EASTWOODS College of Science and Technology, Inc.

LEARNING MODULE
FOR
(Formerly EASTWOODS International Institute of Science and Technology) INTRODUCTION TO
San Ramon, Dinalupihan, Bataan THE PHILOSOPHY OF
THE HUMAN PERSON
Telefax No.: (047) 636-1571
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UNIT 1
I. INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY
Introduces the discipline of philosophy and gives an overview of the
major issues that philosophers have studied throughout history.
Of particular interest are the tools that enable philosophers have studied
through history. Of particular interest are the tools that enable philosophers
to conduct their study and its application in real life.

UNIT 1
II. Philosophy and Man
Focuses attention on the nature of the human person and how his or
her various characteristics and aspects have been defined and analyzed by
varied philosophical perspectives. Significant focus is given to the spiritual
nature of the person and his relationship with the environment.
 EASTWOODS College of Science and Technology, Inc. LEARNING MODULE
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(Formerly EASTWOODS International Institute of Science and Technology) INTRODUCTION TO
San Ramon, Dinalupihan, Bataan THE PHILOSOPHY OF
THE HUMAN PERSON
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 The learner understands the meaning and process of doing philosophy


 The learners know various ways of doing philosophy

 The learner understands the human person as an embodied spirit

 The learner understands the interplay between human and their environments

 The learner understand the human person’s freedom

Course Description: An initiation to the activity and process of philosophical reflection as

a search for a synoptic vision of life. Topics to be discussed include the human
experiences of embodiment, being in the world with others and the environment,
freedom, intersubjectivity, sociality, being unto death.

Course objectives: At the end of the course, the student should be able to:
1. Reflect on their daily experiences from a holistic point of view
2. Acquire Critical and Analytical Thinking skills
3. Apply their critical and analytical thinking skills to the affairs of daily life
4. Become truthful, environment-friendly and service-oriented
5. Actively committed to the development of a more humane society
6. Articulate their own philosophy of life.
 EASTWOODS College of Science and Technology, Inc. LEARNING MODULE
FOR
(Formerly EASTWOODS International Institute of Science and Technology) INTRODUCTION TO
San Ramon, Dinalupihan, Bataan THE PHILOSOPHY OF
THE HUMAN PERSON
Telefax No.: (047) 636-1571
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Unit Over View

Lesson 1 Discusses Philosophy as a science, identifying its significant aspects branches

of study. It traces the development of Western and Eastern Philosophy, Identifying
significant developments, schools of thought, and beliefs system that emerged through the
centuries. It ends with a discussion of the characteristics of philosophical study and the
reason why engage in philosophy.

Lesson 2 presents the major questions of philosophy and identification the branches of
philosophy that deal with these questions. It introduces the students to some of the
fundamental philosophical issues and the most relevant views related to them. It is also
presents some methods and tools employed in philosophical analysis and discussion, as
well as the benefits of studying philosophy.

Lesson 3 Guides the students in determining truth using significant philosophical theories
and perspectives. The theories on knowledge are discussed and relevant examples are
given that can be used to determine truth and knowledge.
The students are also guide in distinguishing fact from opinion and identifying fallacies and
bias in analyzing arguments.
Lesson 4 discusses the nature of the human person and the characteristics that define
what a person is. Varied perspectives and issues regarding the person presented

Lesson 5 Discusses human spirituality, focusing on the religious and philosophical

viewpoints regarding the human spirit. It focuses on how spirituality defines human
existence and discusses God, His nature, and His role in our lives.

Lesson 6 Presents the varied philosophical perspectives on man’s relationship with nature.
It explains how philosophy defined and influenced environmental concern and action, and
challenges students to take concrete steps to contribute to preserving our environment.
 EASTWOODS College of Science and Technology, Inc. LEARNING MODULE
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(Formerly EASTWOODS International Institute of Science and Technology) INTRODUCTION TO
San Ramon, Dinalupihan, Bataan THE PHILOSOPHY OF
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INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON

(PRE-TEST)
Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answer on the space provided
before the number.

SCORE:

____1. What is originally meant “love of wisdom?

a. Philosophy
b. Epistemology
c. Ethics
d. Aesthetics
____2. What is the branch of philosophy that explores the natures of moral virtue and
evaluates human action?
a. Philosophy
b. Epistemology
c. Ethics
d. Aesthetics
____3. Which deals with nature, sources, limitations and validity of knowledge?
a. Metaphysics
b. Ethics
c. Epistemology
d. Aesthetics
____4. What is the science of the beautiful in its various manifestation?
a. Philosophy
b. Ethics
c. Epistemology
d. Aesthetics
____5. What is really only an extension of fundamental and necessary drive in every
human being to know what is real?
a. Metaphysics
b. Ethics
c. Epistemology
d. Aesthetics
____6. The Filipino attitude as part of life which literally means to leave everything to
God which id Bathala?
a. Bahala na
b. Pakikisama
c. Bayanihan
d. kalooban
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(Formerly EASTWOODS International Institute of Science and Technology) INTRODUCTION TO
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____7. Philosophy of “living in harmony with nature”?

a. Bahala na
b. Pakikisama
c. Bayanihan
d. kalooban
____8. Which Filipino value is helping others in times of need?
a. Bahala na
b. Pakikisama
c. Bayanihan
d. kalooban
_____9. Which is reciprocating debts of gratitude between coordinates and
subordinates holds the whole group together?
a. Bahala na
b. Pakikisama
c. Bayanihan
d. kalooban
_____10. A Term that show sharing of one’s self t others?
a. Bahala na
b. Pakikisama
c. Bayanihan
d. kalooban
_____11. the four main divisions of philosophy are
Methaphysics, epistemology, axiology, and ______.
a. bioethics
b. logic
c. aesthetic
d. categorical logic
_____12. For Socrates, an unexamined life is a tragedy because it result in
grievous harm to____________.
a. the state
b. the body
c. the justice system
d. the soul
_____13. For Socrates, the soul is harmed by lacked of______.
a. knowledge
b. wealth
c. community
d. logic
_____14. A question and answer dialogue in which propositions are
methodically scrutinized to uncover the truth is known as______.
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(Formerly EASTWOODS International Institute of Science and Technology) INTRODUCTION TO
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a. an argument
b. the Socratic jest
c. the Socratic method
d. a debate
_____15. The systematic use of critical to try to find answers to fundamental questions
about reality, morality, and knowledge is called_____.
a. the argumentative method
b. philosophical method
c. proposal logic
d. scientific method
______16. It proposes that everything that exist is based on an idea or template that
can only be perceived in the mind; these and proposed an ideal model of
government and society which is ruled by wisdom and reason.
a. theory of forms
b. Socratic method
c. idealism
d. pragmatic
______17. The famous statement “An unexamined life is not worth living” is attributed
to___.
a. Aristotle
b. John Locke
c. Socrates
d. Plato
____18. The study of reality in the broadcast sense, an inquiry into the elemental nature
of the universe and the thins in it, is known as_____.
a. metaphysics
b. epistemology
c. quantum physics
d. axiology
_____19. Questions like “What is knowledge?” and “What is truth” are mainstays in the
branch of philosophy known as_____.
a. Logic
b. methaphysics
c, epistemology
_____20. According to Socrates, a clear sign that a person has_____is her exclusive
pursuit of social status, wealth, power, and pleasure.
a. philosophical ambition
b. exceptional desires
c. worldly wisdom
d. an unhealthy soul
 EASTWOODS College of Science and Technology, Inc. LEARNING MODULE
FOR
(Formerly EASTWOODS International Institute of Science and Technology) INTRODUCTION TO
San Ramon, Dinalupihan, Bataan THE PHILOSOPHY OF
THE HUMAN PERSON
Telefax No.: (047) 636-1571
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NOTE: Pre –test are non-graded assessment tool used to

determined pre-existing subject knowledge. Typically pre-
test are administered prior to a course to determine
knowledge baseline, but here they are used to test students
prior to topical material coverage throughout the course.

FIRST QUARTER

Lesson 1 What is Philosophy?

LEARNING GOAL
At the end of the lesson, the students will be able to:
1. Discuss philosophy as a science
2. Identify the branches of philosophy
3. Discuss the origins of philosophy
4. Enumerate and discuss the characteristics of philosophy
5. Understand the developments that brought about the emergence of Western
Philosophy.
6. Identify notable ancient philosophers and discuss their significant ideas and
achievements.
7. Learn how ancient philosophy developed into modern science.
 EASTWOODS College of Science and Technology, Inc. LEARNING MODULE
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(Formerly EASTWOODS International Institute of Science and Technology) INTRODUCTION TO
San Ramon, Dinalupihan, Bataan THE PHILOSOPHY OF
THE HUMAN PERSON
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8. Learn significant aspects of Eastern Philosophy and discuss its related schools of
thought and beliefs systems.
9. Compare Eastern and Western Philosophy
10, Understand their thoughts regarding the importance of philosophy in their lives.

Philosophy: What is it and where did it originate?

Philosophy – comes from the Greek words: philos (love) and sophia (wisdom).
The Ancient Greek used this term to refer to a “love for wisdom” and was soon applied
to a science or discipline which uses human reason to investigate the ultimate causes,
reasons, and principles which govern all things.

Science ancient times, people have been reflecting on and discussing various issues
related to philosophy. Asian communities already had thriving schools of thought and
belief systems since 2000 BCE. In the west, the first philosophical schools emerged in
ancient Greece around the 6th century BCE. These first schools thought gave rise to
changes and development which brought about the emergence of philosophy as we
know it at present.
 EASTWOODS College of Science and Technology, Inc. LEARNING MODULE
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(Formerly EASTWOODS International Institute of Science and Technology) INTRODUCTION TO
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ACTIVITY 1

What ideas come to your mind when you hear the word Philosophy? Write
them in the graphic organizer.

PHILOSOPHY
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(Formerly EASTWOODS International Institute of Science and Technology) INTRODUCTION TO
San Ramon, Dinalupihan, Bataan THE PHILOSOPHY OF
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What developments brought about the emergence of Western Philosophy?

Western Philosophy is primarily concerned with uncovering the truth through

systematic argumentation and theory. There is a greater emphasis on the use of reason
rather than faith, and an increased focus on man as an individual. This perspective has
led to the development of a more scientific, theory- based approach in philosophy, and
a more individualistic, self-oriented approach in analyzing the human condition.

Greece was home to one of the great civilizations during the Ancient Period. Among
the most notable characteristics of ancient Greek civilization was their love for learning.
For Greek to claim himself a wise and learned person, he must know a lot of things from
various disciplines.

The Sophists were an important group that emerged and influenced learning in Ancient
Greece, They were teachers who travelled throughout Greece and taught people who
wished to learn. Learning during that time was done though discussion and argument,
and the Sophist were excellent public speakers who trained their students to win and
every argument they participated in.

This style of teaching, however, soon met resistance from another group of thinkers
who disagreed with the methods of the Sophist. They believed that teaching is more
than just training people to win arguments. Teaching and learning should be an
opportunity to learn the truth of all things in this world, and all real wisdom should strive
to achieve truth aside from knowledge.

One of their leaders, Pythagoras, called themselves philosophos- a term which means “
lovers of wisdom.” For the philosophos, arguments and discussions must be based on
sound reasoning.
They were the pioneers of today’s philosophers. Their central belief was that man need
not know all things in the world, but one must continue to inquire and seek to
understood and learn about the human condition.
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(Formerly EASTWOODS International Institute of Science and Technology) INTRODUCTION TO
San Ramon, Dinalupihan, Bataan THE PHILOSOPHY OF
THE HUMAN PERSON
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1. How did the first philosophers distinguish themselves from other

Intellectuals during their time?

2. What did it mean to be a lover of wisdom”? What characteristics or

traits. Defined a philosophers?

What developments brought about the emergence of Western

Philosophy?
Pythagoras (570 BCE to 495 BCE) -A mathematician and scientist, he was credited
with the foundation of the Pythagorean Theorem. His work earned him many followers,
and he established a community of learners who were devoted to the study of religion
and philosophy.

Heraclitus (535 BCE to 475 BCE) – He proposed that everything that exist is based on a
higher order or plan which called logos. For him, change is a permanent aspect of the
human condition and he was credited with the saying, “No man ever steps on the same
river twice. “
Democritus (460 BCE to 370 BCE) - He devoted himself to studying the causes of
natural phenomena. He was among the first to propose that matter is composed of tiny
particles called atoms.

Diogenes of Sinope (412 BCE to 323 BCE)- He was a known advocate of simple and
virtuous life. For Diogenes, one should not only talk of virtue but should show it in words
and actions. His emphasis on austerity and simplicity often went to the extreme, and he
was said to have lived like a beggar. He also known to be a vocal critic of well- known
philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle. His teaching and views were later
development by his followers and influenced the development of several schools of
philosophy such as Cynicism and Stoicism.

Epicurus (341 BCE to 270 BCE) - He believed that philosophy could enable man to live
a life of happiness. His views gave rise to Epicureanism- a school of philosophy which
believes that wisdom and simple living will result to a life free from fear and pain.
 EASTWOODS College of Science and Technology, Inc. LEARNING MODULE
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(Formerly EASTWOODS International Institute of Science and Technology) INTRODUCTION TO
San Ramon, Dinalupihan, Bataan THE PHILOSOPHY OF
THE HUMAN PERSON
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Socrates (470 BCS to 399 BCE) - He was considered the foremost philosopher of
ancient times. He made great contributions to the field of ethics. Socrates was a known
critic of intellectuals during his times, but he himself did not claim to be “wise” and
merely considered himself a “midwife” that helped inquiring minds achieve wisdom. He
also believed that philosophy could enable a man to live a life of virtue. He was credited
with formulating the Socratic Method- a means of examining a topic by devising a series
of questions that let the learner examine and analyze his knowledge and views
regarding the topic.

Plato (427 BCE to 347 BCE) – A Student of Socrates, he wrote down his teacher’s
writings and incorporated some of his own ideas into them. His teachings and writings
were considered of the foundation of Western philosophy. Plato’s most significant ideas
included is Theory of Forms, which proposes that everything that exist is based on an
idea or template that can only be perceived in the mind; these and proposed an ideal
model of government and society which is ruled by wisdom and reason. Plato is also
known for his dialectic- a method of inquiry where two opposing ideas are discussed in
an attempt to arrive at new knowledge. Plato’s lasting contribution to learning was his
founding of the Academy, an institution of higher learning which was the first of its kind
in the West.

Aristotle (384 BCE to 322 BCE) - He attended the Academy, and was a prominent
student of Plato. Aristotle, however, disagreed with Plato’s theory of forms and took a
different view in interpreting reality. For him, all ideas and views are based on
perception and our reality is based on what we can sense and perceive. This view
greatly influenced the study of the physical sciences. Aristotle was involved in a great
variety of disciplines lives such as zoology, psychology, ethics, and politics. He also
proposed a system for the classification of plants and animals. His studies in logic led to
the formulation of a formal process of analyzing reasoning which gave rise to deductive
reasoning- the process by which specific statements are analyzed to reach a conclusion
or generalization.

Archimedes (287 BCE to 212 BCE) - He gained for the practical aspects of his
philosophical inquiries and was considered a leading scientist in ancient times. A
mathematician, physicist, engineer, inventor, and astronomer, Archimedes inquiries into
mathematics led to earlier developments which gave rise to modern calculus. He
pioneered the use of mathematics to analyze natural phenomena. He is created for
several inventions such as the Archimedes screw, a devise for raising water, and a
method for determining volume using displacement.
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(Formerly EASTWOODS International Institute of Science and Technology) INTRODUCTION TO
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These and other ancient philosophers contributed greatly to the development and
spread of philosophy in Greece and throughout Europe. Many of their ideas survived
thorough the centuries, and these formed the basis for the development of modern
Western Philosophy.

QUESTIONS

1. How did the philosophers distinguish themselves from other intellectuals during their
time?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________.

2. Which ancient philosopher, in your option, made the greatest contribution to the
development of Philosophy?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

ACTIVITY 2
Complete the table by providing the required information.

Ancient Philosophers Significant Contributions