ahmedabad

EFFECT OF LIME AND CEMENT ON ENGINEERING
PROPERTIES OF BLACK COTTON SOIL
GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Chandkheda, Ahmedabad
Samarth College of Engineering & Technology,

Hajipur, Himatnagar
Affiliated with GTU

A
Project Report
On
“EFFECT OF LIME AND CEMENT ON ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF BLACK

COTTON SOIL”
Project
B. E. Semester –7
(Civil Engineering Branch)
Submitted by:
Sr No. Name Of Student Enrollment No.

1) Patel Preet Rajeshkumar (140880106010)
2) Patel Dipan Mihirkumar (140880106008)
Prof. Brijesh Patel

(Faculty Guide)
Prof. Mayur Sathvara
Head of the CIVIL Engineering,
Academic year
(2017-18)
Samarth College Of Engineering & Technology
Samarth College Of Engineering And Technology Page 1

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Project Report entitled “Effect of Lime and Cement
on Engineering Properties of Black Cotton Soil” has been Carried out by
(1)Patel Preet Rajeshkumar, (2) Patel Dipan Mihirkumar, towards the fulfillment of
the requirements for the award of degree in Bachelor of Engineering (Civil
Engineering) of Gujarat Technological University is the record of work carried
out by them under our supervision and guidance. The work submitted has in our
opinion reached a level required for being accepted for examination. The results
embodied in this Project Work to the best of our knowledge have not been
submitted to any other University or Institution for award of any degree or
diploma.
Project Guide Head of the Department

(Prof.Brijesh Patel) (Prof.Mayur Sathvara)
External Faculty:-

ACKNOWLEDGE
We express our sincere gratitude to our guide Prof. Brijesh Sir for his constant inspiration and
guidance without which it would have been difficult for us to complete the project. It is only for
their constant suggestions that we have been able to finish our project work. We also thankful to
staff members of Geo-Technical Engineering Laboratory for their assistance and cooperation
during course of experimentation.
We feel great pleasure in expressing our sincere gratitude to the members of our team for
rendering us selfless help, impeccable guidance and con cret e suggestions in the preparation for
this presentation.
Sincerely,
Preet Patel (140880106010)
Dipan Patel (140880106008)

INDEX
Table of Contents
ABSTRACT 7
CHAPTER:-1 8
1. Introduction: 8
2. Materials: 8
1. Black Cotton Soil: 9
2. Lime: 9
2.2.1 Types of Lime: 10
3. Sand: 10
4. Cement: 11
CHAPTER:-2 12
3. Soil Preparation 12
4. Experimentation 12
1. Particle size distribution: 13
2. Liquid Limit Test: 13
3. Plastic Limit Test: 14
4. Compaction: 14
4.5. California Bearing Ratio (C.B.R): 15
CHAPTER:-3 17
5. RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS: 17

1. BC Soil + Lime: 17
1. Result of liquid limit: 17
2. Result of Plastic Limit: 18
3. Plasticity Index: 19
4. Result of Compaction Test: 20
5. California Bearing Ratio Test: 22
2. BC Soil + Sand + Cement: 23
1. Result of Liquid Limit: 23
2. Result of Plastic Limit 24

3. Plasticity Index: 25
4. Proctor Compaction Test: 26
5. California Bearing Ratio (CBR) Test: 28
6. Conclusion: 30
Bibliography 31
List Of Graph:-
Graph:- 1 17
Graph 2 18
Graph 3 20
Graph 4 21
Graph 5 22
Graph 6 23
Graph 7 24
Graph 8 26
Graph 9 27
Graph 10 28
List Of Tables:-
Table 1 10
Table 2 17
Table 3 18
Table 4 19
Table 5 20
Table 6 21
Table 7 22
Table 8 23
Table 9 24
Table 10 25
Table 11 26
Table 12 27
Table 13 28

Table of Abbreviations:-
BC – Black Cotton
CBR – California Bearing Ratio
GI – Group Index
MDD – Maximum Dry Density
OMC – Optimum Moisture Content
IRC – Indian Road Congress

ABSTRACT
Soil stabilization is the process in which improving the different type of engineering
properties of black cotton soil and it is making for stable soil. It can be done by the use of
controlled compaction, proportioning and the addition of suitable different types of admixtures
and stabilizers .there are various Infrastructure projects are also use in different highways,
railways, water reservoirs; reclamation etc. which are requires earth material in very large
quantity. In many s which are not suitable for due to black cotton soil. So we should do stabilize of
soil by use of locally available materials like sand, silt, lime, Cement etc. Soil stabilization is
very necessary for various construction works like road pavement and foundation because it
improves the engineering properties of BC Soil. . This paper represents a study of the lime and
Cement as the admixtures or stabilizers in improving some engineering Properties of Black cotton
(BC) soils.
This experimental program evaluates the effect of the lime and cement, on the some
basic engineering properties of BC soil such as Liquid limit, plastic limit and compaction of BC
soil and California bearing ratio (CBR) of BC Soil. The percentage of lime used in black cotton
soil varied from 3% to 12%. Besides the percentage of cement used in BC soil varies from 10%
to 40%.The Geotechnical engineering properties like Liquid limit, Plastic limit, volume
stabilization, Compressive strength, Compaction character, CBR values of soil have been studied
in this work.
% . The liquid limit, plastic limit, and optimum moisture content (OMC), California bearing ratio
(CBR) increased with an increase in lime percentage but maximum dry density (MDD) of soil
decreased with increase in lime percentage. The liquid limit, plastic limit and maximum
dry density (MMD) of the BC soil decreased and the optimum moisture content (OMC) increased
with an increase in Cement content. The objective of this work is to estimate the effect of
lime and
Cement on some geotechnical properties of black cotton soil, in order to determine the
suitability of lime and Cement for use as a modifier or stabilizer in the treatment of black
cotton soil for roadwork .The aim of this investigation is to quantify the optimum quantity of
lime and Cement on the performance in terms of CBR especially when it is planned to be
used as sub grade in highways. Further it is observed that the optimum moisture content and
CBR value increases and maximum dry density decreases with increase in percentage lime and
Cement content.

CHAPTER:-1
1. Introduction:-
Black cotton soil is highly weakly because of the large changes in volume due to fluctuations
in the moisture content. In monsoon seasons, soils absorb water, and swell soil , also capacity to
bear is reduced. In drier seasons, these soils shrink or reduce in volume due to evaporation of
water and they become harder. The quantity of lime needed to effectively treat a soil to develop
increased strength varies with the type of clay mineral present.
Expansive soil is always problematic for the engineering structures due to its swelling and
shrinkage behavior. It gets shrink when dried in summer and swells when wet in winter season.
The structures on these soils experience large-scale damages. The property of expansive soil
results cracks in the soil without any warning. These cracks are sometime very large and suffer
rigorous damage to the structure. Roads running through expansive soil regions are subjected to
severe distress resulting in poor performance and increased maintenance cost. Again clayey soil
having plasticity index more than 6 are required to be treated and stabilized before going to
be used for construction as per the specification of Ministry of Road Transport &
Highway, Government of India. To prevent the structure from such damages, stabilization of soil
is required with the stabilizing materials like fly ash, lime, sand, bitumen, cement, rice husk
ash etc. The engineering properties of Black cotton soil (B.C. soil) can significantly be
improved with these stabilizing agents.
Soil–sand-cement is a well prepared mix of soil when water is added to the mix and
compacted; the small proportion of cement is not able to bind all the particles to a coherent
mass but it interacts with the silt and clay fractions and reduces their affinity to water and
reduces the swelling behavior of mix modifies the properties of soil and increase the strength of
soil.
2. Materials:-
Various materials used in our project:- 1) Black cotton soil

2) Lime
3) Sand
4) Cement

2.1 Black Cotton Soil:-
Black cotton soil (BC soil) is a

highly clayey soil. The black color
in Black cotton soil (BC soil) is due
to the presence of titanium oxide in
small concentration. The Black
cotton soil (BC soil) has a high
percentage of clay, which is
predominantly montmorillonite in
structure and black or blackish grey
in color. Expansive soils are the
soils which expand when the
moisture content of the soils is
increased. The clay mineral
montmorillonite is mainly
responsible for expansive
characteristics of the soil. The
expansive soils are also called swelling soils or black cotton soils. The structures on Black cotton
soil (BC soil) bases develop undulations at the road surface due to loss of strength of the sub-grade
through softening during monsoon. The physical properties of Black cotton soil (BC soil) vary
from place to place 40 % to 60 % of the Black cotton soil (BC soil) has a size less than 0.001 mm.
At the liquid limit, the volume change is of the order of 200 % to 300% and results in swelling
pressure as high as 8 kg/cm2/ to 10 kg/cm2. As such Black cotton soil (BC soil) has very low
bearing capacity and high swelling and shrinkage characteristics. Due to its peculiar
characteristics, it forms a very poor foundation material for road construction. Soaked laboratory
CBR values of Black Cotton soils are generally found in the range of 2 to 4%. Due to very low
CBR values of Black cotton soil (BC soil) excessive pavement thickness is required for designing
for flexible pavement. Research & Development (R&D) efforts have been made to improve the
strength characteristics of Black cotton soil (BC soil) with new technologies. The construction of
foundation for structure on black cotton soils poses challenge to civil engineers.
2.2 Lime:-
In general, all lime treated fine-grained soils exhibit decreased plasticity, improved workability
and reduced volume change characteristics. However, not all soils exhibit improved strength
characteristics. It should be emphasized that the properties of soil-lime mixtures are dependent
on many variables. Soil type, lime type, lime percentage and curing conditions (time,
temperature, and moisture) are the most important.

2.2.1 Types of Lime:-
Various forms of lime have been

successfully used as soil stabilizing agents
for many years. However, the most
commonly used products are hydrated
high-calcium lime, monohydrated dolomite
lime, calcite quicklime, and
dolomite quicklime. Hydrated lime is
used most often because it is much less
caustic than quicklime; however, the use
of quicklime for soil stabilization has
increased in recent years mainly with
slurry-type applications. The design lime
contents determined from the criteria
presented herein are for hydrated
lime. If quicklime is used, the
design lime contents determined herein for hydrated lime should be reduced by 25 percent.
2.3 Sand:-
Sand used for the work is clean and coarse sand passing through 4.75 mm sieve was oven dried
for 24 hrs to eliminate sand’s moisture before the conduction of tests.
Grain Size Distribution
Coarse sand (%) 48.6
Medium Sand (%) 32.4
Fine sand (%) 13
Specific Gravity (%) 2.64
Table 1

2.4 Cement:-
The cement used is Portland pozzolanic cement (PPC) used for the study was purchased from
the market with the specific gravity of 3.14 g/cc.

CHAPTER:-2
3. Soil Preparation
Lime are mixed in varying % of 3%, 6%, 9% an 12% with black cotton soil. The amount of
sand for stabilization is taken in proportion of 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% by dry weight of soil and
amount of cement was taken as 2% by dry weight of black cotton soil. Using this proportion, mix
samples were prepared as given below and a set of laboratory tests were performed to determine
the index properties of both black cotton soil and mixed proportion samples.
Mix proportion samples of soil, lime, sand & cement given as below:-
1) Black cotton soil
2) Black cotton soil + 3% Lime
6) Black cotton soil + 10% Sand + 2% Cement
8) Black cotton soil +30% Sand + 2% Cement
4. Experimentation
The fly ash, lime & black cotton soil are mixed fully on dry weight basis in the suitable
required proportions. There are different test sieve analysis, liquid limit, plastic limit,
compaction, CBR test were performed in laboratory as per IS code standards. The following tests
are conducted:
 Sieve analysis
 Liquid limits
 Plastic limit
 Compaction
 CBR

4.1 Particle size distribution:-
The Standard grain size analysis test determines the relative proportions of different grain
sizes as they are distributed among certain size ranges.
Particle size distribution is a method of separation of soils into different fractions based on the
particle size. It is known as mechanical analysis. The standard grain size analysis test determines
the relative proportions of different grain sizes as they are distributed among certain size ranges.
4.2 Liquid Limit Test:-
This test is done to determine the liquid limit of soil as per IS: 2720 (Part 5) –1985. The liquid
limit of fine-grained soil is the water content at which soil behaves practically like a liquid, but
has small shear strength. Its flow closes the groove in just 25 blows in Casagrande’s liquid limit
device.
The water content at which the soil changes from the liquid state to plastic state known
as liquid limit (WL).
A soil containing high water content is in a liquid state. It has no shear strength and can flow
like liquids as the water content is reduced, the soil becomes stiffer and starts developing
resistance to shear deformation as some particular water content the soil becomes plastic.

3. Plastic Limit Test:-
Plastic limit is defined as minimum water content at which soil remains in plastic state. The
plasticity index is defined as the numerical difference between its Liquid limit and Plastic
limit.
The soil in the plastic state can be moulded into various shapes. As the water content is
reduced, the plasticity of the soil decreases ultimately, the semi-solid state when it stops behaving
as a plastic. It cracks when moulded.
The water content at which the soil changes from plastic state to the semi-solid state is known
as plastic limit. It is the maximum water content at which a soil will just begin to crumble when
rolled into a thread of approximately 3mm in diameter.
4. Compaction:-
In all aspects of material behavior, the compaction plays a very important role. The process of
compaction increases the density of a soil by packing the particles closer together with a
reduction in the volume of air. Compaction influences stiffness (load spreading), shear strength,
bearing capacity, permeability, porosity etc. of a material. How is the compatibility of a material
tested and which parameters are important?
There are various standard compaction methods used in different parts of the world. Two
commonly used methods are Proctor Compaction and Modified Proctor Compaction. These
methods are used in a laboratory to provide a benchmark for the levels of compaction that can
be achieved in the field. Each method uses a standard amount of energy that is imparted on a
material in a special way (a falling weight over a known height for a certain number of
blows, and
Page 14
Samarth College Of Engineering And Technology
compaction of 5 layers in the mould). From the Modified Proctor method, density requirements
for the material in the field after compaction are determined. One of the reasons for the
evolution from Proctor compaction (lower energy) to Modified Proctor compaction (higher
energy) was to keep pace with the developments and improvements in roller technology.
In this way the specifications were kept more realistic. The relationship between the
moisture content and achievable density during compaction is of particular importance. Based
on the results of the Mod Proctor test, the optimum moisture content necessary to achieve a
certain required dry density for the material in the road, is determined. The achievable density
and resulting material properties such as stiffness and shear strength etc., will determine the
behavior of the material during service life in a road pavement.
4.5. California Bearing Ratio (C.B.R):-
IRC has recommended the CBR method for

the design of flexible payment. G.I method does
not take into consideration the characteristics of
the pavement material forming the various
courses of payment. The CBR method not only
consider the characteristics of the sub-grade soil,
but also takes into consideration the properties
of the material forming the various courses of
the payment. Appropriate curve is selected
based on the number of commercial vehicles per
day exceeding 3 tonne laden weight. The total
thickness of flexible payment needed to cover
the sub-grade of the known CBR value is
obtained. In case there is a material superior

than the soil sub-grade, such that it may be used as sub-base course than the thickness of
Construction over this material could be obtained from the design chart knowing the CBR value of
sub-base. Thickness of the sub-base course is the total thickness minus the thickness over the sub-
base.

CHAPTER:-3
5. RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS:-

5.1 BC Soil + Lime:-
5.1.1 Result of liquid limit:-
Liquid limit of black cotton soil is increases with addition of Lime content. The variation
of liquid limit on addition of lime with the black cotton soil is shown in fig.
Liquid Limit
50
45
40
Liquid Limit (%)
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Lime (%)
Graph:- 1
Soil Type Liquid Limit (%)

B.C Soil + 3% Lime 39.25
Table 2

5.1.2 Result of Plastic Limit:-
The variation of plastic limit on addition of lime with the black cotton soil shown in fig.
Plastic Limit
30
25
20
Platic Limit (%)
15
10
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Lime (%)
Graph 2
Soil Type Plastic Limit (%)

Table 3

5.1.3 Plasticity Index:-
Difference in moisture content of soils between the liquid limit and plastic limit expressed in %.
PI = WL - WP
Soil Type Plasticity Index

Table 4

5.1.4 Result of Compaction Test:-
Optimum moisture content (OMC) & maximum dry density (MDD) the compaction
characteristic for modified proctor compaction activity effort for the black cotton soil –
Lime mixes reweal that the MDD decreases & OMC increase with increasing Lime.
OMC Result
20
18
16
14
12
OMC (%)
10
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Lime (%)
Graph 3
Soil Type OMC (%)

Table 5

MDD
1.85
1.8
1.75
MDD(gm/cm3)
1.7
1.65
1.6
1.55
1.5
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Lime (%)
Graph 4
Soil Type MDD (gm/cm3)

Table 6

5.1.5 California Bearing Ratio Test:-
The California Bearing Ratio (CBR) values of BC soil increases with increase of Lime. CBR
value becomes maximum at 12% of Lime.
CBR Result
4
CBR Value
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Lime(%)
Graph 5
Soil Type CBR Value

Table 7

5.2 BC Soil + Sand + Cement:-
5.2.1 Result of Liquid Limit:-
Liquid limit of black cotton soil is decreases with increases of Sand & Cement. The variation
of liquid limit on addition of lime with the black cotton soil is shown in fig.
Liquid Limit
45
40
35
Liquid Limit (%)
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Sand + 2% Cement (%)
Graph 6
Soil Type Liquid Limit (%)

B.C Soil + 10% Sand + 41.6
2% Cement
B.C Soil + 20% Sand + 36.8
2% Cement
B.C Soil + 30% Sand + 30.2
2% Cement
B.C Soil + 40% Sand + 28
2% Cement
Table 8

5.2.2 Result of Plastic Limit:-
The variation of plastic limit on addition of lime with the black cotton soil shown in fig.
Plastic Limit
22
21.5
21
Platic Limit (%)
20.5
20
19.5
19
18.5
18
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Graph 7
Soil Type Plastic Limit (%)

B.C Soil + 10% Sand + 21.81
2% Cement
B.C Soil + 20% Sand + 20.29
2% Cement
B.C Soil + 30% Sand + 19.08
2% Cement
B.C Soil + 40% Sand + 18.21
2% Cement
Table 9

5.2.3 Plasticity Index:-
Difference in moisture content of soils between the liquid limit and plastic limit expressed in %.
PI = WL - WP
Soil Type Plasticity Index
B.C Soil + 10% Sand + 19.79

2% Cement
B.C Soil + 20% Sand + 16.51
2% Cement
B.C Soil + 30% Sand + 11.12
2% Cement
B.C Soil + 40% Sand + 9.79
2% Cement
Table 10

5.2.4 Proctor Compaction Test:-
To assess the amount of compaction & the water content required in the field, compaction test
are done on the soil samples in the laboratory. The tests provide the following results, the OMC &
MDD of soil.
OMC
30
25
20
OMC (%)
15
10
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Graph 8
Soil Type OMC (%)

B.C Soil + 10% Sand + 24.10
2% Cement
B.C Soil + 20% Sand + 19.20

2% Cement
2% Cement
2% Cement
Table 11

MDD
1.8
1.75
1.7
MDD (gm/cm3)
1.65
1.6
1.55
1.5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Graph 9
Soil Type MDD (gm/cm3)
B.C Soil + 10% Sand + 1.53

2% Cement
B.C Soil + 20% Sand + 1.56
2% Cement
B.C Soil + 30% Sand + 1.71
2% Cement
B.C Soil + 40% Sand + 1.77
2% Cement
Table 12

5.2.5 California Bearing Ratio (CBR) Test:-
The CBR test was developed by the California division of highway as a method of
evaluating soil sub - grade and base course materials for flexible pavement. The CBR is a
measure of resistance of a material to penetration of standard plunger under maximum density
and optimum moisture condition.
CBR
8
6
CBR Value
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Sand +2% Cement (%)
Graph 10
Soil Type CBR Value

B.C Soil + 10% Sand + 3.05
2% Cement
B.C Soil + 20% Sand + 3.53
2% Cement
B.C Soil + 30% Sand + 5.14
2% Cement
B.C Soil + 40% Sand + 7.39
2% Cement
Table 13

Sr Soil Type Liquid Plastic Plasticity Compaction Test CBR Test

No Limit Limit Index
. Test Test OMC MDD In Shocked
Condition
1 BC Soil 38.9% 14.4% 24.5 15.73% 1.76 2.16
2 BC Soil + 3% 39.25% 17.77% 21.48 13.83% 1.8 2.88

Lime
3 BC Soil + 6% 40.5% 21.42% 19.08 15.79% 1.79 3.25

Lime
4 BC Soil + 9% 41.7% 23.8% 17.09 16.9% 1.78 3.97

Lime
5 BC Soil + 42.98% 25.89% 17.08 18.27% 1.75 5.6

12% Lime
6 BC Soil + 41.6% 21.81% 19.79 24.10% 1.53 3.05

10% Sand +
2% Cement
7 BC Soil + 36.8% 20.29% 16.51 19.20% 1.56 3.53

20% Sand +
2% Cement
8 BC Soil + 30.2% 19.08% 11.12 15% 1.71 5.14

30% Sand +
2% Cement
9 BC Soil + 28% 18.21% 9.79 14% 1.77 7.39

40% Sand +
2% Cement

6. Conclusion:-
The following conclusions are drawn from the present investigation:-
 Liquid limit and plastic limit of BC soil increase with increasing % lime. Liquid limit &
Plastic limit of BC soil decreases with increase in sand content.
 Plasticity Index of BC soil decreases with increase % of Lime. And also decrease with
increase in Sand content.
 Compaction characters of BC soil affected by varying % of lime, i.e. OMC of BC Soil

increase with increasing % lime and MDD decrease with increase of lime. Compaction
characteristics of BC soil also affected by varying % of soil that is OMC of BC soil
decreases with increasing % of the sand and MDD increase with increases of % of sand.
 CBR value of BC soil increases with increasing varying % lime. The optimum percentage
of lime at 12 % for gave the CBR value 5.6. The CBR value increases with the increase in
sand content and reaches to a desirable CBR value for sub-grade of the pavment.

Bibliography
1) Determination of liquid limit and plastic limit. Indian standard methods for
testing of soils-IS2720 (a) Indian standard Institution, New Delhi, India, part
5, pp 109-144,1985
2) Phani Kumar, S. R., and Sharma, R. S. (2004). “Effect of fly ash on
engineering properties of expansive soils.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng.,
130(7), 764–767.
3) Kim, B., Prezzi, M., and Salgado, R. (2005). “Geotechnical properties of fly
ash and bottom ash mixtures for use in highway embankments.” J. Geotech.
Geoenviron. Eng., 131(7), 914–924.
4) Kumar, V. (1996). Fly ash utilization: A mission mode approach. Ash ponds
and ash disposal systems, Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi, India.
5) Malhotra, V. M., and Mehta, P. K. (1996). Pozzolanic and cementitious
materials, Gordon and Breach, Amsterdam,Netherlands.
6) I.S. 2720 (Part iv)-1975, determination of grain size analysis.
.
7) . Kent Newman and Jeb S. Tingle, “Emulsion polymers for soil stabilization”
(2004), Faa Worldwide Airport Technology transfer conference, USA.
8) Koteswara Rao.D, “The efficacy of reinforcement technique on fly ash
stabilized expansive soil as a subgrade embankment for highways. (2011),
Vol.3, No.2, IJEST.
9) . Kowalski, T.E, D.W. Starry and J.W. America, “Modern soil stabilization
techniques”.(2007), Annual conference of the Transportation Association of
Canada, pp. 1-16.
10)Mukesh A. Patil, Dr. H.S.Patel, “A Review on effects of stabilizing agents
for stabilization of weak soil.” (2012) ,Vol. 2, No.6, IISTE.

Gujarat Technological University Chandkheda, Ahmedabad

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EFFECT OF LIME AND CEMENT ON ENGINEERING

PROPERTIES OF BLACK COTTON SOIL

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Samarth College of Engineering & Technology,

Affiliated with GTU

“EFFECT OF LIME AND CEMENT ON ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF BLACK

Sr No. Name Of Student Enrollment No.

Prof. Brijesh Patel

Samarth College Of Engineering And Technology Page 1

Project Guide Head of the Department

Samarth College Of Engineering And Technology Page 2

Samarth College Of Engineering And Technology Page 3

5. RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS: 17

Samarth College Of Engineering And Technology Page 4

Samarth College Of Engineering And Technology Page 5

Samarth College Of Engineering And Technology Page 6

Samarth College Of Engineering And Technology Page 7

Various materials used in our project:- 1) Black cotton soil

Samarth College Of Engineering And Technology Page 8

2.1 Black Cotton Soil:-

Black cotton soil (BC soil) is a

Samarth College Of Engineering And Technology Page 9

2.2.1 Types of Lime:-

Various forms of lime have been

Coarse sand (%) 48.6

Medium Sand (%) 32.4

Fine sand (%) 13

Specific Gravity (%) 2.64

Samarth College Of Engineering And Technology Page 10

Samarth College Of Engineering And Technology Page 11

Samarth College Of Engineering And Technology Page 12

4.1 Particle size distribution:-

4.2 Liquid Limit Test:-

Samarth College Of Engineering And Technology Page 13

3. Plastic Limit Test:-

4.5. California Bearing Ratio (C.B.R):-

IRC has recommended the CBR method for

Samarth College Of Engineering And Technology Page 15

Samarth College Of Engineering And Technology Page 16

5. RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS:-

5.1.1 Result of liquid limit:-

Soil Type Liquid Limit (%)

Samarth College Of Engineering And Technology Page 17

5.1.2 Result of Plastic Limit:-

Soil Type Plastic Limit (%)

Samarth College Of Engineering And Technology Page 18

5.1.3 Plasticity Index:-

Soil Type Plasticity Index

Samarth College Of Engineering And Technology Page 19

5.1.4 Result of Compaction Test:-

Soil Type OMC (%)

Samarth College Of Engineering And Technology Page 20

Soil Type MDD (gm/cm3)

Samarth College Of Engineering And Technology Page 21

5.1.5 California Bearing Ratio Test:-

Soil Type CBR Value

Samarth College Of Engineering And Technology Page 22

5.2 BC Soil + Sand + Cement:-

5.2.1 Result of Liquid Limit:-

Sand + 2% Cement (%)

Soil Type Liquid Limit (%)

Samarth College Of Engineering And Technology Page 23