Calculation of Loads and Pressures On Concrete Formwork - Civil Engineering Forum

4/18/2021 Calculation of Loads and Pressures on Concrete Formwork - Civil Engineering Forum
STRUCTURES CONCRETE  ANALYSIS STRUCTURAL  GEOTECHNICAL  CONSTRUCTION
MANAGEMENT REPAIR
Search … 
CALCULATION OF LOADS AND PRESSURES ON CONCRETE

FORMWORK
 February 18, 2017  TeamCivil  Construction
TOP POSTS
Calculation of Loads
and Pressures on
Concrete Formwork
Concrete Repair and

Maintenance System
In concrete construction, forms are extremely important as they mold Splitting Tensile
Strength of Concrete
the concrete to the required size
and shape. When it comes to construction, forms have to be designed Procedure of
properly to provide safe support to loads incurred during the process of Structural Design
building.

https://www.civilengineeringforum.me/calculation-loads-pressures-concrete-formwork/ 1/8
The possible loads that might act on formwork are many. In this article, Objectives of a
these types of loads are outlined along with the method of their Building Code
calculation.
1- Vertical Loads
Vertical loads acting on the formwork include the self-weight of the

forms, the placed reinforcement, the weight of fresh concrete, the
weight of the workers, and the weight of placing equipment and tools.
For concretes with normal reinforcement ratios, the dead load is usually
estimated at 22 to 25 kN/m3. Thus, an 16 cm normal weight slab would
exert a dead load of 25 kN/m3 x 0.16 m = 4 kN/m2 on a horizontal
formwork. However, in cases where the reinforcement appears to be
heavy, the weights of materials should be computed separately to
determine the actual unit weight. LET'S STAY IN TOUCH!
The American Concrete Institute, ACI Committee 347, states that Join our newsletter so that we
horizontal formworks should be designed for a minimum vertical live reach out to you with the all the
load of 2.39 kPa to account for the loads of workers and their tools such latest Civil Engineering updates.
as vibrators and screeds. This value is increased to 3.59 kPa if motorized

carts or buggies are utilized. Enter your e-mail address
Additionally, ACI recommends that the minimum combined total design SUBSCRIBE
dead and live load should not be less than 4.79 kPa or 6 kPa when
using motorized buggies.
Finally, the own weight of formwork is determined by using the unit

weight of its material and the exact dimensions of its various parts. It is
worth noting that the weight of formworks is far less than the dead load
of the concrete and the construction live loads. Therefore, an allowance
is assumed as superimposed load per square meter.
At the beginning of formwork design, the engineer can assume an initial

weight for the formwork between 0.24-0.72 kPa as a starting value. Then,
this value is checked and revised when the exact members’ sizes are
determined.
2- Lateral Pressures of Concrete on Formwork

Unlike horizontal formworks, vertical formworks, such as those for walls

and columns, are subjected to internal lateral pressure from
the accumulated depth of concrete placed. When placing, fresh concrete
near the top or sometimes at greater depths acts as a liquid during
vibration and generates lateral pressures equal to the vertical liquid
head.
On contrast, the lateral pressures are less than the liquid head at depths
below the controlled depth of vibration due to many factors. For
instance, for a slow vertical placement rate, the concrete mass in the
lower part has the time to start setting and sti ening. The friction
between concrete and form, migration of pore water, and other factors
may also reduce the resulting lateral pressures.
The next gure indicates the distribution of the pressures as revealed by

tests. The pressure starts as a liquid pressure near the top and reaching
a maximum at some lower level. In the design practice, this maximum
value is usually assumed for the rest of the height. This is a conservative
approach.
Typical and assumed distributions of concrete lateral pressure.
ACI Committee 347 stated that the following equation can be used to

calculate the concrete lateral pressure if the slump of fresh concrete

slump value is greater than 175 mm and it was not placed with normal
internal vibration to a depth of 1.2 m or less:
P = ρgh ; where:
P: Lateral pressure of concrete, kPa – : Concrete density, Kg/m3 – g:

Gravity acceleration, 9.81 m2/s – h: Depth of plastic concrete from
placement location to the speci ed point, m
For concretes with a slump value of less than 175 mm and placed with
normal vibration to a depth of 1.2 m or less, ACI Committee 347 de nes
the lateral pressure of concrete as:
a- For Columns (vertical elements with no plan dimensions surpass 2 m)
with minimum of 30Cw kPa and not

greater than ρgh.
where:
Pm: Maximum lateral pressure of concrete, kPa – Cw: Coe cient of unit
weight (described below) – Cc: Coe cient of chemistry (described below)
– R: Concrete placement rate, m/h – T: Concrete temperature at placing,
o
C
b- For Walls (vertical elements with at least one plan dimension larger than

2 m)

This case is for walls with placement rate of less than 2.1 m/h and a
placement height equal or less than 4.2 m.
with minimum of 30Cw kPa and not

greater than ρgh
c- For Walls (vertical elements with at least one plan dimension larger than 2
m)
This case is for walls with placement rate of greater than 2.1 m/h and a
placement height greater than 4.2 m.
with minimum of 30Cw kPa and

not greater than ρgh
Next the values of Cw and Cc are given:
Unit weight of concrete Cw
Cw=0.5[1+(w/2320 Kg/m3)] but not

Less than 2240 Kg/m3
less than 0.80
2240 to 2400 Kg/m3 1.0
More than 2400 Kg/m3 Cw=w / 2320 Kg/m3
Cement type Cc
Type I, II, and III without retardersa 1.0
Type I, II, and III with a retardera 1.2
Other types or blends containing less than 70 percent slag

1.2
or 40 percent y ash without retardersa
Other types or blend containing less than 70 percent slag

1.4
or 40 percent y ash with a retarder1 
Blends containing more than 70 percent slag or 40 percent 1.4

y ash
a Retarders include any admixture, such as a retarder, retarding water

reducer, retarding mid-range water reducing admixture, or high-range
water-reducing admixture (superplasticizer), that delays setting of concrete.
To complete the picture, the pressure that acts on the column forms is
transferred to the external tie elements on the adjacent sides of the
form. Also, for walls, it is transferred from plywood, studs, or wales to
the tension ties that link the two opposite sides of the form. The
following gures illustrates some elements that are essential for
resisting the external lateral pressure that tends to overturn the wall,
column, or slab forms.
Schematic bracing of wall formwork
Schematic bracing of slab formwork
3- Horizontal Loads on Formworks
Horizontal loads are caused by forces such as wind loads, seismic

loads, inclined supports, and inclined dumping of concrete.

ACI Committee 347 recommends the minimum horizontal loads for

design to prevent lateral collapse of the formwork to be of the greater of
:
1.5 kN per linear meter of oor edge or;
2% of total dead load on the form distributed as a uniform load per

meter of slab edge
For wall forms, bracing should be designed to meet the minimum wind
load requirements of ASCE 7-05 with wind velocity adjustment for
shorter recurrence interval as provided in ASCE 37-02.
Share this:
           
Related
Loads on Falsework and Formwork Materials Causes of Formwork

Formwork In "Construction" Failures
In "Construction" In "Construction"
CONCRETE FORMWORK LOADS PRESSURES CONCRETE FORMWORK
« Types of Concrete Admixtures

Portland Cement: Compounds and Hydration »
2 COMMENTS
lnyang Anie ok Idongesit says:

February 25, 2017 at 11:27 am
I really appreciate this post God bless.


Log in to Reply
Educademy CE says:
February 26, 2017 at 12:38 am
Thank you very much for your support
Log in to Reply
LEAVE A REPLY
You must be logged in to post a comment.
April 17, 2021 / 9:24 pm TERMS OF SERVICE PRIVACY POLICY CONTACT US ABOUT
Copyright © 2015-2021 Civil Engineering Forum. All Rights Reserved.


Calculation of Loads and Pressures On Concrete Formwork - Civil Engineering Forum

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Calculation of Loads and Pressures On Concrete Formwork - Civil Engineering Forum

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

4/18/2021 Calculation of Loads and Pressures on Concrete Formwork - Civil Engineering Forum

STRUCTURES CONCRETE  ANALYSIS STRUCTURAL  GEOTECHNICAL  CONSTRUCTION

CALCULATION OF LOADS AND PRESSURES ON CONCRETE

Concrete Repair and

Vertical loads acting on the formwork include the self-weight of the

as vibrators and screeds. This value is increased to 3.59 kPa if motorized

Finally, the own weight of formwork is determined by using the unit

At the beginning of formwork design, the engineer can assume an initial

2- Lateral Pressures of Concrete on Formwork

Unlike horizontal formworks, vertical formworks, such as those for walls

The next gure indicates the distribution of the pressures as revealed by

Typical and assumed distributions of concrete lateral pressure.

ACI Committee 347 stated that the following equation can be used to

P: Lateral pressure of concrete, kPa – : Concrete density, Kg/m3 – g:

a- For Columns (vertical elements with no plan dimensions surpass 2 m)

with minimum of 30Cw kPa and not

b- For Walls (vertical elements with at least one plan dimension larger than

with minimum of 30Cw kPa and not

with minimum of 30Cw kPa and

Next the values of Cw and Cc are given:

Unit weight of concrete Cw

Cw=0.5[1+(w/2320 Kg/m3)] but not

2240 to 2400 Kg/m3 1.0

More than 2400 Kg/m3 Cw=w / 2320 Kg/m3

Type I, II, and III without retardersa 1.0

Type I, II, and III with a retardera 1.2

Other types or blends containing less than 70 percent slag

Other types or blend containing less than 70 percent slag

Blends containing more than 70 percent slag or 40 percent 1.4

a Retarders include any admixture, such as a retarder, retarding water

Schematic bracing of wall formwork

Schematic bracing of slab formwork

3- Horizontal Loads on Formworks

Horizontal loads are caused by forces such as wind loads, seismic

ACI Committee 347 recommends the minimum horizontal loads for

1.5 kN per linear meter of oor edge or;

2% of total dead load on the form distributed as a uniform load per

Loads on Falsework and Formwork Materials Causes of Formwork

CONCRETE FORMWORK LOADS PRESSURES CONCRETE FORMWORK

« Types of Concrete Admixtures

lnyang Anie ok Idongesit says:

I really appreciate this post God bless.

Thank you very much for your support

You must be logged in to post a comment.

Copyright © 2015-2021 Civil Engineering Forum. All Rights Reserved.

You might also like