Fluids Mechanics

Is the branch of mechanics whose primary concern is

to analyze the behavior of forces in fluids under the
condition of equilibrium and acceleration.
Fluid
1. Gas/Air 2. Liquid

Greek Letters
Αα = APLHA Ιι = IOTA Ρρ = RHO
Ββ = BETA Κκ = KAPPA Σσ = SIGMA
Γγ = GAMMA Λλ = LAMBDA Ττ = TAU
Δδ = DELTA Μμ = MU Υυ = UPSILON
Εε = EPSILON Νν = NU Φϕ = PHI
Ζζ = ZETA Ξξ = XI Χχ = CHI
Ηη = ETA Οο = OMICRON Ψψ = PSI
Θθ = THETA Ππ = PI Ωω = OMEGA
 REVIEW
QUANTITY/DIMENSION
In Physics, we studied that Quantity, known as
Dimension, refers to the size, magnitude and direction of a certain
matter which can be obtained through measurements or
experiments. The usual examples of Dimension are forces,
Pressure, weight, mass, time, temperature and velocity. Despite of
the numerous dimensions which may encounter under the field of
Physics, majority of the discussions covered in this book is focused
on the principles of forces.
SYSTEM OF UNIT
A quantity is normally expressed in Unit to help us
identify the nature of the given dimension (e.g. second for time,
Newton for force and weight, a slug for mass, pounds per square
foot for velocity etc.). Familiarization of the types of Systems of
Units is required to avoid unit inconsistencies.
 Systems of Units
1.) Metric System
The official system of measurement in almost every country in
the world

Common Quantities used with their

respective Units
Quantity Base Unit Standard Unit S.U. Symbol
distance meter meter m
Area square meter square meter m2
Volume cubic meter cubic meter m3
mass gram kilogram kg

time second second s

force newton newton N
work energy joule joule J
power watt watt W
velocity meter/second meter/second m/s
 Systems of Units
2.) English System
The US English System of measurement grew out of the manner
in which people secured measurements using body parts and familiar objects

Common Quantities used with their

respective Units
Quantity Base Unit Symbol
distance Foot ft
Area Square foot ft 2
Volume Cubic foot ft 3

mass slug slug

time second s
force pound # or lbs
work /energy foot-pound ft(lbs)
foot. pound ft(lbs)
power
second s
velocity foot/second ft/s
 English Unit Conversion Equivalence
1.) Quantity: Length 2.) Quantity: Weight
1 foot (ft) = 12 inches (in) 1 pound (lb) = 16 ounces (oz)
1 yard (yd) = 3 feet 1 ton = 2000 pounds
1 mile (mi) = 5280 feet 3.) Quantity: Temperature
1 mile = 1760 yards 1 °R = 1℉ + 460

Metric to English/English to Metric Conversion

1.) Quantity: Length/distance: 3.) Quantity: Work, Energy and Power:
1 inch=2.54 cm 1 joule=1 N.m
1 km=0.621 mile 1 watt=1 joule/sec
1 m=3.28 ft 1 HP=746 watts
1 m=39.4 inches
4.) Quantity: Forces, Mass and Weight:
1 mile=1.61 km
1 N=1 (kg.m)/s2
1 mile=5280 ft
1 kg=9.81N
1 nautical mile=6,080 ft
1 pound=4.45 N
1 yard= 3 ft
1 N=100,000 dyne
2.) Quantity: Volume: 5.) Quantity: Pressure/ Stress:
1 cubic meter (m3) =1000 liter 1 Pascal=1 N/m2
1 cubic meter=35.5 cubic feet (ft3) 1 kPa=1 kN/m2
1 cubic foot=7.481 gallons 1 MPa=1 N/mm2
1 atmosphere (atm) =14.7 lbs/in2 (psi)
1 atm=760 mm.Hg
 Properties of Fluids
1.) Unit/Specific Weight 𝑤 = weight
𝑤 𝑘𝑁 𝑁 𝑙𝑏𝑠 𝑉 = volume
𝛾= ⟶ 3 𝑜𝑟 (𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐) ⟶ (𝐸𝑛𝑔)
𝑉 𝑚 𝑚𝑚3 𝑓𝑡 3 𝑚 = mass
𝛾 = unit weight
2.) Mass Density for Liquid 𝜌 = mass density
𝑚 𝑘𝑔 𝑆𝑙𝑢𝑔 𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠 = Absolute pressure
𝜌= ⟶ (𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐) ⟶ (𝐸𝑛𝑔)
𝑉 𝑚3 𝑓𝑡 3 𝑅= Constant Gas
3.) Mass Density for Gas 𝐽 𝑙𝑏−𝑓𝑡
= 287 𝑘𝑔 = 1716 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔
ൗ°𝐾 ൗ°𝑅
𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠 𝑘𝑔 𝑆𝑙𝑢𝑔 𝑇 = Absolute Temperature in
𝜌= ⟶ (𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐) ⟶ (𝐸𝑛𝑔)
𝑅𝑇 𝑚 3 𝑓𝑡 3 °𝐾 𝑜𝑟 °𝑅
4.) Specific Volume °𝐾 = ℃ + 273
°𝑅 = ℉ + 460
1 𝑚3 𝑓𝑡 3 𝑉𝑠 = Specific Volume
𝑉𝑠 = ⟶ (𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐) ⟶ (𝐸𝑛𝑔) 𝐺 = Specific Gravity
𝜌 𝑘𝑔 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔
5.) Specific Gravity 𝛾𝑓 = Unit weight of the fluid
𝛾𝑤 = Unit weight of water
𝛾𝑓 𝜌𝑓 𝛾𝑤 = 9.81 𝑘𝑁ൗ 3 = 62.4 𝑙𝑏ൗ 3
𝐺= = ⟶ 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝐷𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑚 𝑓𝑡
𝛾𝑤 𝜌𝑤 𝜌𝑓 = mass density of the fluid
𝜌𝑤 = mass density of water
𝑘𝑔 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔
𝜌𝑤 = 1000 ൗ 3 = 1.94 ൘𝑓𝑡 3
𝑚
 Application in Fluids
FORCE: Process Metric English

𝐹 = 𝛾𝑉 ⟶ 𝑘𝑁 ⟶ 𝑙𝑏𝑠

𝐹
DISTRIBUTED FORCES

𝑘𝑁 𝑙𝑏𝑠
𝜔 = 𝛾𝐴 ⟶ ⟶
𝑚 𝑓𝑡

𝑘𝑁 𝑙𝑏𝑠
𝜔 = 𝛾𝐴 ⟶ ⟶
𝑚 𝑓𝑡

AREA/SURFACE FORCES

𝑘𝑁 𝑙𝑏𝑠
𝜔 = 𝛾ℎ ⟶ ⟶
𝑚2 𝑓𝑡 2
𝑃 = 𝛾ℎ (PRESSURE)
Problem 1
The specific gravity of certain oil is 0.82. Calculate its
a.) specific weight in Lb/ft3 and kN/m3
b.) mass density in slugs/ft3 and kg/m3
Solution
(a)
?
ENGLISH 0.82
𝑊? 𝛾𝑓 𝑙𝑏𝑠
𝛾𝑓 = ;𝐺= 62.4 ; 𝛾𝑓 = 51.17 3
𝑉 𝛾𝑊 𝑓𝑡

METRIC
0.82
𝛾𝑓 9.81 𝑘𝑁
𝐺= ; 𝛾𝑓 = 8.04 3
𝛾𝑊 𝑚
(b)
?
ENGLISH 0.82
𝑚? 𝜌𝑓 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔
𝜌𝑓 = ;𝐺= 1.94 ; 𝜌𝑓 = 1.59
𝑉 𝜌𝑊 𝑓𝑡 3

METRIC
0.82
𝜌𝑓 1000 𝑘𝑔
𝐺= ; 𝜌𝑓 = 820
𝜌𝑊 𝑚3
Problem 2
A lead cube has a total mass of 80 kg. what is the length of its side? Sp. Gr. Of
lead=11.3.
Ans.) 19.2 cm
Therefore 80
𝑥 =?
3
𝑚 𝑥
Solution 𝜌=
𝑉
Cube Volume 11,300
𝑉 = 𝑥3 100 𝑐𝑚
𝑥 = 0.1920 𝑚
1𝑚
Mass Density 80
𝑚 𝑥3 𝑥 = 19.2 𝑐𝑚
𝜌=
? 𝑉

Specific Gravity
𝜌
𝐺= ; 𝜌 = 11,300 𝑘𝑔
𝜌𝑊
11.3
1000
 Principle of Equality
Case in Point:
(1) 𝑥=𝑦
𝑥 =𝑦+4
4+𝑥 =𝑦+4 ⟶𝑥 =𝑦
(2) 𝑥=𝑦
𝑥= 𝑦
𝑥= 𝑦⟶𝑥=𝑦
(3) 𝑥=𝑦
𝑥5 = 𝑦
𝑥5 = 𝑦5 ⟶ 𝑥 = 𝑦
(4) 𝑥=𝑦
𝑥
=𝑦
10
𝑥 𝑦
= ⟶𝑥=𝑦
10 10
(5) 𝑥=𝑦
𝑥=𝑦 𝑁 ⟶𝑥=𝑦
1
𝑥=𝑦 ⟶𝑥=𝑦
𝑁
Problem 3
If the specific volume of a certain gas is 0.7848 m^3/kg, what is its Specific weight/
Unit weight

𝑊 𝑚
Solution = 𝑔
? 𝑉 𝑉
Unit Weight
𝑊? 𝛾 𝜌
𝛾𝑓 =
𝑉
Therefore 1.27
Specific Volume 𝑁
𝛾 = 𝜌𝑔 = 12.46
1 𝑘𝑔 𝑚3
𝑉𝑠 = ; 𝜌𝑓 = 1.27 3
𝜌𝑓 𝑚 9.81
0.7848 Corresponding Unit
Review from Physics:
𝑁
Relationship between “weight” and “mass” 𝑘𝑔 𝑚
𝜌𝑔 =
𝑚 𝑚3 𝑠 2
𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔 ⟶ 𝑁 = 𝑘𝑔 2
𝑠
Using Principle of Equality
1
𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔
𝑉
Problem 4
Air is kept at a pressure of 200 kPa absolute and a temperature of 30˚C in a 500-
liter container, what is the mass of air?
Ans.) 1.15 kg
Solution
? 200 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑚 𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠 𝐽
𝜌= ; 𝜌= ; 𝑅 = 287 ; 𝑇 = 30°𝐶 + 273 = 303 °𝐾
𝑉 𝑅𝑇 𝑘𝑔ൗ
500 𝐿 ⟶ 𝑚3 °𝐾

IMPORTANT NOTE:
Conversion of Units
𝑘𝑁 𝑁 𝑁
1 𝑘𝑃𝑎 = 1 2 ; 1 𝑃𝑎 = 1 2 ; 1 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 1
𝑚 𝑚 𝑚𝑚2
1 𝐽 = 1 𝑁. 𝑚
1 𝑚3 = 1000 𝐿
2.30
𝑚 ; 𝑚 = 1.15 𝑘𝑔
Therefore 200 1000 𝜌=
𝑉
𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠 303 𝑘𝑔
𝜌= = 2.30 3 500
𝑅𝑇 𝑚
1000
287