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Linear CW Modulation: Assoc Prof. Dr. Ho Van Khuong Tele. Dept., HCMUT Email: A
Linear CW Modulation: Assoc Prof. Dr. Ho Van Khuong Tele. Dept., HCMUT Email: A
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Continuous Wave Modulation (1)
Modulation is the systematic alteration of one waveform, called the
carrier, according to the characteristics of another waveform, the
modulating signal or message. The goal is to produce an information
bearing modulated waveform best suited to the given communication task.
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Continuous Wave Modulation (2)
b) Exponential CW-modulation
FM frequency modulation
PM phase modulation
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Continuous Wave Modulation (3)
Example of Analog Modulation Methods
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Continuous Wave Modulation (4)
Assumptions:
Assumptions of information signal x(t) are as follows
Bandlimited:
Normalized:
Tone Modulation:
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AM Modulation (1)
AM-Signal in time domain:
AM-signal (modulated
envelope):
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AM Modulation (2)
100 % modulation: μ = 1
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AM Modulation (3)
AM-Signal in Frequency Domain
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AM Modulation (4)
Power of AM-Signal:
Average transmitted power is:
Then,
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AM Modulation (5)
It follows from the condition |μ x(t)| ≤ 1 that
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DSB-Modulation (1)
DSB: double-sideband suppressed-carrier modulation: two
sidebands, suppressed carrier
In frequency domain:
In Time domain:
Envelope:
Phase:
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DSB-Modulation (2)
Note: Envelope itself cannot be used for detection because of the phase
reversal
• Detection is more difficult than in the case of AM
• DSB conserves power but requires complicated demodulation
circuitry, whereas AM requires increased power to permit
simple envelope detection.
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DSB-Modulation (3)
Power of DSB-signal:
All of the average transmitted power is used for information transition.
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Tone Modulation and Phasor Analysis (1)
Setting
DSB:
AM:
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Tone Modulation and Phasor Analysis (2)
Phasor analysis is helpful for studying effects of transmission
distortion and interference:
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Tone Modulation and Phasor Analysis (3)
Suppose that a transmission channel completely removes the lower
sideband, then we obtain a phasor as:
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SSB-Modulation (1)
SSB: Single-sideband (suppressed-sideband)
=> The upper and lower sidebands of DSB are symmetric about the
carrier frequency, so either one contains all the message information.
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SSB-Modulation (2)
SSB spectra:
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SSB-Modulation (3)
Tone-modulation:
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Hilbert Transform (1)
Hilbert transform is useful when analysing the SSB modulation. We
will also see in what follows the relationship between Hilbert
transform and analytic signals.
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Hilbert Transform (2)
Now, let the input signal to a quadrature filter be x(t). Then, the output
signal xˆ(t) is defined to be the Hilbert-transform of x(t):
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Hilbert Transform (3)
Hilbert-transform – properties:
A signal x(t) and its Hilbert transform xˆ(t) have the same
amplitude spectrum. In addition, the energy or power in a signal
and in its Hilbert transform are also equal.
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Hilbert Transform (4)
Examples:
(a) The Hilbert-transform for a sinusoidal signal corresponds to 90°
phase-shift:
Then,
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SSB Modulation: Analysis with Arbitrary Message (1)
We begin with the general DSB-modulated signal:
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SSB Modulation: Analysis with Arbitrary Message (2)
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SSB Modulation: Analysis with Arbitrary Message (3)
Then, the output of the ideal filter:
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SSB Modulation: Analysis with Arbitrary Message (4)
Lowpass – bandpass transformation yields:
This means that we can represent the SSB-modulated signal with in-
phase and quadrature-phase components as:
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SSB Modulation: Analysis with Arbitrary Message (5)
Example: SSB with pulse modulation
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SSB Modulation: Analysis with Arbitrary Message (6)
Remarks:
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Analytic Signal
An analytic signal, in general, is a signal which has only positive
frequency components. Thus, its frequency spectrum is zero when f < 0.
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VSB Modulation (1)
VSB (Vestigial sideband): A compromise between DSB and SSB:
Bandwidth closer to SSB
Easier to implement than SSB
The message can include also small frequencies
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VSB Modulation (2)
One sideband is passed almost completely, while just a trace, or a
vestige, of the other sideband is included.
If we take the USB case, the sideband filter transfer function H(f) has
to fulfil:
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VSB Modulation (3)
The filter transition band is symmetric with respect to fc in a way that:
Usually, we want that the transfer function HT(f) of the total chain
(transmitter + receiver) is symmetric in a way that:
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VSB Modulation (4)
VSB signal in time domain
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VSB Modulation (5)
VSB+C (VSB & carrier)
Time domain waveform:
The envelope is
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VSB Modulation (6)
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I/Q Modulation or QAM
QAM: Quadrature Amplitude Modulation.
Assuming that the bandwidths of the two messages are the same, the
bandwidth of the QAM signal equals the DSB bandwidth. Then, if it is
necessary to transmit two messages, QAM has the SSB bandwidth
efficiency.
This QAM modulation principle is used commonly as follows:
PAL and NTSC colour TV systems are partially based on QAM
QAM is used extensively in digital communications (will be studied
later)
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Frequency Conversion and Linear Demodulation
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Envelope Detection (for AM)
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Synchronous Detection (1)
The local oscillator signal is synchronized in phase and frequency with
the carrier.
A generalized AM-/DSB-/SSB-/VSB-signal:
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Synchronous Detection (2)
Here, KD is a detector specific constant. If needed, the DC-term can be
filtered out.
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Synchronous Detection of a VSB Signal
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Carrier Synchronization
In a good-quality synchronous detection, the local oscillator signal is
exactly synchronized to the carrier in both frequency and phase. The
synchronization can be based on:
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Phase & Frequency Errors in Synchronous Detection (1)
The local oscillator signal:
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Phase & Frequency Errors in Synchronous Detection (2)
If the LO phase is drifting: φ‘ ≠ 0, ω‘ = 0
with SSB, the phase errors appear as delay distortion (extreme case:
delay of 90 degrees ⇒ output signal becomes the Hilbert transform
of the input signal). However, human ear can tolerate rather high
delay distortions ⇒ no serious effect in speech signals
with DSB, the amplitude is varying 0 ... KD (if phase error is + or –
90 degrees, the amplitude vanishes completely) ⇒ an apparent
fading effect.
If the LO frequency is drifting: ω‘ ≠ 0, φ‘ = 0
with SSB the frequency is changing ⇒ the harmonic structure of
speech is distorted, tolerable error ± 10 Hz.
with DSB, a pair of frequency tones is produced ⇒ worse than with
SSB.
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Phase & Frequency Errors in Synchronous Detection (3)
Summary: phase and frequency synchronization requirements are rather
modest for voice transmission via SSB. But in data, facsimile and video
systems with suppressed carrier, careful synchronization is a must.
Consequently, TV broadcasting employs VSB+C rather than suppressed
carrier VSB.
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Synchronization Errors in QAM
In the case of QAM, the in-phase and quadrature modulated signals can be
separated only if the local oscillator is well synchronized to the carrier.
Phase error in local oscillator causes leakage. For instance, 900 phase error
changes the I to Q signal and vice versa.
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