Introduction - MassTransfer and Chapter 1 - Gui18sept21

VIETNAM OIL & GAS GROUP
PETROVIETNAM UNIVERSITY
MASS TRANSFER
PPR13305
Lecturer : Dr. Truong Thanh Tuan

Email : tuantt@pvu.edu.vn
CONTENT
• OVERVIEW
• TOPICS COVERED
• ASSESEMENT
• RULES
Dr. Truong Thanh Tuan 2

OVERVIEW
❖ Course number and name: PPR13305 - Mass Transfer

❖ Credit: 3 (Engineering topics)
❖ Textbook:
a. Required:
- Coulson J.M. & Richardson J.F., Chemical Engineering, Volume 1,
six edition, ELBS, Pergamon Press. 2002.
- Coulson J.M. & Richardson J.F., Chemical Engineering, Volume 2,
fifth edition, ELBS, Pergamon Press. 2002.
b. Additional Textbooks (Optional):
- Mass Transfer Operations for the Practicing Engineer. Louis
Theodore and Francesco Ricci, ISBN 978-0-470-57758-5

OVERVIEW
❖ Course Learning Outcomes
Student
At the end of the course, students will be able to
Outcome No.
LO.01 - Understand the underlying mass transfer and
1
thermodynamics principles of separation processes.
LO.02 - Identify, analyze, and solve equilibrium and rate-
based separation problems including distillation, absorption, 1
adsorption, and extraction processes.
LO.03 - Implement selection and calculation of separation
1
processes for a specified feed and desired product streams
❖ Student Outcomes
At the
Chemical engineering graduates must have
No.
an ability to identify, formulate, and solve chemical engineering
1 problems by applying principles of engineering, science, and
mathematics;

Topic Covered
❖ 1. Introduction to Mass Transfer
❖ 2. Modes and Diffusion
❖ 3. Gas Absorption
❖ 4. Distillation
❖ 5. Adsorption
❖ 6. Liquid Extraction
❖ 7. Drying

ASSESSMENT
1. 25% (presentation mark with rubrics)
2. MIDTERM TEST (25%)
3. FINAL TEST – MCQ (50%)

RULES

VIETNAM OIL & GAS GROUP
PETROVIETNAM UNIVERSITY
MASS TRANSFER
PPR13305
Lecturer : Dr. Truong Thanh Tuan

TẬP ĐOÀN DẦU KHÍ VIỆT NAM
TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC DẦU KHÍ VIỆT NAM
Mass Transfer
Chapter 1: Introduction to Mass

Transfer
CBGD : Dr Truong Thanh Tuan

Website : www.pvu.edu.vn/tuantt
10
Objectives
End of this chapter, you should be able to identify:

1.1 Conceptual understanding of the diffusion process
1.2 Fick’s law
1.3 Modes of diffusion
Truong Thanh Tuan, PhD Mass Transfer 11

Diffusion
Diffusion process concerned with:

How matter gets transported from one part of the
system to another due to random molecular
Due to
Random molecular motion
Diffusion
Describes the net movement of molecules from a
region of their high concentration to low concentration

Diffusion
1. Molecules have kinetic energy

2. Molecules move in random direction
3. If there is a greater number of molecules A in region (1)
then more molecules of A will transfer to region (2).
4. Net diffusion of A will be from high concentration
(region 1) to low concentration (region 2)
Diffusion experiment:
Diffusion of gases; hydrochloric acid reacts with ammonia
to make ammonium chloride:

Diffusion

Fick’s First Law of Diffusion

Diffusive transport: rate = constant * driving force
= diffusivity * concentration gradient

Mass transfer coefficients

How get value of D ?
Literature values = measurements then can check with

handbook of Transport Property Data
Or can estimate from physical characteristics


Oxygen gas is flowing through a 10m long circular pipe
with a radius of 16 cm. The concentrations of Oxygen at the
ends of the pipe are 30 kg/m3 and 10kg/m3. The diffusion
constant for O2 at 20oC is 1.8 ˣ 10-5 m2/s.
(a) Calculate the diffusion flow rate.
(b) How many kg of oxygen will flow through this pipe in
15 minutes?
(c) Calculate the concentration gradient
(d) What is the concentration of Oxygen 2m away from the
end of the pipe at high concentration?
(e) How long will take 100kg of Oxygen to travel through
this pipe ?


D = 1.8ˣ10-5 m2/s
J = amount of material/time = kg/s
J = DˣA [C1 – C2] / L
J = (1.8ˣ10-5 m2/s) ˣ (pi * (0.16m2)2) ˣ (30-10) kg/m3 / 10m
J = m2/s ˣ m2 ˣ kg/m3 ˣ 1/m = kg/s
J = 2.9 ˣ 10-6 kg/s

(b) How many kg of oxygen will flow through this
pipe in 15 minutes?

(b) How many kg of oxygen will flow through this pipe in
15 minutes ?
15min/1 ˣ 60s/min ˣ 2.9 ˣ10-6 kg/1s = 2.61 ˣ 10-3 kg

(c) Calculate the concentration gradient?

(c) Calculate the concentration gradient?
detal C / L = (30-10) / 10m = 20 kg/m3 / 10m = 2 kg/m4

(d) What is the concentration of Oxygen 2m away from the end
of the pipe at high concentration?

(d) What is the concentration of Oxygen 2m away from the end
of the pipe at high concentration?

(e) How long will take 100kg of Oxygen to travel through this
pipe ?

(e) How long will take 100kg of Oxygen to travel through this
pipe ?
100 kg /1 ˣ 1s / 2.9ˣ10^-6kg ˣ 1min/60s ˣ 1h/60min ˣ 1day/24hour

=399.1 days

Convection and Diffusion
(1) Convective transport:

v (m/s): Flux velocity, NA (mol/m2,s)
C (mol/m3) Concentration
(2) Diffusive transport:
(3) Total trp = Diffusion + Convection

(1) Total mass transport is the concentration ˣ mass transfer

velocity
(2) What is the velocity ?
Ntot is the movement of A plus the movement of B
This means that mass transfer velocity (V) =
CA: molar concentration of A (kmol/m3)

cA: mass concentration of A (kg/m3)
(3) Rearrange this:
CA/Ctot = yA molar fraction of

component A
(1) Total diffusion equation in mole fraction form
(2) Two special cases:

Equimolar counter diff.
 The entire convective part disappears that called equimolar counter

diffusion
Diff. in stagnant component

(1) Two special case

Equimolar Counter Diffusion
The same number of moles that diffuses out must also diffuse
in. Each Br2 molecule that diffuses out, one air molecule must
diffuse in
The entire parenthesis disappears, so there is no convection
Then you get the simple equation

We can integrate the equation
Then you get this equation
Concentration gradient ? (A is the substance diffusing out) What does it look

like ?

Concentration gradient ? (A is the substance diffusing out) What does it
look like ?

Equimolar Counter Diffusion (Example)
Do an example looking at two containers. Both containing gas. One with only
ammonia and one with 50% ammonia and 50% air. Your task: calculate the initial
mass transfer rate.

The equation can be integrated. We have concentration and we have gases. How
do we deal with that ?

We use the ideal gas law:


Diffusion through stagnant
We have concentration and we have gases. How do we deal with that ?

=>
𝑃
yA= 𝑃𝐴 ⇒ 𝑦𝐴⨯PT=PA ⇒ dyA ⨯PT=dPA
𝑇
=>

Concentration gradient ? (A is the
substance diffusing out) What does it look
like ?

Concentration gradient ? (A is the substance

diffusing out) What does it look like ?

TẬP ĐOÀN DẦU KHÍ VIỆT NAM
TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC DẦU KHÍ VIỆT NAM
Mass Transfer
Chapter 2: Modes of diffusion
CBGD : Dr Truong Thanh Tuan

Website : www.pvu.edu.vn/tuantt
45
Objectives
End of this chapter, you should be able to identify:

1. Multi-components mixture, correction of diffusivity
2. Diffusion in varying cross section area
3. Diffusivity coefficient in liquid and gas
4. Mass transfer theory

Modes of diffusion

Modes of diffusion
Stagnant diffusion (Mass transfer through a stationary second component):

Modes of diffusion

Modes of diffusion
Dalton's Law of partial pressures:
is known as the drift factor.

Modes of diffusion
Example: Ammonia gas is diffusing at a constant rate through a layer of stagnant

air 1 mm thick. Conditions are such that the gas contains 50 percent by volume
ammonia at one boundary of the stagnant layer. The ammonia diffusing to the
other boundary is quickly absorbed and the concentration is negligible at that plane.
The temperature is 295 K and the pressure atmospheric, and under these
conditions the diffusivity of ammonia in air is 0.18 cm2/s. Estimate the rate of
diffusion of ammonia through the layer.

Modes of diffusion
If the subscripts 1 and 2 refer to the two sides of the stagnant layer and the
subscripts A and B refer to ammonia and air respectively, then the rate of diffusion
through a stagnant layer is given by:

Maxwell’s Law for multicomponent mass
transfer
Example: A sphere of naphthalene having a radius of 2 mm is suspended in a large
volume of still air at 318 K and 101.3 kPa. The surface temperature of naphthalene
can be assumed to be 318 K and its vapour pressure at this temperature is 0.555
mmHg. The diffusivity of naphthalene in air at 318 K is 6.92 * 10-6 m2/s. Calculate
the rate of naphthalene evaporation from surface.

transfer
Example: A sphere of naphthalene having a radius of 2 mm is suspended in a large
volume of still air at 318 K and 101.3 kPa. The surface temperature of naphthalene
can be assumed to be 318 K and its vapour pressure at this temperature is 0.555
mmHg. The diffusivity of naphthalene in air at 318 K is 6.92 * 10-6 m2/s. Calculate
the rate of naphthalene evaporation from surface.
Truong Thanh Tuan, PhD Mass Transfer

Modes of diffusion
Counter diffusion:
i. Equimolecular counter diffusion:
equimolecular counter diffusion:

Modes of diffusion
Example: In an air-carbon dioxide mixture at 298 K and 202.6 kPa, the

concentration of CO2 at two planes (3 mm) apart are 15 vol.% and 25 vol.%.
The diffusivity of CO2 in air at 298 K and 202.6 kPa is 8.2*10-6 m2/s. Calculate
the rate of transfer of CO2 across the two planes, assuming:
a. Equimolecular counter diffusion.
b. Diffusion of CO2 through a stagnant air layer.

Modes of diffusion

Modes of diffusion
Counter diffusion:
i. Equimolecular counter diffusion:
ii. Unequimolecular counter diffusion:
unequimolecular counter diffusion:

Modes of diffusion
Species A in a gaseous mixture diffuses through a (3 mm) thick film and reaches a
catalyst surface where the reaction A → 3B takes place. If the partial pressure of A
in the bulk of the gas is 8.5 kN/m2 and the diffusivity of A is 2*10-5 m2/s. Find the
mole flux of A, given the pressure and temperature of the system are 101.3 kPa
and 297 K, respectively.

Modes of diffusion

transfer
Applied to the diffusion of a constituent of a multicomponent gas.

The transfer of component A through a stationary gas consisting of components B,
C, D, ... etc
Where: DAm is the effective diffusivity of A in the mixture

transfer
Example: Nitrogen is diffusing under steady condition through a mixture of 2% N2,
20% C2H6 , 30% C2H4 and 48% C4H10 at 298 K and 100 kPa. The partial pressure
of nitrogen at two planes (1 mm ) apart are 13.3 & 6.67 kPa, respectively.
Calculate the rate of N2 across the two planes. The diffusivity of N2 through C4H10 ,
C2H6 and C2H4 may be taken as 9.6*10-6 m2/s , 14.8*10-6 m2/s and 16.3*10-6
m2/s, respectively.

transfer
1.196 x 10-5
3.56 x 10-5

Mass transfer theory

The Two-Film Theory

The rate of mass transfer per unit area in terms of the two-film theory for
equimolecular counter diffusion is given for the first phase as:
In the form of partial pressure:

The rate of mass transfer per unit area from the gas film
The rate of mass transfer per unit area from the liquid film:
Where:

Since the film thickness Zg Where:

and ZL are difficult to define
or estimate, then we rewrite
the above equations as
follow:
But: PAi and CAi are difficult to

measure, therefore we define
the overall mass transfer
coefficient:

The Relationships between the various mass transfer coefficients
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)



Process Control
Example: For a system in which component (A) is transferring from the liquid to
the gas phase, the equilibrium is given by yA* = 0.75 xA. At one point in the
apparatus the liquid contain 90 mol% of (A) and gas contain 45 mol% of (A). The
individual gas film mass transfer coefficient at this point in the apparatus of
0.02716 kmol/m2.s , and 70% of the overall resistance to mass transfer is known
to be encountered in the gas film: determine:
1. The molar flux of (A).
2. The interficial concentration of (A).
3. The overall mass transfer coefficient for liquid and gas phases.

(1)
Giải thích vấn đề dừng lại trước khi kết thúc tiết học trước:
Sử dụng pt (1) vì đơn vị KOG đang làm kmol/m2.s

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VIETNAM OIL & GAS GROUP

Lecturer : Dr. Truong Thanh Tuan

Dr. Truong Thanh Tuan 2

❖ Course number and name: PPR13305 - Mass Transfer

Dr. Truong Thanh Tuan 3

Dr. Truong Thanh Tuan 4

❖ 1. Introduction to Mass Transfer

❖ 2. Modes and Diffusion

Dr. Truong Thanh Tuan 5

1. 25% (presentation mark with rubrics)

2. MIDTERM TEST (25%)

3. FINAL TEST – MCQ (50%)

Dr. Truong Thanh Tuan 6

Dr. Truong Thanh Tuan 7

Lecturer : Dr. Truong Thanh Tuan

Chapter 1: Introduction to Mass

CBGD : Dr Truong Thanh Tuan

End of this chapter, you should be able to identify:

Truong Thanh Tuan, PhD Mass Transfer 11

Diffusion process concerned with:

Truong Thanh Tuan, PhD Mass Transfer 12

1. Molecules have kinetic energy

Truong Thanh Tuan, PhD Mass Transfer 13

Truong Thanh Tuan, PhD Mass Transfer 14

Truong Thanh Tuan, PhD Mass Transfer 15

Truong Thanh Tuan, PhD Mass Transfer 16

Truong Thanh Tuan, PhD Mass Transfer 17

Literature values = measurements then can check with

Or can estimate from physical characteristics

Truong Thanh Tuan, PhD Mass Transfer 18

Truong Thanh Tuan, PhD Mass Transfer 19

Truong Thanh Tuan, PhD Mass Transfer 20

Truong Thanh Tuan, PhD Mass Transfer 21

Truong Thanh Tuan, PhD Mass Transfer 22

Truong Thanh Tuan, PhD Mass Transfer 23

Truong Thanh Tuan, PhD Mass Transfer 24

Truong Thanh Tuan, PhD Mass Transfer 25

detal C / L = (30-10) / 10m = 20 kg/m3 / 10m = 2 kg/m4

Truong Thanh Tuan, PhD Mass Transfer 26

Truong Thanh Tuan, PhD Mass Transfer 27

Truong Thanh Tuan, PhD Mass Transfer 28

Truong Thanh Tuan, PhD Mass Transfer 29

100 kg /1 ˣ 1s / 2.9ˣ10^-6kg ˣ 1min/60s ˣ 1h/60min ˣ 1day/24hour

Truong Thanh Tuan, PhD Mass Transfer 30

(1) Convective transport:

(2) Diffusive transport:

(3) Total trp = Diffusion + Convection

Truong Thanh Tuan, PhD Mass Transfer 31

(1) Total mass transport is the concentration ˣ mass transfer

This means that mass transfer velocity (V) =

CA: molar concentration of A (kmol/m3)

(3) Rearrange this:

CA/Ctot = yA molar fraction of

(1) Total diffusion equation in mole fraction form

(2) Two special cases:

 The entire convective part disappears that called equimolar counter

Truong Thanh Tuan, PhD Mass Transfer 33

(1) Two special case

Truong Thanh Tuan, PhD Mass Transfer 34

The entire parenthesis disappears, so there is no convection

Then you get the simple equation

Truong Thanh Tuan, PhD Mass Transfer 35