DESIGN OF PILE FOUNDATION FOR

A MAJOR BRIDGE
BATCH MEMBERS:
• SELVARASAN.P (50408103040)
• SIVARAJ.R (50408103044)
• VIGNESH.B (50408103054)
• VIMALRAJAN.A (50408103058)

GUIDED BY:
Prof. Dr.V.BALAKRISHNAN.
Department of Civil Engineering.
 CONTENTS
1) Pile foundation.
2) Types of piles.
3) Classifications of piles by material.
4) Functions of pile cap
5) Load calculation(both Dead load and live load).
6) Impact factor for live load.
7) Moment calculation.
8) Shear force calculation.
9) Design of pile (for piles acting individually and group).
10) Reinforcement details of a pile.
11) Efficiency of pile group.
12) Design of pile cap.
13) Reinforcement details of pile cap.
14) Conclusion
15) Reference
1. Pile foundation.

 Pile foundations are the part of a structure used to carry and transfer the
load of the structure to the bearing ground, located at certain depth below
ground surface.

 The main components of the foundation are the pile cap and the piles.

2. Types of Piles

Types of piles based on the mechanism of load transfer.

There are two types of piles. They are,
 Bearing piles
 Friction piles
3. Classification of piles by material

Timber piles,
Concrete piles,
Steel piles.
In this project, cast in- situ concrete piles are used.

4.Functions of piles

 To transmit a foundation load to a firm ground

 To resist vertical, lateral and uplift load

 Piles can also be used in normal ground conditions to resist horizontal

loads. Piles are a convenient method of foundation for works over water,
such as jetties or bridge piers.
5. Load calculation (Dead load)

Load from Box girder

Total area of box girder = 7.4 m2

Self weight of the box girder

Self weight of the box girder is 18,500 kN.

Load from wearing course

Load from wearing course is 1237.5 kN

Load from pier

Average solid rectangular area = 640.000m3
Combined semi-circular area (cut water) = 251.327 m3
Total volume = 891.327 m3
Self weight of pier is 22283.175 kN
Total dead load = Self weight of box girder + load due to weathering coarse +
Self weight of pier.
Total dead load is 42021 kN.

Load calculation (Live Load – Tracked vehicle)

Max Live load = (70 x 9.81) = 686.7 KN

6. Impact factor for live load

From graph, curve for reinforced concrete bridges denotes 8.8 percent for spans
more than 45m.
Impact factor of live load for bridge = 60.43 kN

Total load on pile cap

Total load on pile cap = 42081 kN
7. Moment calculation
Max. B.M. Occurs when the load is at mid span.
B.M. at mid span = 1510.75 kNm.

Moment on pier due to water current in lateral direction

Projected Area of pier = 70.55 m2
k = 35, co-efficient of pier with semi circular cut water.
F = kAV2 = 96.89 kN
Mean velocity at distance = 5.67 m
Moment = Force x Distance
Moment on pier due to water current = 550.00 kNm.

8. Shear force due to Impact factor of live load

Maximum shear force is occurs in the supports of the girder.
Max. Shear force at Supports = 30.215 KN.
9. Design of a pile
Cohesive factor, c = 50 kN/m2
Adopted length of pile = 30m.
Diameter of each pile is (hp) 1.5m.
Spacing between two piles S = 4.5m
To find the number of piles:
Qug = n c Л d L
108402.75 = n (50 x Л x 1.5 x 23)
n = 15

For piles acting individually

Qug = n x Qup
Qug = 15 x (c x Ap)
Where, c = 50
A = ЛDL = 141.37 m2
Qug = 106028.75 kN
Check for group action
For group action of piles,
Qug = 4 BpcLpc + Apc c Nc
For clay, Nc = 9
Apc = Lpc x Bpc = 287.5 m2
Qug = 198375 kN

Ultimate load bearing capacity of group of piles, Qug = 198375 kN

Hence the design of pile foundation for the bridge is safe.

10. Reinforcement details of a pile

Diameter of pile = 1500mm
Pitch = 50mm
Clear cover to longitudinal bars = 75mm (min. cover = 40mm)
Area of longitudinal steel, Asc = 10799.22 mm2
Diameter of core, Dk = 1318 mm
Area of core, Ak = 1364334 mm2
Dia. of column corresponding to centre of helical bars, dh
dh = Dk – Dia. of helical rod
dh = 1302 mm
Gross area of pile, Ag= 1767145.868 mm2
Area of Concrete, Ac = 1756346.648 mm2
Ultimate load carrying capacity for the pile, Pu
Pu = 1.05(0.4 fck Ac + 0.67 fy Asc) = 17906.2 kN
Load for each pile = 7166.261 kN
7166.261 kN < 17906.2 kN
Therefore a pile can carry the ultimate load from above structures.

Consider one pitch length of the column P = 50 mm

Length of helix per pitch length = √ (Л x dh) 2 + P2
= 4090.659 mm
Volume of helix per pitch length = 822475.837 mm3
Volume of core per pitch length = Ak x P = 68216700 mm3
Ratio of volume of helical steel to volume of core
= Volume of helix per pitch length / Volume of core per pitch length
= 0.0121
This value should be ≥ 0.36 [(Ag / Ak) – 1](fck/fy)
≥ 0.005
0.0121 ≥ 0.005

Hence the provision of helical reinforcement is satisfactory.

 Spacing of longitudinal bars

Diameter of core, Dk = 1318 mm
Л x Dk = 4140.619
Spacing of longitudinal 32 mm dia. rods = 197.17

Therefore provide 195 mm spacing between each longitudinal bars.

11. Efficiency of pile group
By using Converse Labarre formulae, we can find the efficiency of pile
group
ηg = 1 – Ө/90 {[ (n-1)m + (m-1)n] / mn} Ө = tan-1(d/s)
ηg = 0.709
Therefore efficiency of group of piles = 70.9 %

12. Design of pile cap

Choosing depth of the pile cap:
hpc = 1/3 (8hp + 600) mm for hp ≥550 mm
hpc = 4200 mm
Therefore depth or thickness of the pile cap is 4.2m

Self weight of pile cap = 30187.500 kN

Total load including pile cap = 72268.5 kN
Factored load = 108402.75 kN
13. Reinforcement details of pile cap

To find area of steel by Truss action,

H = PL/4d = 29036.45 kN.
Area of steel required, As = (PL) / 4(0.87 fy) d
As = 80422 mm2
Minimum reinforcement, Ast = 0.12 % x b x d = 5040 mm2
Provide 32 mm diameter bars

Spacing = ast / Ast x 1000 = 159 mm

Ast (Provided) =196237mm2
Ast (Provided) > Ast (Required)

Due to the larger depth of the pile cap, provide 2 legged stirrups.
Hence the provided reinforcement for pile cap is safe.
 CONCLUSION

This project has given opportunity to understand the basic

principles of pile foundation design. In the project pile and pile
cap have been designed with reinforcement details

During the course of the project we have gained knowledge

about designing of pile cap and loading criteria.

The pile foundation is designed as per IS 2911- 1979, Part

1 – concrete piles, section 2 – Bored cast in situ piles. We have
learnt the application of AUTOCAD during the course of this
project.
 References

Books referred
Bridge Engineering by S. Ponnusamy.
Soil mechanics and Foundations by B.C. Punmia.
Limit State Design of Reinforced Concrete by P.C.Varghese.
Design of reinforced concrete structures by S. Ramamrutham.
Design of Pile Foundation by Satyendra mittal.

Indian Standards referred

IS 456:2000 - code of practice for reinforced concrete.
IS 2911- 1979, Part 1 – concrete piles / section 2 – Bored cast-in-situ piles.
Indian Road Congress 6 -2000.
Tamil Nadu Highways Manual, Standard Specifications for Bridges.
THANK YOU…