Analyzing Conventional Bleaching & Enzymatic Bleaching

i i i i i

A ithesis isubmitted ito iBahauddin iZakariya iUniversity ifor ithe idegree iof

B.Sc. Textile Engineering

i i

in ithe iFaculty iof iEngineering iand iTechnology

By

iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii Danish Anwar

i 15-TE-03
iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii Ghulam Shabiri 15-TE-08
iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii Mohammad Shehzad i 15-TE-22

2015-2019

BZU College of Textile Engineering, Bahauddin Zakariya

i i i i i i

i University, Multan
i
 Certificate
It iis icertify ithat ithis ithesis ientitled iAnalysis ion iConventional iBleaching i& iEnzymatic
i Bleaching ihas ibeen iaccepted ias ia ipartial ifulfillment ifor ithe idegree iof iB.Sc iTextile
i Engineering iin iBahauddin iZakariya iUniversity iCollege iof iTextile iEngineering, iMultan. i

iiiiiiiiiiii Asad Chaudhary iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii

Principal iSupervisor i(Signature iwith idate) i

iiiiiiiiiii Awais Mushtaq iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii

Project iCoordinate i(Signature iwith idate) i iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii

ii

iiiiiiii Dr. Ghazala Yasmeen

iiiiiii Principal i(Signature iwith idate)

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Table iof iContents

Chapter i01: iIntroduction ito ipre-treatment ................................................................................. 12

1. iPretreatment ............................................................................................................................... 12
1.1. iSingeing ................................................................................................................................ 12
1.1.1. i i i iObjectives ................................................................................................................... 12
1.1.2. i iTypes iof iSingeing iMachines ....................................................................................... 12
1.1.3. i iGas iSingeing iMachine ................................................................................................. 13
1.1.3.1. i iFundamentals ........................................................................................................... 13
1.1.3.2. i iMain icomponents iof iGas iSingeing iMachine .......................................................... 13
1.1.3.3. i iImportant iGas isingeing iparameters ....................................................................... 14
1.2. i iDesizing ............................................................................................................................... 16
1.2.1. i iObjectives ..................................................................................................................... 16
1.2.2. i iFactors iof isize iremoval iefficiency .............................................................................. 16
1.2.3. i iClassification iof iDesizing ............................................................................................ 16
1.2.3.1. iRot iSteeping ............................................................................................................... 17
1.2.3.2. i iEnzymatic iDesizing .................................................................................................. 17
1.2.3.3. iAcid iDesizing ............................................................................................................. 18
1.2.3.4. iOxidative iDesizing iMethods ..................................................................................... 18
1.3. iScouring ............................................................................................................................... 19
1.3.1. iObjectives iof iScouring ................................................................................................. 19
1.3.2. iTypes iof i iScouring iTreatments ................................................................................... 19
1.3.2.1. i iSaponification i(by ichemicals) .................................................................................. 19
1.3.2.2. i iBio i–Scouring ............................................................................................................ 20
1.4. i iBleaching ............................................................................................................................. 21
1.5. i iMercerization...................................................................................................................... 21
1.5.1 i iProcess iMechanism ...................................................................................................... 21
1.5.2. iProcedure ...................................................................................................................... 22
Chapter i02: i iIntroduction ito ibleaching ........................................................................................ 24
2. iIntroduction ................................................................................................................................ 24
2.1. i iObjectives ............................................................................................................................ 24
2.2. iHistory .................................................................................................................................. 24
2.3. i iMechanism .......................................................................................................................... 25
2.4. i iPeroxide iBleaching ............................................................................................................. 25

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 2.4.1. i iMechanism iof iperoxide ibleaching.............................................................................. 25
2.4.2. i iStabilizers ifor iperoxide ibleaching.............................................................................. 26
2.4.3. i iParameters iof iperoxide ibleaching iprocesses ............................................................. 26
2.4.4. i iAdvantages iof iPeroxide ibleaching ............................................................................. 26
2.4.5. iDisadvantages iof iperoxide ibleaching .......................................................................... 27
2.5. i iBleaching iwith iHypochlorites ........................................................................................... 27
2.5.1. i iCalcium ihypochlorite i(Bleaching ipowder)................................................................ 27
2.5.2. i iSodium ihypochlorite ................................................................................................... 27
2.5.2.1. iFactors ieffecting iin ihypochlorite ibleaching ioperations ......................................... 27
2.7. i iEnzymatic iBleaching .......................................................................................................... 28
2.7.1. i iLaccase ......................................................................................................................... 28
2.7.2. i iAdvantages iof iEnzymatic iBleaching.......................................................................... 29
2.7.3. i iDisadvantages iof ienzymatic ibleaching ...................................................................... 29
Chapter i03: iMETHODOLOGY i& iEXPERIMENTAL iWORK ............................................... 30
3.1. i iPhase i1 ................................................................................................................................. 30
3.1.1. i iDesizing ........................................................................................................................ 30
3.1.2. i iScouring ....................................................................................................................... 31
3.1.3. i iBleaching ...................................................................................................................... 32
3.1.3.1. iConventional iBleaching iProcess .............................................................................. 32
3.1.3.2. iEnzymatic iBleaching iProcess ................................................................................... 35
Chapter i04: iResults i& iDiscussion................................................................................................. 40
4.1. i iPhase i2 ................................................................................................................................. 40
4.1.1. i iWhiteness itest .............................................................................................................. 40
4.1.2. i iStrength itest ................................................................................................................. 41
Chapter i05: iConclusion i& iFuture iwork ...................................................................................... 43
5.1. iConclusion............................................................................................................................ 43
5.2. iSuggestions ifor ifuture iwork ............................................................................................... 43

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List iof iTables
Table i1 i Classification iof iDesizing iTreatments ................................................................... 16
Table i2 ii Difference ib/w ibio-scouring i& ialkaline iscouring .................................................. 20
Table i3 i Classification iof iBleaching iagents ......................................................................... 25
Table i4 i Recipe iof idesizing.................................................................................................. 30
Table i5 i i Recipe iof iscouring ................................................................................................. 31
Table i6 i i Recipe iof iscouring ................................................................................................. 32
Table i7 i i Recipe iof iconventional ibleaching i(Sample i1) ....................................................... 33
Table i8 i i iRecipe iof iconventional ibleaching i(Sample i2)....................................................... 33
Table i9 i i iRecipe iof iconventional ibleaching i(Sample i3)....................................................... 34
Table i10 iRecipe iof iconventional ibleaching i(Sample i4) ...................................................... 34
Table i11 iRecipe iof iconventional ibleaching i(Sample i5) ...................................................... 35
Table i12 iRecipe iof iconventional ibleaching i(Sample i6) ...................................................... 35
Table i13 iRecipe iof ienzymatic ibleaching i(Sample i7) .......................................................... 36
Table i14 iRecipe iof ienzymatic ibleaching i(Sample i8) .......................................................... 37
Table i15 iRecipe iof ienzymatic ibleaching i(Sample i9) .......................................................... 37
Table i16 i iRecipe iof ienzymatic ibleaching i(Sample i10)........................................................ 38
Table i17 iRecipe iof ienzymatic ibleaching i(Sample i11) ........................................................ 39
Table i18 i Recipe iof ienzymatic ibleaching i(Sample i12) ........................................................ 39
Table i19 i iTest iof iwhiteness iindex........................................................................................ 40
Table i20 i iTest iof itensile istrength ......................................................................................... 41
Table i21 i iTest iof itensile istrength ......................................................................................... 41
Table i22 i iTest iof itear istrength ............................................................................................. 42

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List iof iFigures
Figure i1 isinged iand iunsigned ifabric .................................................................................... 12
Figure i2 iMechanism iof isingeing ......................................................................................... 13
Figure i3 iSingeing imachine iby iKuesters iCalico. .................................................................. 14
Figure i5 i Free iguided irollers ................................................................................................ 15
Figure i6 i Water icooled iroller ............................................................................................... 15
Figure i7 i Tangential isingeing ............................................................................................... 15
Figure i8 i iDifference ib/w imercerized i& inot imercerized icotton ifiber ................................... 21
Figure i9 i Longitudinal iview iof icotton ifiber ......................................................................... 22

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 Abstract
This istudy ievaluates ithe ibleaching iefficiency iof ienzymatically ibleached icotton ifabric iusing
i a icombined ilaccase–hydrogen iperoxide ibleaching iprocess, iwith ithe igoal iof iobtaining
i fabrics iwith ihigh iwhiteness ilevels, iwell ipreserved itensile istrength iand ihigher idye iuptake.
i The ieffect iof icombined ilaccase–hydrogen iperoxide ibleaching iprocess ihas ibeen iinvestigated
i with iregard ito iwhiteness ivalue, itensile istrength i& itear istrength iand iconcluded ithat ithe
i whiteness, itear i& itensile istrength ihas iincreased. iThe ipotential iof iusing ilaccase ienzyme iin
i the ibleaching iof icotton ifabric iresults iin ia ibig ienhancement iof iwhiteness iof icotton ifabric.
i Laccase ipre-treated iwith icotton ifabric ibefore ithe iconventional iperoxide ibleaching iis ivery
i useful iin iremoving ithe icoloring imatter ifrom ithe icotton iand iits ibasic ichemistry iis ioxidation
i of icoloring imatter iof icotton ifabrics.

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 Candidate’s Declaration i

We icertify ithat ithe ithesis ientitled i“Analysis ion iConventional iBleaching i& iEnzymatic
i Bleaching isubmitted ifor ithe idegree iof iB.Sc. iTextile iEngineering iis ithe iresult iof iour iown
i research, iexcept iwhere iotherwise iacknowledged, iand ithat ithis ithesis iin iwhole ior iin ipart ihas
i not ibeen isubmitted ifor ian iaward, iincluding ia ihigher idegree, ito iany iother iuniversity ior
i institution.

Danish iAnwar iii -------------------------

15-TE-03 iiiiiiiiiiiiiii Signature iwith idate

Ghulam iShabir -------------------------

15-TE-08 iiiiiiiiiiiiii Signature iwith idate

Mohammad iShehzad iiiiiiiiiiiiiii -------------------------

15-TE-22 iiiiiiiiiiiiiii Signature iwith idate

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 Dedication
Dedicated ito iour iparents iwhose ihands iare ialways iraised iin iprayers ifor iour isuccess iand iwe
i paid iour igratitude ito ibeloved iteachers, iour ifriends iand ito iall iothers iwho iprayed ifor ius i. i. i. i. i.

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 Acknowledgement
First iof iall iwe ithank iAlmighty iAllah iwho ibrought ithis imoment iin iour ilife iwhen iwe istarted
i the ipreparations ifor ithe iproject. iIt ihas ibeen ia igreat iexperience ito iwork iwith iUCTE, iBZU i
i staff. iThe igolden itime, iwhich iwe ispent iin iDepartment ifor ithe ipractical i& iconceptual
i knowledge, iwhich iwe igained iwill ibe ia imilestone iin iour iprofessional icarrier. i
ii We iwould ilike ito ithanks iMadam iGhazala iYasmeen i iwho inot ionly iallowed ius ito iconduct
i our iproject, ibut ialso iprovided ius ievery ifacility iin ithe idepartment. iWe iare iequally ithankful
i for ithe icorporation iand iguidance iof iall iTeachers i& iStaff imembers. iWe iare igrateful ito iour
i project isupervisor i iMr. i iMuhammad iAsad iChaudhary ifor ihis iguidance iin ithis iproject.
i Their iever isupporting ibehavior, ikind iadvice, iand iprofessional iapproach itaught ius ihow ito
i perform itough iand icritical itasks iwith iutmost iease. i
i i We ihave ivery imuch ienjoyed ibeing iamongst iwonderful ipeople. iWe iwish ieach iand ievery
i one ieverlasting iprogress, isuccess iand iof icourse iwish ia ivery iprosperous ifuture.

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Chapter i01: iIntroduction ito ipre-treatment
1. iPretreatment
A iseries iof iprocesses iwhich imake ithe ifabric, iclean, iabsorbent iand iwhite ito imake ithe
i subsequent iprocesses ieasier, isuch ias i“dyeing, iprinting i& ifinishing”
Steps iin iPre-treatment iprocess

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• Singeing

i
• Desizing

i
• Scouring

• Bleaching

• Mercerization

1.1. iSingeing
i The iverb i„singe‟ imeans i„to iburn iapparently‟. iThis imeans iburning-off i iof, iloose ifibers inot
i inflexibly ibound iinto ithe iyarn iand ifabric, isome iloose iyarns inot iinflexibly ibound iinto ithe
i fabric istructure, ibulging ifiber iends iwhich istick iout iof ithe iyarns iand ialso ifabrics.

Figure i1 isinged iand iunsigned ifabric

1.1.1. i i i iObjectives
i. i i iMake ithe ifabrics ito isoil iless.
ii. i iTo iobtain ia icleaner ifabric.
iii. iReduce ithe ipilling.
iv. iMake iprinting ipatterns iclear.
v. i iReduces ithe irisk iof iskittering iof idyeing ion ifabrics. i
1.1.2. i iTypes iof iSingeing iMachines
There iare ithree imain itypes iof isingeing imachines

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i. i iPlate isingeing imachine
ii. i iRotary icylinder isingeing imachine
iii. i iGas isingeing imachine
1.1.3. i iGas iSingeing iMachine
This itype iof isingeing imachine iuses ia iburning igas iflame iat ihigh itemperature iand ifabric
i passes iover ia iroller iat isuch ispeed ithat ionly ibulging ifibers iare iburnt ithrough ithis iflame iand iit
i does inot iharm ithe ifabric. iThis imachine iis ithe imost icommonly iused ifor isingeing. i
1.1.3.1. i iFundamentals
The ienergy ifor isingeing imust ibe ienough ithat iit ionly iburn ithe ifibers iwhich iare isticking iout iof
i the ifabric. iThis ican ibe iachieved iby iorganizing ithe itime iand ispeed iof ipassing ia ifabric
i through ithat iflame iand ialso iby ikeeping ithe iproper iamount iof ienergy isupplied iby ithe iflame.
i Temperature iis ikept inear i1300oC icommonly. i

Figure i2 iMechanism iof isingeing i

The icontrol iof itemperature iis iessential ifor ieffective iburning iprocess.
1.1.3.2. i iMain icomponents iof iGas iSingeing iMachine
Tension iunit iwith iguide irollers i& ibars
Pre-drying icylinder
Pre-brushing iunit iwith isuction
Singeing ichamber iwith iexhaust
Water icooled iroller
Water icooled iburner
Carburetor iwith iblower
Steam iquenching idevice
Post ibrushing iwith isuction
De-sizing iunit

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Squeezing imangle
Main idrive i(A.C imotor)

Figure i3 iSingeing imachine iby iKuesters iCalico.

1.1.3.3. i iImportant iGas isingeing iparameters

a) iFlame iintensity
b) iFabric ispeed
c) iSingeing iposition
d) iDistance ibetween iflame iburner iand ifabric
e) iFlame iWidth
a. i iFlame iIntensity
The iflame iintensity idepend iupon ithe iamount iand ithe ispeed iof ithe igas-air imixture iwhich
i leave ithe iburner. iFlame ihas i„thermal ienergy‟ iand i„mechanical ienergy‟. iAll ithe ienergy iof
i the iflame iis idropped ionto ithe ifabric iduring isingeing iprocess. iThe itemperature iof iflame iis
i from i(1250 ito i1300)°C. iThe ispeed iis i15 ito i35 ims-1. iThe iflame iintensity iis i i5 ito i20 imbars.
b. i iFabric iSpeed
The ifabric ispeed idepend ion ifabric i(gram iper isquare imeter) iweight iand ifibre iand iis iusually
i 50-160 im/mint. iFor iheavy iweight ifabrics, ithe ispeed iis imaintained islower iwith irespect ito
i lighter iweight ifabrics.
c. i iSingeing iPosition
There ithree ipositions iare idescribed ibelow;
i. iSingeing ionto ifree-guided ifabric i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
It ihas ihighest iefficiency. iIn ithis iposition, ithe iflame iis idirected ionto ithe ifree-guided ifabric iat
i 90o. iThis iposition iis iusually ifor isingeing iof ifabrics icontaining inatural ifibres i(e.g. icotton),
i regenerated ifibres, iwhich iare itightly iwoven iand igot iweights iover i125 ig/m2. i

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 Figure i4 i iFree iguided irollers i i i i i i i i i
ii. i iSingeing ionto iwater-cooled iroller
The ifabric ipassed iover iwater-cooled iroller. iThis iposition iis igood ifor iavoiding ithe idiffusion
i of ithe iflame iinto ithe ifabric. iBecause iof ithe ifabric ipassing iover iwater-cooled iroller, iany
i thermal idamage ican ibe iavoided. i

Figure i5 i iWater icooled iroller

iii. i iTangential iSingeing
In ithis iposition, ithe isingeing iflame itouches ithe ifabric itangentially. iThe iflame itouches ionly
i the iprojecting ifibers. iThis iposition iis iused ifor ivery ilight iweight iand idelicate ifabrics.

Figure i6 i iTangential isingeing

d. i iDistance ibetween iFlame iBurner iand iFabric

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The idistance ibetween ithe iburner iand ithe ifabric iis iusually iin ithe irange iof i6-8mm ibut iit ican
i be iadjusted iin ia irange ifrom i6-20mm.
e. i iFlame iWidth
A ifacility iof iflame igiving iwidth iadjustment iaccording ito ithe iwidth iof ithe ifabric iis ivital ifor
i good isingeing. i[1]
1.2. i iDesizing
Desizing iis ia iprocess ito iremove ithe isize ifrom ithe iwoven ifabrics. iWarp iyarns iare icovered
i with isizing iagents ibefore iweaving. iThe isizing imaterial ipresent ion ithe iwarp iyarns ican iact ias
i a iresist itowards idyes iand ichemicals iin itextile iwet iprocessing. iTherefore, iit ishould ibe
i eliminated ibefore iwet iprocessing iof ithe ifabric. iThus idesizing iis ithe iterm iusually idescribed
i as i“the iprocess iof iremoval iof ithe isize ifrom ithe ifabrics”.
Some iof ithe isizing imaterials iare igiven ibelow;
Starch: i iCorn, iPotato, iCMS i(Carbon iMethyl iStarch) ietc.
Synthetic isizes: i iPVA, iPAN, iPVAC, ietc.
1.2.1. i iObjectives i
i Following iare ithe imain iobjectives iof idesizing;
a. iTo iremove ithe isize imaterial ifrom ithe ifabric ifor ifurther iprocessing iof ifabric.
b. iTo iincrease ithe iabsorbency ipower iof ithe ifabric ifor idyeing i& iprinting iprocesses.
c. iTo iincrease ithe iaffinity iof ithe ifabric ito ithe ichemicals.
d. iTo iincrease ithe iluster iof ithe ifabric.
1.2.2. i iFactors iof isize iremoval iefficiency
a. iType iand iamount iof isize iapplied
b. iViscosity iof ithe isize iin isolution
c. iNature iand ithe iamount iof ithe iplasticizers
d. iFabric iconstruction
e. iMethod iof idesizing
f. iMethod iof iwashing-off
1.2.3. i iClassification iof iDesizing
Table i1 iClassification iof iDesizing iTreatments

Hydrolytic Oxidative
Rot isteep Chlorite
Acid isteep Chlorine
Alkali isteep Bromite

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1.2.3.1. iRot iSteeping
This iis ithe ioldest iand isimplest imethod iof idesizing. i iIn ithis imethod, ino ispecial ichemical iis
i used. iThe icloth iis ifirst ipassed ithrough iwater iat i40oC iin ia ipadder iwhere ithe icloth iis
i immersed iin ia isolution. i iThen, icloth iis iallowed ito iset ifor i24 ihours. iThe imicroorganisms,
i which iare inaturally ipresent iin iwater, iincrease iand ihide istarch-liquefying i–hydrolyzing
i enzymes, iwhich ibreak idown ithe istarch ipresent iin ithe isize iinto iwater-soluble iproducts. iThen
i cloth iis ithen ihot iwashed, iand ithen ia ishort icold iwash iis idone ito iremove ithese iproducts.
Advantages
No ichemicals iare irequired iand iit iis icheap. i
Disadvantages
Large ifloor ispace iis irequired, itime iconsuming, imildew imay iattack ithe icloth iduring isteeping
i and icause istains ion ithe ifabric.
1.2.3.2. i iEnzymatic iDesizing
The iadvantage iin ithe iuse iof ienzymes iis ithat istarches iare idegraded iwithout idamaging
i cellulose ifiber. iEnzymes igrieve ifrom ione idisadvantage ithat iif ithe iconditions iof itemperature
i and ipH iare inot ifavorable, itheir idesizing iactivity iis ismashed. iAn iexceptional ifeature iof
i enzyme idesizing iis ithe ispecific inature iof ithe ienzyme iaction. iTherefore ienzyme idesizing iis
i safer ithan iacid idesizing, iwhere icellulose imay ialso iget ihydrolyzed iif ithe iconcentration iof ithe
i acid iis ihigher ithan ithe imost ifavorable ivalue. i[2]
Four ithings imust ibe iconsidered ifor ia ifruitful ienzymatic idesizing iprocess.
1. i iPreparation iof ithe idesizing imixture i

Agents iwhich ishould ibe iadded iare inamed ias iwater, iwetting iagent, isalt, iacid/alkali iand
i enzyme.
i Firstly, isalt iand iwetting iagent iare iadded ithan iafter ithis, ienzyme iis iadded.
2. iSaturation i
i Fabrics iwhich icontain istarch iare idifficult ito iwet iout. iSo, iit iis inecessary ithat ithe imass iof
i fiber iand isize ishould ibe isoaked ito iapprox. i100% iwet ipick iup ifor iproper idesizing. i
3. iDigestion
It imeans ithe iprocess iof iconverting istarch ito isoluble imaterials. iIn ia icontinuous iprocess,
i fabrics iare irun iall ithe iway ithrough ia isteamer iand itransfer iis istarted iduring ithe isteaming itime
i available. i
4. iWashing i

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After idesizing, ithorough iwashing ishould ibe idone itherefore, iit ishould ibe icomparatively ieasy
i to iremove ithe istarch ias iit iis iwater isoluble.
Main icontrolling ipoints iduring ienzymatic idesizing iprocess iare itemperature, ipH, ifabric
i speed iand iconcentration.
Advantages iof ienzyme idesizing
i. i i iLess itime.
ii. i iGreater iproduction.
iii. iCellulose iis inot ihydrolyzed, ibecause ienzymes iare ispecific.
Disadvantage iof ienzyme idesizing
If ithe iconditions iare inot itruly imaintained, ithe idesizing iactivity iof ithe ienzymes iis iruined. i
1.2.3.3. iAcid iDesizing
i In ithis iprocess, ian iacid ican ibe iused ito ibreak ithe istarch. iThe icloth iis isoaked iwith ithe idilute
i acid isolution, iand ithen iit iis istored ifor i3-4 ihours iin ia iclosed iconcrete ipit. iDilute iacid iattacks
i the istarch iand ithen ithe ibroken istarch iis iremoved ifrom ifabric iby iwashing ioff. i[3]
Advantages iof iacid idesizing
i. iEconomical iprocess.
ii. iThe iprocess igives ieven idesizing. iIt ican ibe icompleted iat iroom itemperature.
iii. iIt iis ia ivery iquicker iprocess ithan irot isteep.
Disadvantage iof iacid idesizing
i. iHarmful ito icellulose.
ii. iThe iacid iwashed ifabric ishould inot ibe iallowed ito idry iin ithat istate.
iii. i iIt ican icause ithe iformation iof ihydrocellulose, iwhich iwill iweak ithe ifibre.
1.2.3.4. iOxidative iDesizing iMethods
This itechnique iis imostly iuseful ifor itextile ifinishers idealing iwith imany idifferent itypes iof
i fabrics. iThe imost iimportant iaspects iof ioxidizing iagents iare ithat ithey ican ibe iapplicable ito
i wide irange iof ifabrics. iFollowing iare ithe ioxidative idesizing iagents iused;
i. iHydrogen iperoxide
ii. iSodium iBromite
iii. iSodium iChlorite
iv. iPeroxy imonosulphuric iacid
v. iSodium iand ipotassium ipersulphate
The ifirst istage iof ioxidative idesizing iof istarch iis iconfiguration iof ialdehyde iand icarboxylic
i groups ifrom ihydroxyl igroups iavailable ithere iin iglucose. iThis imakes ithe ibridging i–O–

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i linkage iprone ito ialkaline iscission. i i Hence, ian ialkaline iloss ifollowing itreatment iwith
i oxidizing iagents ileads ito iefficient iremoval iof istarch. i[4] i
1.3. iScouring
Natural ifibers icontain ioils, ifats, iwaxes, iminerals, ileafy imatter iand ispecks ias iimpurities ithat
i hinder iwith idyeing iand ifinishing. iThe iprocess iof iremoving ithese iimpurities iis icalled
i Scouring. iImpurities iwhich iare inot isoluble iin iwater, ithey ican ibe iremoved iby iextraction,
i dissolving ithe iimpurities iin iorganic isolvents, iemulsification, iforming istable isuspensions iof
i the iimpurities iin iwater iand isaponification i(converting ithe icontaminants iinto iwater isoluble
i components)
1.3.1. iObjectives iof iScouring
i. iTo iremove inatural ias iwell ias iadded iimpurities iof ihydrophobic icharacter ias icompletely ias
i possible. i
ii. iTo iincrease iabsorbency iof itextile imaterials.
iii. iRemove iall inatural iimpurities isuch ias ioil, iwax i, ifat ietc ifrom ithe isurface iof ithe ifabric i.
iv. iProduce ithe ifabric imore ihydrophilic.
v. iTo imake ithe isuitable isituation ifor inext iprocesses.
Scouring iprocess idepends ion
i. iThe itype iof icotton.
ii. iThe icolor iof icotton.
iii. iThe icleanliness iof icotton.
iv. iThe itwist iand icount iof ithe iyarn.
v. iThe iconstruction iof ithe ifabric.
1.3.2. iTypes iof i iScouring iTreatments
Scouring iby ichemicals i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i iBio iScouring i(Enzymes)
1.3.2.1. i iSaponification i(by ichemicals)
The iprocess iof iconverting iinsoluble ioils iand iwaxes iinto isoluble isoap iand isalt iform iwith ithe
i help iof ialkali itreatment iis icalled isaponification. iThe ireaction iof ioils/waxes iwith ialkali iis
i written ihere;
3C17 iCOOH i i+ i i3NaOH i i i i i i i i i i i i i I i3C17H35COO-Na+ i i+ i i i3H2O
i Oil/ iWax i i i i i i+ i iCaustic i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i iSoap i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i+ i iWater
3C17COOH i i+ i i i i3KOH i i i i i i i i i i i i i i I i3C17H35COO-K+ i i i i+ i i i3H2O i
So ithese iare ithe ireactions iwhich iare iused iin ithe iprocess iof isaponification. iAfter ithis
i treatment ithe ifabric iis ithoroughly iwashed iand idried. iImpurities iwhich iare iremoved iduring
i scouring iprocess iare;
19
1. iWax i i i i i i i i i i i2. iOils i i i i i i i i i i3. iFats i i i i i i i i i i i i i i4. iDust i i i i i i i i i i i i5. iSand iparticles i
1.3.2.2. i iBio i–Scouring
“Bio-scouring iis ithe iprocess iof itreating ifabric iwith iscouring ienzymes ithat ieffectively
i remove iimpurities iwithout idamaging ithe ifibres.” i
Types iof ienzymes iwhich iare iused ifor ibio-scouring iprocess;
Pectinase: i iPectinases iare iapplied ifor ithe iremoval iof ipectic isubstances ifrom icotton.
i Lipases: i iThey iare iapplied ifor ithe iremoval iof inatural ifatty isubstances ifrom icotton
Proteases: i iProteases iare ienzymes ithat icatalyze ithe ihydrolysis iof iproteins.
Pectinases iare ithe iappropriate ienzymes ifor ibio-scouring ias ithey iare iproficient iof iremoving
i impurities ifrom iraw icotton, iwithout ichanging ithe iproperties iof ithe isubstrate. [5] i ii

Important iprocess iparameters

i. ipH
ii. iTemperature
iii. iEmulsifiers
iv. iPectinase ienzyme
Table i2 i iDifference ib/w ibio-scouring i& ialkaline iscouring
Bio-Scouring Alkaline iscouring
Soft iHandle Harshness
Cellulose i with i complete i removal i of Cellulose i with i complete i removal i of
i Impurities i impurities iand ipartially icellulose iremoval
i also
No icore iAlkali ineutralization ineeded, ithus iit Required icore ialkali ineutralization, ithus iit
i results iin iless iwashing icycle i needs i imore iwashing icycle

Advantages iof iBio-scouring

i. iSave ienergy
ii. iSave icost
iii. iWater isaving
iv. iTemperature isaving
v. iTime isaving
vi. iSmooth isurface i
vii. iLesser iweight iloss
viii. iLesser icosts iof iauxiliaries

20
ix. iMild iapplication icondition
x. iEnvironmental ibenefits
xi. iReduces ieffluent itreatment iprocess/ iETP icost
Disadvantages iof iBio-scouring
i. i iIncapability iof iremoving iof icotton ifiber iwaxes.
ii. iEnzyme iactivity iis ireduced iby ihigh itemperatures, iextremes iof ipH iand ihigh
i concentrations iof ielectrolytes.
iii. iWhiteness iis iless.
1.4. i iBleaching
Bleaching iis ithe iprocess iof iremoving icoloring imaterial ifrom ifabric iand ienhance ithe
i whiteness iof ifabric, iwhich iwill ihelp iin imaking ifurther iprocesses ieasier. iThere iare itwo imain
i types iof ibleaching
i. Conventional iBleaching
ii. Enzymatic iBleaching
Further iexplanation iof ibleaching iis ipresent iin inext ichapter i“Bleaching” i
1.5. i iMercerization
John iMercer iwas ithe iscientist iwho iinvented ithe imercerization iprocess.[6] iIt ican ibe idefined
i as;
“Mercerization iis ia ifinishing itreatment iof icotton iwith ia istrong icaustic ialkaline isolution iin
i order ito iimprove ithe iluster, ifeel iand iother iproperties iof ifabric.” i
Its imain iobjective iis ito imake ia ifabric imore ilustrous. i

Figure i7 i iDifference ib/w imercerized i& inot imercerized icotton ifiber

Mercerization iis ipossible ion igreige igoods, iafter idesizing iand iscouring, iafter ibleaching iand
i after idyeing.
1.5.1 i iProcess iMechanism
Mercerization ichanges ithe ichemical istructure iof ithe icotton ifibre. iMercerizing ileads ito ithe
i swelling iof ithe icell iwall iof ithe icotton ifibre. iThis ileads ito iincrease iin ithe isurface iarea iand
i reflectance, iand imakes ithe ifiber isoft. i

21
 Figure i8 iLongitudinal iview iof icotton ifiber
Factors iwhich ishould ibe ikept iin imind iwhile imercerization
i. iConcentration iof iNaOH
ii. iTemperature
iii. iTension
iv. iTime
1. iConcentration iof iNaOH
If ithe iconcentration iof iNaOH iis iincreased iabove ia icertain ivalue iimprovement iin iluster iwill
i be iattained ibut iif iit iis idecreased ibelow ia icertain ivalue ithen ithe iluster iwill ibe iaffected.
2. iTemperature
High idegree iof iluster iis iattained iat itemperature i18-20oC. iWhen itemperature iis iincreased ithe
i luster iis iaffected ibut ion ilowering ithe itemperature ino iimprovement iis iobtained iin ishining iof
i fabric.
3. iTension
For igetting igood iluster ithe imaterial imust ibe istretched ito iits ioriginal idimension.
4. iTime
The ioptimal itime ifor imercerizing iis i30-60 iseconds. iBy iincreasing ithe itime ino iimprovement
i in imercerization iis iseen.
1.5.2. iProcedure
The iprocess iof imercerization iincludes ithe isaturation iof ithe ifabric iin irelaxed istate, iin icold
i caustic isolution iof irequired istrength iand iwet iability. iAfter ithis, ithe istretching iof ifabric iis
i done iwhile ithe imaterial iis istill isaturated iin ithe icaustic isolution.
Then, ithe ifabric iis iwashed ioff iin ithe iwater iwhich iremoves icaustic isoda ifrom ithe ifabric iwhile
i keeping ithe imaterial istill iin ithe istretch istate. i[7]
Advantages iof imercerization
i. iLarger idyeing iaffinity
ii. iLarger idimensional istability iof ithe ifabric
22
iii. iIncreasing iof ithe iluster
iv. iIncreasing iof ithe itensile istrength
v. iImprove ismoothness
Once, ithe icomplete ipre-treatment iis idone, ithe ifabric iis isent ito inext isection. i

23
Chapter i02: i iIntroduction ito ibleaching
2. iIntroduction i i i
The ibleaching iprocess iwas iknown ifor ithousands iof iyears, ibut ithe ichemicals icurrently iused
i for ibleaching iresulted ifrom ithe iwork iof i18th icentury iscientists. i“Bleach imeans isuch
i compounds iwhich idiscolor ithe ifabric, imakes ithe ifabric iwhite iwith ithe ihelp iof ioxidation ior
i reduction.”
The iprocess iis ibasically iused ifor ithe iremoval iof icoloring imatter ifrom ithe ifabric. iThe isource
i of icolor iand icoloring imatter iare ibasically ithe iorganic icompounds iwith iconjugated idouble
i bonds, idiscoloration iof ifabric ihappen iby ibreaking ithese idouble ibonds ipresent iinside
i chromophore. iWhile imost iof ithe ibleaches iare ipresent ias ioxidizing iagents, isome iare
i reducing iagents ialso, isuch ias isodium idithionite iand isodium iborohydride. [8]
ii

Bleaches iare iused ias ihousehold iproducts ifor imaking ithe iclothes iwhite iand iclean, ito iremove
i stains iand iused iby ipeople ias idisinfectants, imainly iin ithe ibathroom iand ikitchen. iMany ikinds
i of ibleach ihave istrong ibactericidal iproperties, iand iare iused ias idisinfectants; ialso ithese iare
i used iin iswimming ipool icleanliness ito icontrol ibacteria, iviruses iand ialgae iand ialso iin iany
i industry. iBleach iis ialso iused ifor iremoving imildew, ikilling iweeds iand irising ithe ilife iof
i flowers.[9] i
Here iare isome ifundamental iobjectives iof ibleaching
2.1. i iObjectives
i. iTo iget ihigh idegree iwhiteness ion ifabric
ii. iTo iget igood iabsorbency iof ifabric ifor iupcoming idyeing iprocesses
iii. iRemoval iof iimpurities
iv. iGetting igood itear iand itensile istrength iof ifabric
v. iMinimum itendering iof ifiber
2.2. iHistory
The iinitial ibleaching iinvolved ispreading ifabrics iand icloth iout iin ia ibleach ifield iand ithey
i were imade iwhite iby ithe iaction iof ithe isun iand iwater. iModern ibleaches iwere imade iby i18th
i century iscientists iincluding iSwedish iWilhelm iScheele, iwho idiscovered ichlorine iin i1774,
i [10]French iscientists iClaude iBerthelot idocumented ithat ichlorine icould ibe iused ito ibleach
i fabrics iand ialso ihe iwas ithe ifirst iperson iwho iproduced isodium ihypochlorite.” i.
Louis iJacques iThenard ifirst iprojected ihydrogen iperoxide iin i1818 iby ireacting ibarium
i peroxide iwith initric iacid. iIn i1882 iHydrogen iperoxide iwas ifirst iused ifor ibleaching. i iIt
i became icommercially ivery iimportant iafter i1930. i[8]
24
2.3. i iMechanism
In idyes iand ipigments, icolors iare iproduced iby imolecules iwhich icontain ichromophores, isuch
i as ibeta icarotene. iChemical ibleaches iwork iin ione iof ithese itwo iways:
i. iAn ioxidizing ibleach ibreak ithe ichemical ibonds ithat icreate ithe ichromophore. iThis iconvert
i the imolecule iinto ia idifferent isubstance ithat ihas inot ia ichromophore, ior icontains ia
i chromophore ithat idoes inot itake iup ivisible ilight.
ii. iA ireducing ibleach iconvert idouble ibonds iinto isingle ibonds. iThis ieliminates ithe ifacility iof
i the ichromophore ito iabsorb ivisible ilight. i[9]
A igeneral iclassification iof ibleaching iagents iis igiven iunder
Table i3 iClassification iof iBleaching iagents

Oxidative Reductive
Hydrogen iPeroxide Sulphur iDioxide
Sodium iHypochlorite Sodium iHydrosulphite
Potassium iPermanganate Sulphoxylates
Chloramine Sodium isulphite
Peracetic iacid Sodium ibisulphite

2.4. i iPeroxide iBleaching i i

Hydrogen iperoxide iwas idiscovered iin i1818 iand iit iwas iused iin ibleaching itextiles iin i1866. i
peroxide. iHydrogen iperoxide iis idegraded iin ithe ipresence iof iheavy imetals isuch ias icopper,
i iron, imanganese, inickel, ichromium ietc. ior itheir ioxides iwith iliberation iof ioxygen.[9]
2H2O2 iiiiiii iiiii iiI 2H2O i+ iO2
The icommercial isupply iof ihydrogen iperoxide iis i35% iand i50%. i
2.4.1. i iMechanism iof iperoxide ibleaching
i Sodium ihydroxide ihelps iin iactivating ihydrogen iperoxide ibecause iH+ iion iis igenerally
i neutralized iby ia ibase iwhich iis igood ifor iliberation iof iHO2-.
H2O2 i i i i i i i i i i iH+ i+ iHO2-
H2O2 i i i i i i i i i iH+ i+ iHO2- i i i i i i i iOH i i i i i I HO2- i+ iH2O
At ihigher ipH i(above i10.8) ithe iliberation iof iHO2- iion iis ivery ifast, iit ibecomes iunstable iwith
i the iliberation iof ioxygen igas iwhich iis inot ia ibleaching iagent. iIf ithe idecomposition irate iis
i very ihigh, ithe iunutilized iHO2- imay icause idamaging ito ithe ifiber. iAn ioptimum ipH irange ifor
i cotton ibleaching ilies iin ithe irange iof i10.5 ito i10.8. iAt ihigher ipH, ihydrogen iperoxide iis inot
i stable iand ia istabilizer iis iadded iin ithe ibleaching ibath ito istabilize iit. i[9]

25
2.4.2. i iStabilizers ifor iperoxide ibleaching
“The iprocess iof iregulation ior icontrol iof iperhydroxyl iion ito iprevent irapid idecomposition iof
i bleach iand ito iminimize ifibre idegradation iis idescribed ias istabilization”. iStabilizers ifor
i peroxide ibleaching ifunction iby icontrolling ithe iconfiguration iof ifree iradicals. iThey icould
i include iany iof ithe ifollowing;
i. iAlkali, ie.g. icaustic isoda/carbonate/silicate.
ii. iDispersant, ie.g. iacrylates/phosphonates.
iii. iSequestrants, ie.g. iEDTA/DTPA/heptonates/gluconates.
iv. iInorganic imaterials, ie.g. imagnesium isalts.
v. iColloid istabilizers, ie.g. iacrylic ipolymers.[9]
2.4.3. i iParameters iof iperoxide ibleaching iprocesses
Nature iof ithe ifabrics ito ibe ibleached iis iimportant, ithe iamount iof ibleaching irequired iand ialso
i the iequipment iavailable iis iimportant. iHowever, ithe ifollowing igeneral ivariables imay ibe
i considered ito ibe iimportant.
i 1. i iEffect iof ipH
Hydrogen iperoxide ibleaching idepends ion ipH. iAt ipH i1 ito i3 iit iis istable; ibut iat ihighly ialkaline
i pH i11.5 ito i13 iit iis inot istable. iThe ibleaching iaction ihappens iaround i10.5 idue ito iaccretion iof
i perhydroxyl iions iin ithe ibleaching ibath. iAt ineutral ior iweak ialkaline ipH, ihydrogen iperoxide
i cause idamage ito icellulose.
2. i iEffect iof itemperature
Cotton ibleaching iwith ihydrogen iperoxide iis icarried iout iat i90-100oC iand ithe itemperature
i can ibe iincreased ito i120oC. iThe irate iof ibleaching ienhanced iby iincreasing itemperature, ibut iat
i the isame itime isolution ibecomes iunstable iand idegradation iof icotton iis ienhanced. iBelow
i 80oC ithe idevelopment iof iperhydroxyl iion iis ivery islow iand ithe irate iof ibleaching iis ialso ivery
i low.
3. i iEffect iof iconcentration iof iliquor
The iconcentration iof ihydrogen iperoxide idepends ion ifactors ilike iliquor iratio, itemperature
i and ifibre.
4. i iEffect iof itime
i Time idepends ion itemperature, iclass iof ifiber iand iapparatus iused ifor ibleaching. iIn igeneral,
i the itime iof ibleaching iis iinversely iproportional ito ithe itemperature. i[9]
2.4.4. i iAdvantages iof iPeroxide ibleaching
i (i) i i iPeroxide iis ia iuniversal ibleaching iagent.
(ii) i i iThe idegrading ieffect iof iperoxide ibleaching ion icellulose iis ivery iless.

26
(iii) i iA isingle istage, icombined iwith iscouring iand ibleaching imethod iis ipossible iusing
i hydrogen iperoxide.
(iv) i iPeroxide ibleaching ihas iless iadverse ieffect ion idyed ithreads ithan ihypochlorite.
(v) i iThere iis ino idanger iof iequipment icorrosion.
2.4.5. iDisadvantages iof iperoxide ibleaching
(i) i i iBleaching iwith iperoxide iis icostlier ithan i ihypochlorite ibleaching.
(ii) i i iHydrogen iperoxide ibleaching irequires istabilization iusually iwith isilicates.
(iii) i i'Catalytic idamage' ioccurs ibleaching iof icotton ifabrics iand ileads ito ismall ispots iof
i unevenly idyed ifabrics ior ithe iformation iof ismall iholes.
2.5. i iBleaching iwith iHypochlorites
Hypochlorites, iwhich iare iused iare ibriefly idescribed.
2.5.1. i iCalcium ihypochlorite i(Bleaching ipowder)
i A isolution iof ibleaching ipowder icontains icalcium ihypochlorite i[Ca(OC1)2.4H2O i],
calcium ichloride i[CaCl2, iCa(OH)2.H20], ilime ihypochlorous iacid. iThe ioxidizing iaction iof
i calcium ihypochlorite iis imainly idue ito ihypochlorous iacid. iThe iconditions ifavoring ithe
i formation iof ihypochlorous iacid iraise ithe ioxidising iof ibleaching ipowder. i[9]
2.5.2. i iSodium ihypochlorite
Sodium ihypochlorite iis isalt iof ihypochlorous iacid i(HOCl). iSodium ihypochlorite ican ibe
i prepared iby ipassing ichlorine igas iinto ia itank icontaining isolution iof icaustic isoda, isodium
i carbonate ior itheir imixture. iThe ibleaching imechanism iof isodium ihypochlorite iconsists iof
i the ifollowing ireaction
iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii NaOCl i i i i i i i i i i i i NaCl i+ i[O] i.[9]
2.5.2.1. iFactors ieffecting iin ihypochlorite ibleaching ioperations
1. i iEffect iof ipH
Hypochlorite iionizes iin idifferent iway iunder idifferent ipH iconditions. iHypochlorite isolutions
i are istable iat ipH ivalues i11 ior ihigher, ibut idegrade iat ilower ipH ivalues. iIn ithe iregion iof ipH i7,
i as ihypochlorous iacid iand ihypochlorite iion iare ipresent iat ithe isame iconcentrations iin ithe
i equilibrium, i ithe iattack irate ion icellulose iis igreatly ienhanced. iBut iwhen, ipH ifalls ibelow i5,
i the iliberation iof ichlorine ibegins iand i iat ipH ibelow i1.5, ithe iwhole ihypochlorous iacid iis
i converted iinto ichlorine. iThe ipH irange i9 ito i11 iis ithe ioptimum irange ifor ibleaching iwith
i hypochlorite.
2. i iEffect iof itemperature

27
i The iappropriate itemperature ifor i ibleaching iof icotton iis iat iabout i40oC ifor i1 ih. iHigher
i temperature iincreases ithe irate iof ibleaching ibut iat ithe isame itime idegradation iof icotton iis
i also iincreased. i
3. i iEffect iof iconcentration
The icommercial isolution iof isodium ihypochlorite icontains i14-15% ichlorine. iThe
i concentration iof ihypochlorite iin ithe ibleaching ibath igenerally ivaries ifrom i1 ito i3 ig/l. iThe
i concentration iof ihypochlorite isolution iis ievaluated iby ithiosulphate ior iarsenite ititration.
4. i iEffect iof ielectrolyte
The iaddition iof isalt iin ithe ihypochlorite ibleaching ibath iincrease ithe iactivity. iThe iaddition iof
i chloride imoves ithe iequilibrium ito ithe ileft-hand iside, ibut iwhen ithe inew iequilibrium iis
i reached, ibleaching iresumes iat inormal iposition iand itherefore, ithe iaction iof isalt iis itemporary.
i [9]
Disadvantages iof isodium ihypochlorite
(i) i i iSodium ihypochlorite idoes inot iproduce icompletely iwhite ifabrics.
(ii) i iSodium ihypochlorite iproduces islight idamage ito icellulosic ifibres.
(iii) iSodium ihypochlorite icannot ibe iused ifor ithe ibleaching iof isynthetic ifibres.
(iv) i i i iSodium ihypochlorite iproduces iunpleasent iodours.
(v) i iSodium ihypochlorite isolution iis iharmful ito iskin.
(vi) i iIt iproduces iharsh ihandle ion ifabric.
(vii) i iStabilization iof isodium ihypochlorite iis idifficult ito iachieve.
Thus, ikeeping i iin iview iof iall ithese idisadvantages, iwe iused ihydrogen iperoxide iinstead iof
i sodium ihypochlorite iin iour ibleaching iprocess.
2.7. i iEnzymatic iBleaching
i Enzymes iare iincreasing itheir iapplication iin itextile iindustry ibecause ithey iare ienvironment
i friendly iand icause ino idamage ito icellulose idue ito iits ispecific iaction. iIn ibleaching, ienzyme
i only i iattack ion icoloring imatter ipresent iin ithe ifabric iand idoes inot iattack ion ithe icellulose,
i therefore, ithe istrength iis igood iin ithis iprocess. i
2.7.1. i iLaccase
Laccase iwas ifirst idiscovered iin ithe isap iof ithe iJapanese ilacquer itree i“Rhus ivernicifera”, iand
i its icharacteristic ias ioxidase iwas idiscovered iby iBertrand iin i1985. i[11]
i
Laccases iare ienzymes ithat icatalyze ithe ioxidation iof iinorganic iand iorganic isubstances iby
i using ioxygen ias ian ielectron iacceptor. i[12] i iIt iis ian ienzyme ithat ihas iability iof ioxidation.
i These ienzymes ihave ivery ilow isubstrate ispecificity iand ihave ithe iability ito idegrade
i xenobiotics. i[13]
28
The ilarge iquantity iof ilaccases ihave ibeen iwidely ireported iinside iwhite-rot ifungi. iA inumber
i of ilaccase igenes ihave ibeen iisolated iand idistinguished ifor ithis ipurpose. i[14]
Laccases ihave ivarious ibiotechnical iand ienvironmental iapplications. iSome iare imentioned;
Applications iof i iLaccase
i. iLaccases iare iused iin ithe icleaning iof iindustrial ieffluents.
ii. iLaccase iare ialso iused ifor imedical idiagnosis.
iii. iUsed ifor icleaning iherbicides iand ipesticides.
iv. iTo iclean ithe iwater iin imany ipurification isystems. i[15]
2.7.2. i iAdvantages iof iEnzymatic iBleaching
i. iEnzymatic ibleaching iis ienvironment ifriendly iprocess, ibecause iwastes iof ithe iprocess ihave
i no itoxic ichemicals.
ii. iEnzymatic ibleaching iprocess iis iuseful ifor igetting ihigh idegree iof iwhiteness. iIt i iremoves
i more icolor ifrom icotton ifabric ithan iconventional iprocess.
iii. iThe istrength iof ifabrics iwhich iare ibleached iby ienzymes iis ibetter ithan iconventional
i processes.
iv. iBy ithis iprocess, ithe iamount iof iwaste iwater ican ibe ireduced.
2.7.3. i iDisadvantages iof ienzymatic ibleaching
i. iEnzymatic ibleaching iprocess iis iexpensive iprocess.
ii. iIt irequires imore iattention ias ienzyme ionly iactivates iat ispecific ipH i& itemperature.

29
Chapter i03: iMETHODOLOGY i& iEXPERIMENTAL iWORK
The iresearch iwork ion i“Comparing iconventional ibleaching iwith iEnzymatic iBleaching” iwas
i initiated iin ithe iProcessing iLaboratory iof iTextile iCollege, iBahauddin iZakariya iUniversity,
i Multan, iduring ithe iyear i2019 iin iMarch.
The iresearch iwork iconsisted iof i2 iPhases
Phase i1: i iMaking ithe ifabric imore iabsorbent, iclean i& iwhite iby iusing ithe imethods ilike
i desizing, iscouring i& ibleaching.
Phase i2: i iTests iwere iconducted iin iSadaqat iTextiles iPvt. iLtd. iFaisalabad, i ito icheck ithe
i whiteness iof ifabric isamples iwhich iwere ibleached i iby iusing iconventional ibleaching iprocess
i (Hydrogen iPeroxide) i iand iby iEnzymatic ibleaching iprocess i i(Laccase iEnzyme). i
3.1. i iPhase i1
ii First iof iall ia i100% ipure icotton ifabric iwas itaken ifrom iFazal iCloth iMills iPvt. iLtd. i iQadir iPur
i Rawan, iMultan. i iFabric icount iand iquality iis imentioned ihere;
100% icotton ifabric iCTN i50/1cm iCMPT/ ix i50/1cm iCMPT/ i/ i132 ix i72, i71” i, i1/1 iPlain,
i Leno
3.1.1. i iDesizing
ii Fabric iwas idesized iin ijigger imachine iin ithe iLaboratory iof iTextile iCollege, iBZU, iMultan i
i by iusing ithe ifollowing irecipe;
Weight iof ifabric i= i800gm
GSM i= i107gm
Liquor iratio i= i1:8
Total iLiquor i= i800 ix i8 i= i6.4 ilit iapprox.
Temperature i= i60oC
pH i= i6.5 imaintained iby iusing iAcetic iacid ifew idrops
Table i4 iRecipe iof idesizing
Chemical Weight
Enzyme i(Bectasol) i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i6 imL/L 38.4 imL
Wetting iagent i(Sandoclean) i i i i i i i1mL/L 6.4 imL
NaCl i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i4gm/L 25.6 igm
MgCl2 i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i1gm/L 6.4 igm

After idesizing iHot iwash iwas igiven iat i90oC i ifor i10 imint. i iand iafter ithis, i icold iwash i

i thoroughly. i

30
To icheck ithe iefficiency iof idesizing iTegewa i iTest iwas icarried iout iin iLab. i iThe isolution ifor
i Tegewa itest iwas iprepared iby iusing ithe ifollowing irecipe;
Recipe ifor iTegewa iTest:
Potassium iIodide i(KI) i i i i i: i i i i i i i5gm
Iodine i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i: i i i i i i0.32gm
Ethanol i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i: i i i i i i100 imL i
Add i5gm iPotassium iIodide iin i50mL iwater, i ithen iadd i0.32 igm iof iIodine i iin iwater, ishake iit
i thoroughly, iuntil iIodine iis icompletely idissolved, ifill iup ito i400mL iwith iwater iand ithen
i complete i500mL isolution iby iadding i100mL iethanol. i
After ithe isolution iwas iprepared, iit iwas idropped ion ifabric iby ia idropper. iThe iresults iwere
i checked iby iusing ithe iscale ifrom i1-9.
The iscale imoves ifrom i1 ito i9, i ii.e. ifrom ilowest idesized ito iexcellent idesized ifabric. i iThe
i fabric idesizing itest iwas iconducted iin iLab. iof iTextile iCollege iBZU. i iWe ifound ithat ifabric iis
i sufficiently idesized iby ithis imethod. iReading ifrom idifferent ileft, icenter iand iright iwas iin ithe
i range iof i2-4.
3.1.2. i iScouring
After idesizing icompleted, ifabric iwas ithen iscoured iin ia ijigger imachine ipresent iin iLab. iof
i Textile iCollege, iBZU. i iThe irecipe iused ifor iscouring ipurpose iis iwritten ias iunder;
Sample i1
Fabric iweight i= i365gm
Liquor iratio i= i1:10
Total iliquor i= i3.65 i iltr.
pH i= i12-13
Time i= i120min
Temperature i= i90oC
Table i5 i iRecipe iof iscouring
Ingredient Quantity
NaOH i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i35gm/L 127.75gm
Na2CO3 i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i3gm/L 10.95gm
Wetting iagent i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i1mL/L 3.65ml
Sequestering iagent i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i1mL/L 3.65ml
Detergent i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i2gm/L 7.3gm

31
After iscouring, ihot iwash iwas igiven iat i90oC, ifollowed iby icold iwash.
Sample i2 i i
Fabric iweight i= i341gm
Liquor iratio i= i1:10
Total iLiquor i= i3.4 iLtr.
Time i i= i120min.
Temperature i= i90oC
pH i= i12-13
Table i6 i iRecipe iof iscouring
Ingredient Quantity
NaOH i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i35gm/L 119gm
Na2CO3 i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i3gm/L 10.2gm
Wetting iagent i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i1mL/L 3.4gm
Sequestering iagent i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i1mL/L 3.4gm
Detergent i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i2gm/L 6.8gm

After iscouring, ihot iwash iwas igiven ito ifabric, ifollowed iby icold iwash.
Tests i iafter iscouring
i. iDrop itest iwas iconducted ito icheck ithe iefficiency iof iscouring i
ii. iCapillary iaction itest iwas iconducted. iA iturquish iblue idye iwas idissolved iin i500mL iwater.
i Its iresults iare imentioned ihere;
Length i& iwidth iof istrips ifrom iSample i= i18x i2 icm
Absorbency iof idye iby istrips iis ias iunder i;
From iLeft i= i2.5 icm i i i i i i i i i i iFrom iRight i= i i2.4 icm i i i i i i i i i i i iFrom icentre i= i2.1 icm
3.1.3. i iBleaching
After iscouring, icotton ifabric iwas icut iinto ipieces iof i i(20 ix i15) icm. iThere iwere i12 ipieces
i made iof icotton i ifabric ito imake ithe isamples ifor ibleaching.
Each ione iof ithe ipieces iwas ibleached iin ian iopen ibath iat idifferent iconditions ito icheck itheir
i whiteness iand istrength idue ito ienzyme i, itemperature i& itime. iThe irecipe ifor iall ithe isamples
i is iwritten iseparately ihere;
3.1.3.1. iConventional iBleaching iProcess
Sample i1

32
Weight iof isample i= i11.5gm
L:R i= i1:40
Total iLiquor i= i460 imL
Table i7 i iRecipe iof iconventional ibleaching i(Sample i1)
Ingredients Quantity
H2O2 i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i25mL/L 11.5 imL
NaOH i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i15g/L 6.9 ig
MgCl2(stabilizer) i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i2g/L 0.92 ig
Na2CO3 i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i2g/L 0.92 ig
Sandoclean(Wetting iagent) i i i i i i i i i i i i i1mL/L 0.46 imL
Sirrix(Sequestering iagent) i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i1mL/L 0.46 imL
Time i i= i i30 imin
Temperature i= i30oC
Sample i2
Weight iof isample i= i11.6gm
L:R i= i1:40
Total iLiquor i= i464 imL
Table i8 i i iRecipe iof iconventional ibleaching i(Sample i2)
Ingredients Quantity
H2O2 i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i25mL/L 11.6 imL
NaOH i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i15g/L 6.96 ig
MgCl2(stabilizer) i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i2g/L 0.93 ig
Na2CO3 i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i2g/L 0.93 ig
Sandoclean(Wetting iagent) i i i i i i i i i i i i1mL/L 0.46 imL
Sirrix(Sequestering iagent) i i i i i i i i i i i i i i1mL/L 0.46 imL

Time i i= i i60 imin

Temperature i= i30oC
Sample i3
Weight iof isample i= i9.6gm
L:R i= i1:40
Total iLiquor i= i384 imL

33
Table i9 i i iRecipe iof iconventional ibleaching i(Sample i3)
Ingredients Quantity
H2O2 i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i25mL/L 9.6 imL
NaOH i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i15g/L 5.76 ig
MgCl2(stabilizer) i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i2g/L 0.77 ig
Na2CO3 i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i2g/L 0.77 ig
Sandoclean(Wetting iagent) i i i i i i i i i i i i i1mL/L 0.38 imL
Sirrix(Sequestering iagent) i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i1mL/L 0.38 imL

Time i i= i i30 imin

Temperature i= i60oC
Sample i4
Weight iof isample i= i9.5gm
L:R i= i1:40
Total iLiquor i= i380 imL
Table i10 i i iRecipe iof iconventional ibleaching i(Sample i4)
Ingredients Quantity
H2O2 i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i25mL/L 9.5 imL
NaOH i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i15g/L 5.7 ig
MgCl2(stabilizer) i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i2g/L 0.77 ig
Na2CO3 i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i2g/L 0.77 ig
Sandoclean(Wetting iagent) i i i i i i i i i i i i1mL/L 0.38 imL
Sirrix(Sequestering iagent) i i i i i i i i i i i i i i1mL/L 0.38 imL

Time i i= i i60 imin

Temperature i= i60oC

Sample i5
Weight iof isample i= i11.1gm
L:R i= i1:40
Total iLiquor i= i444 imL

34
Table i11 i iRecipe iof iconventional ibleaching i(Sample i5)
Ingredients Quantity
H2O2 i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i25mL/L 11 imL
NaOH i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i15g/L 6.6 ig
MgCl2 i(stabilizer) i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i2g/L 0.88 ig
Na2CO3 i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i2g/L 0.88 ig
Sandoclean i(Wetting iagent) i i i i i i i i i i1mL/L 0.44 imL
Sirrix i(Sequestering iagent) i i i i i i i i i i i i1mL/L 0.44 imL

Time i i= i i30 imin

Temperature i= i90oC
Sample i6
Weight iof isample i= i11.5gm
L:R i= i1:40
Total iLiquor i= i460 imL
Table i12 i i iRecipe iof iconventional ibleaching i(Sample i6)
Ingredients Quantity
H2O2 i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i25mL/L 11.5 imL
NaOH i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i15g/L 6.9 ig
MgCl2 i(stabilizer) i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i2g/L 0.92 ig
Na2CO3 i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i2g/L 0.92 ig
Sandoclean i(Wetting iagent) i i i i i i i i i i1mL/L 0.46 imL
Sirrix i(Sequestering iagent) i i i i i i i i i i i i1mL/L 0.46 imL

Time i i= i i60 imin

Temperature i= i90oC
3.1.3.2. iEnzymatic iBleaching iProcess
In ienzymatic ibleaching iprocess, ifirstly icotton isample iwas idipped iin ia iLaccase ienzyme
i solution, ithen iit iwas ibleached iwith iH2O2. iThis ipre-treatment iof icotton iwith ienzyme ibefore
i treating iwith iH2O2, ilead ito imore iremoval iof icolor ifrom icotton isample iand iultimately igiven
i more iwhiteness.
Recipe iof ilaccase isolution iin ia isteel icontainer i iis igiven ibelow;

35
Sample i7
Laccase iRecipe ifor isample i7
Weight iof ifabric i= i i12 igm i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i iL:R i= i1:15 i i i i i i i i i i i i iTotal iLiquour i= i180mL
pH i= i5.5 i– i6 i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i iTemperature i= i40oC i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i iTime i= i30 iminutes
Laccase i= i0.5 imL/L
Then ihot iwash ifor i10 iminutes iat i90oC
After ithis, ithe isample iwas itreated iwith iH2O2 ifor iconventional ibleaching. i

Bleaching irecipe ifor isample i7

Weight iof isample i= i12gm
L:R i= i1:40
Total iLiquor i= i480 imL
Table i13 i iRecipe iof ienzymatic ibleaching i(Sample i7)
Ingredients Quantity
H2O2 i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i25mL/L 12 imL
NaOH i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i15g/L 7.2 ig
MgCl2 i(stabilizer) i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i2g/L 0.96 ig
Na2CO3 i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i2g/L 0.96 ig
Sandoclean i(Wetting iagent) i i i i i i i i i i i i1mL/L 0.48 imL
Sirrix i(Sequestering iagent) i i i i i i i i i i i i i i1mL/L 0.48 imL

Time i i= i i25 imin

Temperature i= i25oC
Sample i8
Laccase iRecipe ifor isample i8
Weight iof ifabric i= i i11.6 igm i i i i i i i i i i i i i iL:R i= i1:15 i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i iTotal iLiquour i= i174mL
pH i= i5.5 i– i6 i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i iTemperature i= i40oC i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i iTime i= i30 iminutes
Laccase i= i0.5 imL/L

Then ihot iwash ifor i10 iminutes iat i90oC

After ithis, ithe isample iwas itreated iwith iH2O2 ifor iconventional ibleaching. i

Conventional iBleaching irecipe ifor isample i8

Weight iof isample i= i11.6gm
L:R i= i1:40

36
Total iLiquor i= i464 imL
Table i14 i iRecipe iof ienzymatic ibleaching i(Sample i8)
Ingredients Quantity
H2O2 i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i25mL/L 11.6 imL
NaOH i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i15g/L 6.96 ig
MgCl2 i(stabilizer) i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i2g/L 0.93 ig
Na2CO3 i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i2g/L 0.93 ig
Sandoclean i(Wetting iagent) i i i i i i i i i i i i i1mL/L 0.46 imL
Sirrix i(Sequestering iagent) i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i1mL/L 0.46 imL

Time i i= i i50 imin

Temperature i= i25oC
Sample i9
Laccase iRecipe ifor isample i9
Weight iof ifabric i= i i9.6 igm i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i iL:R i= i1:15 i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i iTotal iLiquour i= i144mL
pH i= i5.5 i– i6 i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i iTemperature i= i40oC i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i iTime i= i30 iminutes
Laccase i= i0.5 imL/L
Then ihot iwash ifor i10 iminutes iat i90oC
After ithis, ithe isample iwas itreated iwith iH2O2 ifor iconventional ibleaching. i

Conventional iBleaching irecipe ifor isample i9

Weight iof isample i= i9.6gm
L:R i= i1:40
Total iLiquor i= i384 imL

Table i15 i iRecipe iof ienzymatic ibleaching i(Sample i9)

Ingredients Quantity
H2O2 i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i25mL/L 9.6 imL
NaOH i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i15g/L 5.8 ig
MgCl2 i(stabilizer) i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i2g/L 0.77 ig
Na2CO3 i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i2g/L 0.77 ig
Sandoclean i(Wetting iagent) i i i i i i i i i i i i i i1mL/L 0.38 imL
Sirrix i(Sequestering iagent) i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i1mL/L 0.38 imL

37
Time i i= i i25 imin
Temperature i= i50oC
Sample i10
Laccase iRecipe ifor isample i10
Weight iof ifabric i= i i9.7 igm i i i i i i i i i iL:R i= i1:15 i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i iTotal iLiquour i= i145mL
pH i= i5.5 i– i6 i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i iTemperature i= i40oC i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i iTime i= i30 iminutes
Laccase i= i0.5 imL/L
Then ihot iwash ifor i10 iminutes iat i90oC
After ithis, ithe isample iwas itreated iwith iH2O2 ifor iconventional ibleaching. i

Conventional iBleaching irecipe ifor isample i10

Weight iof isample i= i9.7gm
L:R i= i1:40
Total iLiquor i= i390 imL
Table i16 i iRecipe iof ienzymatic ibleaching i(Sample i10)
Ingredients Quantity
H2O2 i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i25mL/L 9.7 imL
NaOH i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i15g/L 5.8 ig
MgCl2 i(stabilizer) i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i2g/L 0.78 ig
Na2CO3 i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i2g/L 0.78 ig
Sandoclean(Wetting iagent) i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i1mL/L 0.39 imL
Sirrix(Sequestering iagent) i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i1mL/L 0.39 imL

Time i i= i i50 imin

Temperature i= i50oC
Sample i11
Laccase iRecipe ifor isample i11
Weight iof ifabric i= i i11.3 igm i i i i i i i i i i i i iL:R i= i1:15 i i i i i i i i i i i i i i iTotal iLiquour i= i170mL
pH i= i5.5 i– i6 i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i iTemperature i= i40oC i i i i i i i i i i i i iTime i= i30 iminutes
Laccase i= i0.5 imL/L
Then ihot iwash ifor i10 iminutes iat i90oC
After ithis, ithe isample iwas itreated iwith iH2O2 ifor iconventional ibleaching. i

Conventional iBleaching irecipe ifor isample i11

Weight iof isample i= i11.3gm

38
L:R i= i1:40
Total iLiquor i= i450 imL
Table i17 iRecipe iof ienzymatic ibleaching i(Sample i11)
Ingredients Quantity
H2O2 i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i25mL/L 11.25 imL
NaOH i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i15g/L 6.75 ig
MgCl2 i(stabilizer) i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i2g/L 0.9 ig
Na2CO3 i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i2g/L 0.9 ig
Sandoclean i(Wetting iagent) i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i1mL/L 0.45 imL
Sirrix i(Sequestering iagent) i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i1mL/L 0.45 imL

Time i i= i i25 imin

Temperature i= i75oC
Sample i12
Laccase iRecipe ifor isample i12
Weight iof ifabric i= i i11 igm i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i iL:R i= i1:15 i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i iTotal iLiquour i= i165mL
pH i= i5.5 i– i6 i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i iTemperature i= i40oC i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i iTime i= i30 iminutes
Laccase i= i0.5 imL/L
Then ihot iwash ifor i10 iminutes iat i90oC
After ithis, ithe isample iwas itreated iwith iH2O2 ifor iconventional ibleaching. i

Conventional iBleaching irecipe ifor isample i12

Weight iof isample i= i11gm
L:R i= i1:40
Total iLiquor i= i440 imL
Table i18 iRecipe iof ienzymatic ibleaching i(Sample i12)
Ingredients Quantity
H2O2 i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i25mL/L 11 imL
NaOH i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i15g/L 6.6 ig
MgCl2 i(stabilizer) i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i2g/L 0.88 ig
Na2CO3 i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i2g/L 0.88 ig
Sandoclean i(Wetting iagent) i i i i i i i i i i i i i i1mL/L 0.44 imL
Sirrix i(Sequestering iagent) i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i1mL/L 0.44 imL
Time i i= i i50 imin Temperature i= i75oC

39
Chapter i04: iResults i& iDiscussion
4.1. i iPhase i2
After iall ithe iexperiments, ithe itests ifor ithe i12 isamples iwere iconducted ito icheck ithe
i whiteness iindex iand istrength iof ithe isamples ito iconclude ithe ifinal iresult.
4.1.1. i iWhiteness itest
To icheck ithe iwhiteness, iwe iwent ito iSadaqat iTextile iMills iPvt. iLtd., iFaisalabad. iWe ichecked
i the iwhiteness iof isamples ione iby ione ion iDATA iCOLOUR i650 iCUVETTE
i (Spectrophotometer).
Following iare ithe iresults iof ithis itest.
Table i19 i iTest iof iwhiteness iindex
Sp. ino Whiteness iindex Sp. ino Whiteness iindex
1 65 7 70.3
2 68.6 8 73.3
3 77 9 82.6
4 81.7 10 86.5
5 87 11 92.2
6 91.3 12 95.7

The iwhiteness iindex iof ilaccase ibleached isamples iis isignificantly ihigher ithan ithose iof
i simple iconventionally ibleached isamples. iMoreover, ithe iwhiteness iof isamples ibleached iat
i higher itemperatures iis ihigher ithan ithe iwhiteness iindex inoted iat ilower itemperatures. i
Increasing ithe ibleaching itime ican ialso iincrease ithe iwhiteness iof isamples iand iit iremoves
i more icolor ifrom ithe isample. iSo, ifor iproper idyeing, iwe ican iincrease ithe ibleaching iefficiency
i of ifabrics iby iusing ithese imethods. iThese imethods iare ivery ihelpful iin ienhancing ithe
i efficiency iof isubsequent idyeing iand iprinting iprocesses.

40
4.1.2. i iStrength itest
Tensile iStrength
i. iWarp
Table i20 i iTest iof itensile istrength
Sample ino. Breaking iforce Elongation
N mm
1 429.7 29
2 393.33 27.6
3 359.4 23.88
4 332.45 22.39
5 267.67 17.3
6 249.16 15.21
7 442.5 30.7
8 401.7 28.5
9 370.5 26.2
10 343.2 23.8
11 287 19.9
12 259.8 17.1
ii. iWeft
Table i21 i iTest iof itensile istrength
Sample ino. Breaking iforce i i i i i iN Elongation i i i i imm
1 321.1 22.3
2 315.2 19.7
3 290.2 15.2
4 269.7 13.9
5 226.8 10.8
6 211.3 10.1
7 329.6 23.8
8 320.4 20.9
9 301.85 17.3
10 282.6 15.6
11 247.9 12.7
12 227.1 11.9

41
Tear iStrength
Table i22 i iTest iof itear istrength
Sample ino. Warp Weft
N N
1 8.3 6
2 8 5.7
3 7 5.2
4 6.7 4.9
5 6 4.5
6 5.6 4.3
7 8.6 6.3
8 8.2 5.9
9 7.5 5.4
10 7 5
11 6.5 4.7
12 5.9 4.4

The isamples itreated iat ihigh itemperatures ihad ilost itheir i istrength igreatly, itherefore isamples
i should ibe itreated iat ilower itemperatures, iif ipossible. iIncreasing ithe itemperature iof i ibath iwill
i increase ithe iwhiteness iof isamples ibut iit iwill iresult iin iloss iof istrength. iOn ithe iother ihand,
i decreasing ithe itemperature iwill igive igood istrength ibut iit iwill iresult iin ipoor iwhiteness iof
i samples iin iconventional ibleaching. iSo, iwe irecommend ito itreat isamples iwith ilaccase
i enzyme iprior ito iconventional ibleaching iand ithen ibleaching ishould ibe idone iat ilower
i temperatures isay, i30oC iso ithat iwhiteness iand istrength iboth, icould ibe iretained. i i

42
Chapter i05: iConclusion i& iFuture iwork
5.1. iConclusion
This istudy ishows ithat ithe icotton ifabric itreated iwith iLaccase ienzyme iresults inot ionly iin
i more iwhiteness iindex ibut ialso i ihelpful iin ienhancing itear iand itensile istrength. iBy ichanging
i temperature iand itime iof itreatment, ithe istrength iand iwhiteness ican ibe iadjusted ito ithe
i requirement. i iReplacement iof iHydrogen iperoxide ibleaching iwith iLaccase ibleaching isystem
i would inot ionly ilead ito ibetter iproduct iquality ibut ialso isaves ilot iof iwater.
5.2. iSuggestions ifor ifuture iwork
Textile imills iare ilooking ifor isome iprocess iwhich ican iincrease ithe ibleaching iefficiency iof i i
i fabrics iand igood istrength iof ifabrics iis ialso ia igreat idemand iof ithe icustomers. iFuture
i investigation ishould ifocus ion iindustrial iapplications iof ilaccase ienzyme ialong iwith iother
i oxidases ilike iglucose ioxidase. iIt ishould ibe iused iin iindustries ito ireduce iindustrial iwastes iof
i bleaching. iThere iis ia ilot iof istudy ito ibe idone ito ifind iout ihow ican ireducing ithe iamount iof
i basic ichemicals iof ibleaching iand iother iauxiliaries ican iaffect ithe ibleaching iprocess iand ihow
i the iwhiteness iand istrength iresults ican ibe iaffected. i

43
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