Trigonometry

PART 1
At the end of this topic the students would be able to:
• Convert radian to degree measure.
• Observe the behavior of trigonometric functions.
• Find the value of the six trigonometric functions.
• Prove trigonometric equations.
Topics:
• Angles

• Unit circle

• Trigonometric Functions

• Find the trigonometric values of any angle measure

• Trigonometric identities
Uses of trigonometry:

Used to describe the motion of any object that behaves in a circular,

oscillating or periodic manner.

Angle: Consists of two rays or half lines that originate at a common point
called the vertex.

These two rays have names:

• Terminal side: The ray that rotates to generate the angle.

• Initial side: The ray that does not move.

Angles are commonly denoted using lower case Greek letters.

,  ,  , 
alpha, beta, theta, gamma (respectively)
To better describe the formation of angles we superimpose an xy plane on the
angle with the vertex at the origin.
y
B
Angles are generated by the terminal
side rotating counterclockwise or
clockwise.
A
0
 x

If angles are generated by the

terminal side moving
counterclockwise the angle is
positive.

The direction of the arrow inside the angle will tell you if the terminal
side is generating a positive or negative angle.
 y
B
If angles are generated by the
terminal side moving clockwise
the angle is negative.
A
0
 x
If we have an angle of 390°, this is one revolution of the unit circle plus 30°.

So, we say that 390° is coterminal with 30°

Coterminal angles differ by multiples of 360°

Ex 1: Determine if the following angles are coterminal.

a.) 90° and 1170 ° b.) 123 ° and 844 °

YES NO
Solution:
If you get a whole number they are coterminal.
1170  90
3 If the result is not a whole number then they
360 are not coterminal.

844  123
 2.002777778
360
 To define the measure of an angle, we first add the unit circle centered at the
origin to the coordinate system.
y
This is called a unit circle
because the length of the radius
1 is 1.

-1
x
1

-1 The equation of the unit circle

is: x 2  y 2  1
The domain is: [-1, 1]
To generate angles we must consider the terminal and initial sides.
The initial side is aligned with the x-axis and the terminal side starts at the x-axis
and rotates to generate the angle.
 y
Unit Circle
90°
120° 60°

45°
135°

150°
30°

180° 0°
x

330°
210°

315°
225°

240° 300°
270°
 y

 This point is P(t). P is the

x function and t is the input value.
t

For every P(t) on the unit circle we can

define its measure by using degrees or radians.

Radian Measure:
For any real number t, the angle generated by rotating
counterclockwise from the positive x-axis to the point
P(t) on the unit circle is said to have radian measure t.
 t

3

2
y 
2
(0,1)
1

(-1,0) (1,0)
…and so on…   x

(0,-1)
-1

-2

-3
 
We can see that an angle that measures 90° is the same measure as
2

We can also see that 180° is 

We will use this fact to convert between degrees and radian measure.

To convert degree measure to radian measure you multiply the degree measure
by:

180
Ex: Convert the following degree measure to radian measure.

a.) 150° b.) 225° c.) -72°

   150 5    225 45 5

a.) 150   b.) 225 
 180  180
 
 180  180 6 36 4

   72 2
c.)  72     
 180  180 5
To convert radian measure to degree measure you multiply the radian measure
by:
180

Ex 2: Convert the following radian measures to degree measure.

7 12 11
a.) b.) c.) 
6 5 6

7  180  1260
a.)    210
6    6

12  180  2160

b.)    432
5    5

11  180  1980

c.)     330
6    6
 THE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
In mathematics, the trigonometric functions (also called circular
functions, angle functions or goniometric functions) are real functions which
relate an angle of a right-angled triangle to ratios of two side lengths.
The most familiar trigonometric functions are the sine, the cosine, and the tangent.
Their reciprocals are respectively the cosecant, the secant, and the cotangent,
which are less used in modern mathematics.

Given an acute angle A of a right-angled triangle (see figure)

If the angle A is given, then all

sides of the right-angled triangle
are well defined up to a scaling
factor. This means that the ratio of
any two side lengths depends only
on A. These six ratios define thus
six functions of A, which are the
trigonometric functions.
The six trigonometric functions are:
An ordered pair has the form: (x, y)

The Sine and Cosine Functions:

Suppose that the coordinates of the point P(t) on the unit circle are (x(t), y(t)).
Then the sine of t, written sin t, and the cosine of t, written cos t,
are defined by

sin t = y(t) and cos t = x(t)

Our new ordered pairs are of the form: P(t) = (cos t, sin t)
Finding the cosine and sine values
y of the common angles on the unit circle.

90°
120° 60°

45°
135°

150° 30°

180° 0°
x

210° 330°
We create right
315° triangles by drawing
225°
lines perpendicular
to the x or y axis.
240° 300° It does not matter
270° which axis.
To find the cosine and sine of 30° we must use the triangle we created.

1 60°

30°
30°

1st: We know the third angle is 60° by the triangle sum theorem.

2nd: We know the length of the hypotenuse since this is a unit circle: r = 1

3rd: Using the properties of a 30-60-90 right triangle we can find the other two
sides.

Since the base of this triangle is on the x-axis this side would represent the
cos t. The height would represent the sin t.
Recall: * The side opposite the 30° angle is half of the hypotenuse.
* The side opposite the 60° angle is the product of the short leg
and the square root of 3.
 If the hypotenuse has length 1, then the side opposite 30° is ½ .

1 3
The side opposite the 60° angle is  3
2 2

   3 1  This is how you will solve for all sine and cosine on
So, P(t) = P    ,  the unit circle dealing with 30 – 60 – 90 right triangles.
 6   2 2

Finding the coordinates of a point using a 45 – 45 – 90 right triangle.

We know: • The third angle is 45°

45° • The hypotenuse has length 1.
1
• In a 45 – 45 – 90 right triangle the legs are
45°
45° the same length. We can call both legs
the same variable since they are equal.
a2  a2  1 Now solve for a.
2a 2  1
1
a 
2

2
1
a
2
1 1
a 
2 2
1 2 2 2 We rationalized the denominator in this step
a    because we do not leave radicals in the
2 2 4 2 denominator.

Since the legs have the same length, the cosine and sine values are the same.

   2 2 
Pt   P    , 
 4  2 2 
The Inverse Relation
The graph of the 6 trigonometric functions

Sine Wave
𝑦 = sin x

𝑦 = cos x Cosine Wave

𝑦 = tan x Tangent Wave

𝑦 = cot x Cotangent Wave

𝑦 = csc x
Red: Sine Wave
Violet: Cosecant Wave

Blue: Cosine Wave

𝑦 = sec x
Green: Secant Wave
SEAT WORK #1

Evaluating the trigonometric functions:

A.

B. Find the exact value of the trigonometric function at the given real number

3
4

7
The inverse trigonometric
functions
We already know about inverse operations. For example, addition and
subtraction are inverse operations, and multiplication and division are
inverse operations. Each operation does the opposite of its inverse.

The idea is the same in trigonometry. Inverse trig functions do the

opposite of the “regular” trig functions. For example:
In general, if you know the trig ratio but not the angle, you can use the
corresponding inverse trig function to find the angle. This is expressed
mathematically in the statements below.
Ex. 1
Ex. 2
SEAT WORK #2

1. 2.
 Trigonometric Identities
THE TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES ARE EQUATIONS THAT ARE TRUE
FOR RIGHT ANGLED TRIANGLES. (IF IT IS NOT A RIGHT ANGLED TRIANGLE
GO TO THE TRIANGLE IDENTITIES)
Fundamental Trigonometric Identities

Where:

X is a function of an Angle
Where:

U and V are a functions of an Angle

Where:

𝜃 is an Angle
Where:

u is a function of an Angle
Where:

U and V are a functions of an Angle

Answer Key SW #1

A. 𝒕 sin(𝒕) cos(𝒕) tan(𝒕) csc(𝒕) sec(𝒕) cot(𝒕)

𝝅 0.866 0.5 1.73 1.1547 2 0.577
𝟑
𝝅 1 0 undefined 1 undefined 0
𝟐

B. 1. a. – 0.5 , b. -0.866 , c. 0.577

2. a. – 0.866 , b. 0.5 , c. -1.732
3. a. 0.707 , b. -0.707 , c. -0.707
4. a. 0.866 , b. -1.1547 , c. -0.577
5. a. -0.707 , b. 1.414 , c. -1.732
6. a. -2 , b. 1.1547 , c. 1.732
7. a. -1.414 , b. -0.5 , c. -0.577
Answer Key SW #2

1.

2.