ETHS1S/3002074160/ED2.104.

001
s

SHORT-CIRCUIT FORCE CALCULATION ON

FLEXIBLE CONDUCTOR FOR
400 kV Switchyard at O P Jindal Super Thermal Power Plant,
4X600 MW Units, Tamnar, Raigarh, Chattisgarh

Client : Jindal Power Limited

Name Department Telephone Place Date Signature

Author: Mohd. Sharib SPEL 4344251 Gurgaon 25.08.10

Approval: Saurabh Jain SPEL 4344046 Gurgaon 25.08.10

Index of Revisions:

Name of Name of
Rev: Date Revised Items Page Remarks
Reviser Approver

Siemens Power Engineering Pvt. Ltd.,

Copying of this document, and giving it to others and the use or communication of the contents thereof, are forbidden
without express authority. Offenders are liable to the payment of damages. All rights are reserved in the event of the
grant of patent or registration of a utility model or design.

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 ETHS2S/3002074160/ED2.104.001
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Contents Page

1.0 Introduction .....…………………………………………………………………………… 3

2.0 System Data .....…………………………………………………………………………… 3

3.0 Conductor Data…………………………………………………………………………….. 3

4.0 Installation Data…………………………………………………………………………….. 3

5.0 Calculation .....…………………………………………………………………………… 4

6.0 Attachments .....…………………………………………………………………………… 4

7.0 Conclusion .....…………………………………………………………………………… 4

8.0 References .....…………………………………………………………………………… 4

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 ETHS3S/3002074160/ED2.104.001
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1 Introduction

In installations with strained flexible conductors the short circuit current carried by the conductors causes
development of stress in the conductors due to the electromagnetic force amongst the conductors in par-
-allel phases. This conductor force is in addition to the static tension on the conductor (measured from
sag-tension calculation) and is sustained by the supporting structures. The objective of this calculation
is to determine the maximum force generated on the conductor bundle during a short circuit in order to
design the switchyard structures to sustain such forces.

Further for line-to-line short circuits, conductor swing out typically results in decreasing phase-to-phase
clearance between conductors strung in parallel. In this calculation the 'spacer span' on conductor bun-
-dle is determined to optimize the tensile forces to values that enables maintaining of the minimum air
clearances between phases during horizontal span displacements of conductor bundles at L-L short
circuit.

2 System Data

Switchyard

1 Nominal System Voltage 400 kV

2 System Frequency 50 Hz
3 Short Circuit Fault Current at Bus 50 kA
4 Duration of Fault Current 1 sec
5 Average (daily ambient) Temperature 32 °C
6 Maximum Operating Temperature 75 °C

3 Conductor Data

ACSR MOOSE
1 Conductor Diameter
31.77
mm

2 Total Cross-sectional Area mm 2

597
3 Conductor Weight kg/m
2.004
4 Modulus of Elasticity N / m2
6.73E+10
5 Mass of Spacer Unit kg
1.94
Effective distance between sub-conductor in
6 m
bundle 0.45

4 Installation Data

1 Phase-to-Phase Spacing m
7
2 Length of Insulator String - TWIN ACSR MOOSE m
3.843

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5 Calculation

The basic methodology of this is as explained in IEC-865 (Part 1) : 1993 and further elaborated in the so-
-lved examples of IEC-865 (Part 2) : 1994. All the terms , factors and some miscellaneous data used in
the calculation are as defined in IEC-865 (Part 1) : 1993.

As per the values obtained in the calculation, we have plotted curves of Pinch Force ( F pi ), Drop Force
( F f ) and Tensile Force ( Ft) against the spacer span varying from 1.0 m to 10.0 m through every 0.5 m.
The curves give the maximum force in the conductor and the 'critical spacer span' at which it occurs.
The actual spacer span selected is a span lower than the critical spacer span. Minimum air clearance
is determined for the force optimized with the selected spacer span and with the value of static normal
tension as the minimum tension under no wind condition (from sag-tension calculation) for line-to-line
fault current.

6 Attachments

Attachment - 1: Detailed Calculation for TWIN ACSR MOOSE conductor of 137 m.

Attachment - 2: Characteristic curves showing behavior of Short Circuit forces against spacer span for arrangement
of conductors in different spans.

Attachment - 3: Summary of Results.

7 Conclusion

1. For design of support structure the maximum value of short circuit force to be considered is to be
decided from Attachment 3. This includes the tensile forces owing to dead load of conductor and wind
load on conductor, and has been expressed on 'per phase' basis. This force shall be applied to two
Phases of the girder supporting them whereas the third phase shall have normal static tension from
sagtension calculation. This is as per note no. 2 under clause no. 2.4.2 of IEC-865 (Part 1).

2. As per IEC-61936 (Part-1, Clause 5.4.3), the minimum air clearance between phase conductors at
maximum swing out position due to short circuit shall be at least 50 % of the mandatory phase-to-phase
clearance. 400 kV outdoor switchyard with rated Lightning Impulse Withstand voltage of 1425 kV,
the mandatory phase-to-phase clearance is 4 m. Thus the minimum air clearance shall be greater
than 2 m.

8 References

1. IEC-865 (Part 1) : 1993 Short Circuits Currents - Calculation of Effects.

2. IEC-865 (Part 2) : 1994 Short Circuits Currents - Calculation of Effects.

3. IEC-61936 (Part 1) : 2002 Power installations exceeding 1 kV a.c. - Common Rules

4. Technical Data sheets for ACSR Moose Conductor Manufacturer.

5. Technical Specification for 400 kV Switchyard

6 400kV ELECTRICAL LAYOUT PLAN - DRAWING NO. (0)-G71770-AC152-L152-001

7. 400kV ELECTRICAL LAYOUT SECTION - DRAWING NO. (0)-G71770-AD152-L153-001

8. 400kV CLEARANCE DIAGRAM PLAN & SECTION- DRAWING NO. (0)-G71770-AD152-L156-001

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 Attachment - 1 ETHS1S/3002074160/ED2.104.001
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Detailed Calculation for TWIN ACSR MOOSE conductor of 137 m

1.0 Input Data

Following are the input data for the calculation. Other terms, factors and data used in the
calculation are as defined in IEC-865, Part-I.

Centre line distance between conductors (phase

a: 7 {ref.: Layout Plan}
to phase spacing) = m
as : Effective distance between sub-conductors = 4.50E-01 m {assumed}
As : Cross-section of one sub-conductor = 5.97E+02 mm 2 {ref.: Vendor Data}
= 5.97E-04 m2
ds : Diameter of the sub-conductor in bundle = 31.77 mm {ref.: Vendor Data}
= 0.03177 m
Final value of Young's modulus of elacticity of
E: = 6.73E+10 N/m2 {ref.: Vendor Data}
the sub-conductor
2
= 6.73E+10 N/m
Fst (max): Max Initial static tensile force in main conductor = 137428.96 N{No.of sub-conductor x 7005 x 9.81}
Fst (min): Min Initial static tensile force in main conductor = 60068.40 N{No.of sub-conductor x 3062 x 9.81}
f: System frequency = 50 Hz {ref.: Tech Spec.}
gn : acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/s 2

I"k3 : 3φ initial symmetrical short circuit current (r.m.s) = 50000 A {ref.: Tech Spec.}
Centre line distance between supports (main
l: = 137.00 m {ref.: Layout Plan}
conductor span)
Cord length of the main conductor in the span.
lc : = 127.315 m
(l - 2lb-2li)
li : Length of one insulator string = 3.8425 m {ref.: Vendor Data}
lb: Beam Depth = 1.00 m
m' : Mass per unit length of one sub-conductor = 2.004 kg / m {ref.: Vendor Data}
Resultant mass per unit length of one sub-
conductor after considering the mass of spacers
ms' : = 2.38 kg / m {ref.: IEC-865-Part 2}
within the span = m' +
{(ns x mz)/(n x lc)}
Conductor Type = ACSR MOOSE
No. of sub-conductor in a main conductor
n: = 2 TWIN
bundle
Resultant spring constant of both supports of
S: = 1.00E+05 N/m {ref.: IEC-865-Part 1}
one span
ns : Nos. of spacers in the span = 50
mz : Mass of one set of connecting pieces (spacer) = 1.94 kg {ref.: Vendor Data}
ls : Distance between two adjacent spacer = 2.5 m {selected}

Tk1 : Duration of first short circuit current flow = 1 Sec

-2
μ0 : Magnetic constant, permeability of vacuum = 1.257E-06 N A

Factor for the calculation of peak short

κ: circuit current = 1.8

τ: Time constant of the network = 0.042

Factor for the relevant natural frequency

= 1.49
γ: estimation

2.0 Detailed Calculation

Calculation for Short Circuit Forces

2.1 The characteristic Electromagnetic Load per unit length on flexible main conductor in 3φ system is given by :

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 Attachment - 1 ETHS2S/3002074160/ED2.104.001
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Detailed Calculation for TWIN ACSR MOOSE conductor of 137 m

F' = (μ0/2π) x (0.75) x (I"k32/a) x (lc/l) N/m {ref.: Eqn. 19 of IEC-865-I}

= 49.78 N/m

2.2 The ratio of electromagnetic force under short circuit to gravitational force on a conductor is given by :

r = F'/(n x m's x gn) {ref.: Eqn. 20 of IEC-865-I}

= 1.06

2.3 The direction of the resulting force exerted on the conductor is given by :

δ1 = tan-1 r degrees {ref.: Eqn. 21 of IEC-865-I}

= 46.77 degrees

2.4 The equivalent static conductor sag at midspan is given by :

bc = (n x m's x gn x l2 ) / (8 x Fst) m {ref.: Eqn. 22 of IEC-865-I}

= 0.80 m

2.5 The period, T, of conductor oscillations is given by :

T = 2π x {0.8 x (bc / gn)}1/2 sec {ref.: Eqn. 23 of IEC-865-I}

= 1.60 sec

2.6 The resulting period, Tres, of the conductor oscillation during the short circuit current flow is given by :

Tres = T/[{1+r2}1/4 x {1-(π2/64) x (δ1/900)2}] sec {ref.: Eqn. 24 of IEC-865-I}

= 1.38 sec

2.7 Actual Young's modulus of conductor, E s, is given by:

Es = E[0.3+0.7 x sin{Fst /(n x As) x (900 /σfin)}] N/m2 for : Fst/nAs ≤ σfin {ref.: Eqn. 26
= E N/m2 for : Fst/nAs > σfin IEC-865-I}

where, σfin = 5.00E+07 N/m2 {ref.: Eqn. 27 of IEC-865-I}

=> Es = 5.00E+07 N/m2

2.8 The stiffness norm is given by:

N = {1/(S x l)} + {1/(n x Es x As)} 1/N {ref.: Eqn. 25 of IEC-865-I}

= 1.68E-05 1/N

2.9 The stress factor, ζ, of the main conductor is given by:

ζ = (n x gn x ms' x l)2 / (24 x Fst3 x N) {ref.: Eqn. 28 of IEC-865-I}

= 0.00

2.10 During or at the end of the short circuit current flow, the span will have oscillated out of the steady state to the
angle given by:
δk = δ1[1-cos(3600 xTk1/Tres)] degrees for :0 ≤ (Τk1/Τres) ≤ 0.5 {ref.: Eqn. 29 IEC:865-1}
or δk = 2δ1 degrees for : (Tk1/Tres) > 0.5

where, Duration of the first short circuit current flow is given by:
Tk1 = 0.64 sec
now, Tk1/Tres= 0.46 sec
therefore, as per Cl. No. 2.3.2.1 of IEC 865-1, the value of Tk1 (=0.4T) shall be used to calculate δk

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 Attachment - 1 ETHS3S/3002074160/ED2.104.001
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Detailed Calculation for TWIN ACSR MOOSE conductor of 137 m

=> δk = 92.30 degrees

2.11 Maximum swing out angle during or after short circuit current flow, δm, is given by:
δm = 1.25 cos-1χ degrees for : 0.766 ≤ χ ≤ 1 {ref.: Eqn. 31 of IEC-865-I}
or δm = 100 + cos-1χ degrees for : -0.985 ≤ χ < 0.766
or δm = 1800 degrees for : χ < -0.985

2.11.1 where, Quantity for the maximum swing-out angle, χ, is given as:
χ = 1-r sinδk for : 0 ≤ δk ≤ 900 {ref.: Eqn. 30 of IEC-865-I}
or χ = 1-r for : δk > 900
=> χ = -0.06
therefore
δm = 103.67 degrees

2.12 The load parameter, ϕ, is obtained as follows:

ϕ = 3[ √(1+r2) - 1] for : Tk1≥ Tres/4 {ref.: Eqn. 32 of IEC-865-I}

or ϕ = 3[r x sin(δk) + cos(δk) -1] for : Tk1< Tres/4
=> ϕ = 1.38

2.13 Span reaction factor, ψ (ϕ,ζ), is calculated as a real solution of the equation:

ϕ2ψ3 + ϕ(2 + ζ)ψ2 + (1 + 2ζ)ψ − ζ(2 + ϕ) = 0 for : 0 ≤ ψ ≤ 1 {ref.: Eqn. 33 of IEC-865-I}

=> ψ = 0.024 (approximately)

2.14 The 'short circuit tensile force', F t, is given by: {ref.: Eqn. 34 of IEC-865-I}
Ft = Fst(1 + ϕψ) for : n = 1, single conductor
or Ft = 1.1 x Fst(1 + ϕψ) for : n ≥ 2, bundled conductor
=> Ft = 156199.57 N

2.15 The 'drop force' is given by:

Ff = 1.2 x Fst √(1+ 8ζ x δm/1800) for : r > 0.6, δm ≥ 700 {ref.: Eqn. 35 of IEC-865-I}
or Ff = non-significant for : r < 0.6, δm < 700
=> Ff = 164929.65 N

2.16 Short circuit current force between sub-conductors in a bundle is given as:
Fν = (n-1) x (μ0/2π) x (I"k3/n)2 x (ls/as) x (ν2/ν3) {ref.: Eqn. 45 of IEC-865-I}
where,
the factor, v2, is given by figure 8 of IEC:865-1, as a function of factor v 1 which is in turn given as:
2.16.1 ν1 = {f /sin(1800/n)} x [{(as-ds) x m's}/{(μ0/2π) x (I"k3/n)2 x (n-1)/as}]1/2
= 3.00 {ref.: Eqn. 46 of IEC-865-I}
corresponding to this value of factor ν1, the value of ν2 is observed from curve as:
ν2 = 1- {sin(4πfTpi-2γ) + sin2γ} / 4πfTpi + fτ / fTpi x (1-e-2fTpi/fτ) x sin2γ-8πfτsinγ/{1+(2πfτ)2} x
[{2πfτ x cos(2πfTpi-γ)/2πfTpi + sin(2πfTpi-γ)/2πfTpi} x e-fTpi/fτ + (sinγ-2πfτcosγ)/2πfTpi]

2.16.2 ν2 = 1.68 {ref.: AnnexA. A.6 of IEC-865-I}

the factor, v3, is given by :
2.16.3 ν3 = {(ds/as)/sin(1800/n)} x [{(as/ds)-1}1/2 / {tan-1{(as/ds)-1}1/2}] {ref.: AnnexA. A.7 of IEC-865-I}
= 0.20
=> Fν = 5946.95 N

2.17 Tensile force, Fpi,caused by pinch effect is given as:

Fpi = Fst x {1+ (νe/εst) x ξ} for : j ≥ 1, i.e. sub-conductors in bundle clash against
each other during short circuit.
{ref.: Eqn. 50 of IEC-865-I}

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 Attachment - 1 ETHS4S/3002074160/ED2.104.001
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Detailed Calculation for TWIN ACSR MOOSE conductor of 137 m

or Fpi = Fst x {1+ (νe/εst) x η2} for : j < 1, i.e. sub-conductors in bundle reduce their
distance but don't clash during short circuit.
{ref.: Eqn. 54 of IEC-865-I}
2.17.1 The parameter j, determines the bundle configuration during short circuit current flow and is given as:
j = {εpi / (1 + εst)}1/2 {ref.: Eqn. 49 of IEC-865-I}
= 0.3582
2.17.2 where the strain factors characterizing the contraction of the bundle shall be calculated from :
2.17.2.1 εst = 1.5 x {(Fst x ls2 x N)/(as-ds)2} x {sin(1800/n)}2 {ref.: Eqn. 47 of IEC-865-I}
= 123.92
2.17.2.2 εpi = 0.375 x n x {(Fν x ls3 x N)/(as-ds)3} x {sin(1800/n)}3 {ref.: Eqn. 48 of IEC-865-I}
= 16.03
2.17.3 Now, for : j ≥ 1, the factor νe is given as:
2.17.3.1 νe = 1/2 + [9/8 x n(n-1) x (μ0/2π) x (I"k3/n)2 x N x ν2 x {ls/(as-ds)}4 x [{sin(1800/n)}4 / ξ3] x [1
-{tan-1√ν4} / √ν4]-1/4]1/2 {ref.: Eqn. 52 of IEC-865-I}
2.17.3.2 with, ν4 = (as - ds) / ds {ref.: Eqn. 53 of IEC-865-I}
= N.A
2.17.3.3 and ξ is given by the real solution of ξ3 + εst ξ2 −εpi = 0 for : j2/3 ≤ ξ ≤ j
=> ξ = NA {ref.: Eqn. 51of IEC-865-I}
=> νe = N.A

2.17.4 Now, for : j < 1, the factor νe is given as:

2.17.4.1 νe = 1/2 + [9/8 x n(n-1) x (μ0/2π) x (I"k3/n)2 x N x ν2 x {ls/(as-ds)}4 x [{sin(1800/n)}4 / η4] x [1
-{tan-1√ν4} / √ν4]-1/4]1/2 {ref.: Eqn. 55 of IEC-865-I}
2.17.4.2 with, ν4 = η(as - ds) / (as -η(as - ds)) {ref.: Eqn. 56 of IEC-865-I}
= 0.03
3
2.17.4.3 and η is given by the real solution of η +εstη−εpifn=0
ya = 1/2 x {as-η(as-ds)}
= 2.2E-01
asw = as x (2ya/as) / sin(1800/n) x {(1-2ya/as)/2ya/as}1/2/arctan{(1-2ya/as)/2ya/as}1/2
0.44
fn = asv3/asw

=> η= 0.03

=> νe = 408.14
thereby the magnitude of Pinch Force, Fpi, is calculated as :
Fpi = 137753.16 N

Calculation for Horizontal Span Displacement and Minimum Air Clearance

Note: Values of all parameters are at 75 °C (maximum conductor temperature ) and L-L fault current of 43.3 kA

2.18 The elastic expansion is given by :

εela = N x (Ft - Fst) {ref.: Eqn. 36 of IEC-865-I}
= 1.34E-03
where, at final conductor Temperature (=75°C )
N = 8.54E-08 1/N
Ft = 75703.31 N
Fst = 60068.40401 N

2.19 The thermal expansion is given by :

εth = cth {I"k3/(n x As)}2 x Tres/4 for : Tk1≥ Tres/4 {ref.: Eqn. 37 of IEC-865-I}
or εth = cth {I"k3/(n x As)}2 x Tk1 for : Tk1< Tres/4

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 Attachment - 1 ETHS5S/3002074160/ED2.104.001
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Detailed Calculation for TWIN ACSR MOOSE conductor of 137 m

where,
cth = 2.7E-19 m4/A2sec for : Aluminium, aluminium alloy & aluminium/steel
conductors with cross-section ratio of Al/St >6
I"k3 = 43.30 kA
Tk1 = 0.97 sec at final conductor Temperature (=75°C )
Tres = 2.21 sec at final conductor Temperature (=75°C )

=> εth = 1.96E-04

2.20 Dilation factor, CD, allows for sag increase caused by elastic and thermal elongation of the conductor is given by:
CD = {1 + 3/8 x (l/bc)2 x (εela +εth)}1/2 {ref.: Eqn. 38 of IEC-865-I}
= 2.06
where, at final conductor Temperature (=75°C )
bc = 1.83 m
εela = 1.34E-03
εth = 1.96E-04

2.21 Form factor, CF, allows for a possible increase in the dynamic sag of the conductor caused by a change in shape
of the conductor curve and is given by:
CF = 1.05 for : r ≤ 0.8 {ref.: Eqn. 39 of IEC-865-I}
or CF = 0.97 +0.1r for : 0.8 < r < 1.8
or CF = 1.15 for : r ≥ 1.8
=> CF = 1.05

2.22 The maximum horizontal displacement within a span, b h, due to short circuit in spans with strained conductors
connected to potrals with tension insulator strings is given by:
bh = CF CD bc sinδ1 for : δm ≥ δ1 {ref.: Eqn. 41 of IEC-865-I}
or bh = CF CD bc sinδm for : δm < δ1
=> bh = 2.46 m
where, at final conductor Temperature (=75°C )
δm = 86.65 degrees

2.23 The distance between the midpoints of the two main conductors during a line-to-line two-phase short circuit is in
the worst case given by:
amin = a - 2bh {ref.: Eqn. 42 of IEC-865-I}
amin = 2.08 m

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Sl. No. Spacer Span Tensile Force (Ft) Drop Force (Ff) Pinch Force (Fpi)
(m) (N) (N) (N) Short Circuit Forces Vs Spacer Span
1 1.0 154540.27 167450.01 139415.11 200000
2 1.5 155467.93 167670.69 139675.50
180000
3 2.0 155919.98 167766.64 141092.88

Short Circuit Forces (N)

4 2.5 156199.57 167822.58 142050.24 160000
5 3.0 156371.57 167856.7 143116.65 140000
6 3.5 156500.57 167882.09 144260.10 120000
7 4.0 156608.08 167903.09 145483.20 100000
8 4.5 156672.59 167915.62 146715.84
80000
9 5.0 156737.12 167928.08 148028.73
10 5.5 156780.14 167936.36 149383.46 60000
11 6.0 156823.17 167944.61 150814.57 40000
12 6.5 156866.2 167952.83 152350.69 20000
13 7.0 156887.72 167956.93 154012.39 0
14 7.5 156930.77 167965.1 189262.12

1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
15 8.0 156952.3 167969.18 187356.11 Tensile Force (N)
16 8.5 156973.83 167973.24 185635.29 Drop Force (N)
17 9.0 156973.83 167973.24 184034.48 Pinch Force (N)
18 9.5 156995.36 167977.3 182609.85 Spacer Span (m)
19 10.0 157016.9 167981.35 181316.99

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 Attachment - 3 ETHS1S/3002074160/ED2.104.001
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SUMMARY OF RESULTS

No. of sub conductors Critical Spacer Chosen Spacer Short Circuit Force at minimum Initial Static Tension at Maximum Minimum air clearance Maximum Short Circuit Force
Serial No. Span per phase Span Span temperature and Full Wind at 3-Ph fault temperature and Full Wind amin for L-L fault per phase for design structures
(m) (m) (m) (N) (N) (m) (N) (kg)
l n ls Fst Ft Ff Fpi Fst amin
1 137 2 7 2.5 137429 156199.6 167822.6 142050.2 60068.4 2.076 167822.58 17107.30

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