CHAPTER 6

EXCHANGERS
DOUBLE PIPE
COUNTERFLOW:

is defined by the function function

the
Definitions. lHeat-transfer equipment
heat between two
t
fulfil 1m a process. Erchangers
recover
proceme
and cooling
utilities and are not con
water are
consideered
streams Steam
stream8. Heaters are
used prm
n the same sense as recoverable process
fluids, and steam is usually employed for thia
this
marily to heat process
refineries hot recirculated oil Berves the sam
8ame
purpose, although in oil
Coolers are
fiuids,
employed to cool process whose
water being th
purpose. Condensers are coolers primary pUrme
main cooling medium.
is the removal of latent instead of sensible heat. The purpOse of reboilers
as latent heat
1s to supply the heat requirements of a distillation process
Evaporators are employed for the concentration
of a solution by the
besides water, the
If any other fluid is vaporized
evaporation of water.
unit is a vaporizer.
Double Pipe Exchangers. For the derivations in Chap. , a concen-
tric-pipe heat-transfer apparatus was employed. T'he industrial counter.

Return Glarnd Gland Gland

bend

Return head

F16. 6.1. Double pipe exchanger.

part of this apparatus is the double pipe exchanger shown in Fig. 6.1.
The principal parts are two sets of concentric pipes, two connecting Tees,
and a return head and a return bend. The inner pipe is supported within
the outer pipe by packing glands, and the fluid enters the inner pipe
through a threaded connection located outside the exchanger section
proper. The Tees have nozzles or screwed connections attached to them
to permit the entry and exit of the annulus fluid which crosses from one
leg to the other through the return head. The two lengths of inner pipe
are connected by a return bend which is usually exposed and does not
provide effective heat-transfer surface. When arranged in two legs as in
Fig. 6.1, the unit is a hairpin.
102
 COUNTERFLOW 103

The double pipe exchanger is extremely useful because it can be

ASsembled in any pip0-itting shop from standard parts and provides
inexpensive hent-transfer surface. The standard sizes of Tees and return
in Table 6.1.
heads are given
TARIE 6.1. DotBi.e PiPs ExCHANGER FrTTINGS
Outer pipe, 1PS nner pipe, IPS
14
21
14
2
3
Double pipe exchangers are usually assembled in 12, 15-, or 20-ft
efiective lengths, the effeetive length being the distance in each leg over
which heat transfer occurs and excludes inner pipe protruding beyond
the exchanger section. When hairpins are employed in excess of 20 ft in
length corresponding to 40 effective linear feet or more of double pipe,
the inner pipe tends to sag and touch the outer pipe, thereby causing a
to
poor flow distribution in the annulus. The principal disadvantage
the use of double pipe exchangers lies in the small amount of heat-transfer
surface contained in a single hairpin. When used vith distillation equip-
ment on an industrial process a very large number are required. These
These
introduces
require considerable space, and each double pipe exchanger
no fewer than 14 at which leakage might occur. The time and
points
and periodically cleaning are prohibitive
expense required for dismantling
the double pipe
compared with other types of equipment. However,
heat-transfer surface
exchanger is of greatest use where the total required
is small, 100 to 200 ft2 or less.
Tubes. Equation (3.42) was
Film Coefficients for Fluids in Pipes and
on the data of Morris and
obtained for heating several oils in a pipe based
of both heating
Whitman. Sieder and Tate' made a later correlation
fractions, in hori-
and cooling a number of fluids, principally petroleum streamline flow
at an equation for
zontal and vertical tubes and arrived
where DG/# < 2100 in the form of Eq. (5.35).
0.14

-10)ETE)-10 (6.1)
of the heat-transfer path before mixing
occurs.
where L is the total length t12
mean deviations of approximately
Equation (6.1) gave maximum 2100 except for water. Beyond
the
100 to Re =

per cent from Re

=
in the form
transition range, thedata may be extended to turbulent fow
ofEq. (5.36). 0.14

b 0,027 ( (6.2)

Sieder, E. N., and G. E. Tate, Ind.

Eng. Chem., 28, 1429-1436 (1936)
 PHOCKSS HBAT TRANSFER

104

Hquation (6.2) maximum deviations of approximatelu

mean
10,000. Wh
ximately +13
the Reynolda numbers above be usedWhile
gave
n10 per cont for indis
tubes, they
(6.2) were obtained for
aiso
will
And tubes and produce more
for pipes. Pipes are rougher than arbu.
ately fromtube-data
caleulated from tub
lenee for equal Reynolds numbers. Coeflicients
corelations are actually lower and
safer than correspondingcaleulati
ng
Asd on pipe data and there are no pipe correlations in the literat
literatur
Equations (6.1) are apnli
and (6.2) are applicab
extensive as tube eorrelations.
for organie liquids, aqueous solutions, and gases. They are not conser
serva
tave for water, and additional data for water will be given later
In
Trans
ition urbulent
Yreamline
flow flow
Eq.(6.1) reguon Eq.6.2
ASlope-a

Slope-

2100
DG
Fra. 6.2. Tube-side heat-transfer ourve.

order permit the graphical representation of both equations on a single

to
pair of coordinates, refer to Fig. 6.2. Using the ordinate
0.14
ju=- E ) E
and the abscissa (DG/u) only Eq. (6.2) can be shown. By using D/L or
L/D as a
parameter, Eq. (6.1) can also be included. The transition
region joins the two. Working plots of Eqs. (6.1) and (6.2) are given
im
Fig. 24 of the Appendix together with a line of slope 0.14 to facilitate the
solution of the ratio ¢ (4/4«)°.14,
=

Fluids Flowing in Annuli: The

flows in a conduit having other than a
Equivalent Diameter. When a fuid
circular cross section, such as a
annulus, it is convenient to
express heat-transfer coeficients and
factors by the same types of frietiou
equations and curves used for pipes ana
tubes. To permit this type of
representation for annulus heat trans
it has been found advantageous to
employ an equivalent diameter D
The equivalent diameter is four times the
hydraulic radius,
and u
 COUNTERFLOW 105
hydraulic radius is, in turn, the radius of a pipe equivalent to the annulus
cross section. The hydraulic radius is
obtained as the ratio of the fiow
area to the wetted perimeter. For a fluid
flowing in an annulus as shown
in Fig. 6.3 the flow area is evidently («/4)(D2 -

D) but the wetted perim-

eters for heat transter and pressure drops are different. For
heat transfer
the wetted perimeter is the outer circumference of the
inner pipe with
diameter Di, and for heat. transfer in annuli
4X
flowarea
D. 4rh=
D.= drs
=

wetted perimeter
4r(D - D)D-D (6.3)
(6.3)
4TD1 D
In pressure-drop caleulations the friction not only results from the resist-
ance of the outer pipe but is also affected by the outer surface of the inner
pipe. The total wetted perimeter is r(D2 + D:), and for the pressure
pipe.
drop in annuli

4X flow area
D, 4r(DD)
Frictional wetted perimeter 4r(D + D)
=
D, -

Di (6.4)
This leads to the anomalous result that the Reynolds numbers:
same flow conditions, w, G, and 4, are differentfor
heat transfer and pressure drop since D, might
oipe
be above 2100 while D, is below 2100. Actually
both Reynolds numbers should be considered
only approximations, since the sharp distinction
between streamline and turbulent flow at the Quer
PIP
Reynolds number of 2100 is not completely valid
in annuli.
Film Coefñcientsfor Fluids in Annuli. When Fra. 6.3 Annaua, dism-
eters and location of coefi-
the equivalent diameter from Eq. (6.3) is substi- cients.
tuted for D, Fig. 24 in the Appendix may be con-
is the out-
sidered a plot of DG/4 vs. (hoD./E)(cu/k)-%(4/4«)=a14, h,
same manner as à; by
side or annulus coefficient and is obtained in the
D differs from D he is
multiplication of the ordinate. Even though
In double pipe
effective at the outside diameter of the inner pipe.
outside surface of the inner pipe
exchangers it is customary to use the
as the reference surface in Q=
UA AL, and since h; has been determined
based on the areacorrespond-
for A,and not A, it must be corrected. his ID.
diameter where the surface per foot of length is rX
ing to the inside and
the surface per foot of length X OD;
is
On the outside of the pipe
referred to the outside diameter,
again lettingh, be the value of hi
ID (6.5)
 P R O C R S S H E A T T R A N S P E R

transfer
106 heat
process conditions may be determined 1rotm
overall
coefficient
of require
ren

the F o uirom
r i d the
The
Fouling Factors. Caleulated f
fulfll the known and and atare
Burface is not know
tion when the surface A
is
0/A
M.
AL. If the own U
Then U Q/A equation from the ttwo
process conditions.
independently
of the
Fourier
film
ohtained resistance,

canbe Neglecting the

pipe-wall
eneients.

= R +, t (6.6)
or
hioho (6.7)
hie t+ h are shown in Fio
coefficients and temperatures
The locations of the and Q and A
obtained from values of hio and ho are
When U has been the surtace 4 required for
caleulated from the process conditions, 18 known as desion
the
of A .
The calculation
process can be computed.
been in service irom some time, hom.
When heat-transfer apparatus has
and outside of the pipe, addi.
erer, dirt and scale deposit
on the inside ding
two more resistances than were
included in the caleulation of U by R
(6.6). The additional resistances reduce the
original value of 0, and the required amount
of heat is no longer transferred by the original
oner surface A; T2rises above and ta falls below the
pipe
desired outlet temperatures, although h; and h,
Dipe remain substantially constant. To overcome
Pipe
this eventuality, it 1s customary in design-
ing equipment to anticipate the deposition o
FiG. 64. Location of foul dirt and scale by introducing a resistance R
ing factors and heat-transfer
coefficients. acalled the dirt, scale, or fouling factor, or
r
sistance. Let Ra be the dirt factor for the
inner pipe fuid at its inside diameter and Rio the dirt factor for
the
annulus fuid at the outside diameter of the inner pipe. These may be
considered very thin for dirt but may be appreciably thick for scale, which
has a higher thermal conductivity than dirt.
The resistances are shown
in Fig. 64. The value of U obtained in
Eq. (6.7) only from 1/h» and
1/h may be considered the clean overall coeficient
show that dirt has not been taken into designated by Ue to
account. The coeficient which
includesthe dirt resistance is called the design or dirty overall
The value of A
corresponding to Up rather than coeficient
on which
equipment is Uo provides the bass
two
ultimately built. The
overall coefficients Uo and Un is relationship between t

+ Rau t+Rao (6.8)

 cOUNTERFLOW
107
o rs e t t n g

Ra+Rdo=Ra
1 (6.9)
+R (6.10)
that
Thus supp0se th for a double pipe
exchanger,
Thued to be 300 and i00 respectively, then his and h, have been
computed

0.0033 +0.01 =0.0133,

Ue= /0.0133= 75.0
1/ Btu/ (hr)(ft*)(°F). From
say, it has been found that experience,
thermal dirt resistance
a
let us
of Rai 0.001 =

s)F)/Btu
(ft)(°F)/Btu will deposit annually inside the
pipe and Rao 0.0015 =

(will deposit on the outside of the pipe. For what overall

wu the surface be calculated so that the apparatus need becoefficient
should
cleaned
only once a year? Then Ra = Rai + Rao = 0.0025, and

UUtRa= +0.0025 =0.0158 (hr) (ft*) (°F)/Btu

1
Up 0.0158 = 63.3 Btu/(hr)(ft)(°F)
U 0.0158
The Fourier equation ior suriace on which dirt will be deposited becomes
Q = UpA At
(6.11)
If it is desired to obtain A, then hio and h. must first be calculated from
equations such as Eq. (6.1) and (6.2) which are independent of the extent
d the surface but dependent upon its form, such as the diameter and
fluid flow area. With these, Uc is obtained from Eq. (6.6) and U» is
obtained from Uc using Eq. (6.10). Sometimes, however, it is desirable
to study the rates at which dirt accumulates on a known surface
A.
alter the
Ue Will remain constant if the scale or dirt deposit does not
obvi-
mass velocity by constricting the fluid flow area. Un and At will
of thee
OuSly ehange as the dirt accumulates because the temperatures until
the surface is freshly placed
in service
Vary vary from the time
from observed temperatures
instead
becomes fouled. If At is caloulated
determine Ra
be used to
prOCess temperatures then Egq. (6.11) may
ACualy Ba should be referred to the outside diameter as Raio R(A/4i).
diameter, as a layer oldirt, 1ts resia
ylinder is very thin compared with its As shown by Eqs. (2.34)
and
e is nearly the same as that through a flat Wal
introduce a negligible error,
usually well
to correct to the outside will
beloi 1re
below 1 per cent. Por be appreeiable.
scale, however, the error may
thick
 PROCESS H E A T TRANSFER
108
for a given fouling period. Then from Eq. (6.10)

RaUp Ue (6.12)
which can also be written
=Uo-U
RaUcU, (6.13)
When Ra (deposited)>Ra (allowed), as after a period of service, the
the
apparatus no longer delivers a quantity of heat equal to the proces
ess
requirements and must be cleaned.
Numerical values of the dirt or fouling factors for a variety of procese
services are provided in Appendix Table 12. The tabulated
fouling
factors are intended to protect the exchanger from delivering less than
the required process heat load for a period of
about a year to a year and a
half. Actually the purpose of the tabulated fouling factors should he
considered írom another point of view. n designing a process
plant
containing many heat exchangers but without alternate or spare pieces of
heat-transfer equipment, the process must be discontinued and the
equip-
ment cleaned as
soon as the first exchanger becomes fouled. ItItisis
impractical to shut down every time one exchanger or another is fouled,
and by using the tabulated fouling
factors, it can be arranged so that all
the exchangers in the process become
of service. At that time all can be
dirty at the same time regardless
dismantled and cleaned
shutdown. The tabulated values may differ from those during single
a

encountered by
experience in particular services. If too frequent cleaning is
greater value of Ra should be kept in mind for future design. necessary,
a

It is to be expected that heat-transfer

heat than the process equipment will transfer more
requirements when newly placed in service and
that it will deteriorate through
operation, as a result of
fulfills the process requirements. The caleulation of dirt, until it just
the temperatures
delivered initially by a clean exchanger whose surface has
been designed
for Un but which is operating without dirt and
which is consequently
oversurfaced is not difficult. Referring to
Uc for U and the actual surface of the Eqs. (5.18) and (5.19) use
UD). This calculation is also useful in exchanger (which is based on
A
exchanger will be able to deliver the
checking whether or not a elean
becomes dirty. process heat requirements when
it

Pressure Drop in Pipes and Pipe Annuli. The

exchanger is the static fuid pressure whichpressure-drop
in an
allowance
drive the fuid through the may be expended to
exchanger. The pump selected for the circu
lation of a process fluid is one which
desired capacity to overcome the develops suficient head at the
frictional losses caused by connectin
 COUNTERFLOW 109

niping, fittings, control regulators, and the pressure drop in the exchanger
pi the end of the
itself. To this head mustorbe added the static preseure atvessel.
itself
Once s
line such as
the elevation pressure of the final receiving
allowance has been designated for an exchanger
definite pressure drop
of a pumping cireuit, it should always be utilized as completely
A & part
in the exchanger, sire it will otherwise be blown off
or
9s possible
expanded through a pressure reducer. Since in Eq. (3.44)

varies somewhat with

DG
nearly, since f
fow
and in Eq. (6.2) for turbulent
h aG (nearly)
which
the best of available pressure is to increase the mass velocity
use
It is
increases h; and lessens the size and cost of the apparatus.
also for an exchanger or
customary to allow a pressure drop of 5 to 10 psi
except
service where
battery of exchangers fulfilling a single process standard.
For each pumped stream 10 psi is fairly
the flow by gravity.
is
the eleva-
allowable pressure drop is determined by
For gravity flow the outlet z in feet of fluid.
The
vessel above the final
tion of the storage inch by multiplying
fluid be converted to pounds per square
feet of may
z by p/144. from the Fanning equation
in pipes can be computed
The pressure drop or Eq.
appropriate value of f from Eq. (3.46)
[Eq. (3.44)), using
an
in
the type of flow. For the pressure drop
(3.476), depending upon D in the Reynolds
number by D, to
fluids flowing in annuli,
replace
modifñed to give
may then be
The Fanning equation
obtain f.
4fGL (6.14)
AF 20pD.
connected in series, annulus to
are
several double pipe exchangers (3.44) or (6.14)
Fig. 6.5, the length Eq.
Where in
to pipe as in
annulus and pipe
is the total for the entire path. not include
or (6.14) does
computed by Eq. (3.44)
The pressure drop the fuid enters or leaves
exchangers.
encountered when connected in series, the
the pressure drop exchangers
of double pipe be significant.
For the inner pipt3 but for annuli it may
negligible,
entrance loss is usually of one velocity head,
V/2g, per hairpin
allowance of a pressure
drop annulus with a mass
The ffows in an
suffice. Suppose water
will ordinarily
(ft"), Since p= 62.5 1b/ft" (approximately),
velocity of 720,000 lb/(hr)
720,000 3.2fps.
3600p 3600 X623
 PROCESS HEAT TRANSFER
i10

.159
The presure drop per hairpin will be 3.2/(2 >X 32.2)= 0.1 159 ftft of
ot
or 0.07 psi. Unlese the velocity is well above 3 fps, the
the entra
entrae
Luue and
exit lossee may be neglected. Values of V/2g'are plotted directlv.d
1.0 n
e maas velocity for a fluid with a specific gravity ol Fig.27
Appendix.
The Calculation of a Double Pipe Exchanger. All the equa!.
eveloped previously will be combined to outline the solution
ion of
of aad ations
d
pipe exchanger. The calculation consists simply of computing

hie to obtain Uc. Allowing a reasonable fouling resistance, a value of and

s calculated from which the surface can be found with the U
the use
use o of
Fourier equation Q= UpA At. the
Usually the frst problem is to determine which fluid should be nia
This 1s
in the annulus and wvhich in the inner pipe, This is expedited
expedited by
by esta
lishing the relative sizes of the fov areas for both streams,. For
estab-
For equal
er
allowable pressure drops on both the hot and cold streams, the decision
rests in the arrangement producing the most nearly equal mass velociti
and pressure drops. For the standard arrangements of double pipes the
ffow areas are given in Table 6.2.

TABLE 6.2. FLow AREAs AND EqtivaLENT DIaMETERS IN DoUBLE PiPe ExcHAKCPas

Flow area, in.2 Annulus, in.

Exchanger, IPS
|Annulus Pipe de

2 X 14 1.19 1.50 0.915 0.40

2% X 14 2.63 1.50 2.02 0.81

3x2 2.93 3 .35 1.570.69

4x3 3.14 7.38 1.14 0.53

In the outline below, hot- and cold-fuid temperatures are representet

by upper and lower case letters, respectively. All fuid properties ar
indicated by lower case letters to eliminate the requirement for ne
nomenclature.

Process conditions required:

Hot fluid: T, T», W, c, 8 or p, a, k, AP, Rio or Ra

Cold fluid: 1, ta, w, c, s or p, u, k, AP, Rai or Rao

The diameter of the pipes must be given or assumed.

 COUNTERFLOW 111

A Convenient order of calculation follows:

From T1, T2, t1, t check the heat balance, Q, using e at Tmes and tman
Q WC(Ti- T?) wclt, t)
Radiation losses from the exchanger are usually insignificant compared
with the heat lond transferred in the exchanger.
)LMTD, assuming counterflow. (5.14)
T and te: If the liquid is neither a petroleum fraction nor a hydro-
carbon the calorie temperatures cannot be determined through the
use of Fig. 17 and Eqs. (5.28) and (5.29). Instead, the calculation
of Uc must be performed for the hot and cold terminals giving U
and U. from which one may obtain K. F, is then gotten from
Fig. 17 or Eq. (5.27). If neither of the liquids is very viscous at the
cold terminal, say not more than 1.0 centipoise, if the temperature
ranges do not exceed 50 to 100°F, and if the temperature difference is
less than 50F, the arithmetic means of Ti and Ta and , and h may
be used in place of T. and t. for evaluating the physical properties.
For nonviscous fluids d = (4/4»)0.14 may be taken as 1.0 as assumed

below.
Inner pipe

(4) Flow area, a, TD°/4, ft.

(6) Mass velocity, G, w/ap, lb/(hr)(ft*).
=

(6) Obtain s at Te or te depending upon which flows through the inner

pipe. 4, b/(ft)(hr) =
centipoise X 2.42.
obtain the Reynolds num
From D ft, G, lb/(hr) ft°), « lb/(ft) (hr)
ber, Re, = DG,/4.
From Fig. 24 in which ju = (h;D/%)(cu/k)-4(4/4«).14 vs. DG,/4
(7)
obtain J.
From c Btu/(lb)(°F), lb/(ft)(hr), k Btu/(hr)(ft)(°F/ft), all
(8)
obtained at Te or te compute (cp/k).,
1.0) or
(9) To obtain h, multiply j» by (k/D)(c4/k)% ($
=

AD " X 1.0 h, Btu/(hr)(ft) (°F) (6.15a)

(6.5)
= hi X ID/0D.
(10) Convert hy to ho; hio= h(A,/A)
Annulus:
) Flow area, d = T{D- D/4, ft*

Equivalent diameter Da
a4xfow areaDDft
Di
(63
etted perimeter
 PROCESS HEAT TRANSFER

112
w/as, lb/(hr) (ft) From D..
,D. ft,
2.42. From
(6) MasS velocity, G. centipoise X
=

T, or,
a at
l1b/(t)(hr)= the Reynolds number,
Obtain obtain
1D/(hr)(fE"), u
1b/(¬t) (hr)

Re
D
(¢u/R)T*u/4%)0.1 vs. Dg,
() From Fig. 24 in which jn-(h,D./k)
obtain j. compute (cu/k)%
obtained at T. or t,
From c, u, and k, all
(8) by (k/D.)(cu/k)¥ ($ = 1.0) or
( ) To obtain h, multiply ja
( x 1.0 - h, Btu/(hr)({t)(°F) (6.156)

Overall cocficients:
(11) Compute Ue =
hiho/(hso + he), Btu/(hr)(ft*)(°F). (6.7)
Compute U» from 1/U» 1/Uc + Ka.
=
(6.10)
(2) Compute
(13) A from Q = UnA At which may be translated into length.
If the length should not correspond to an integral number of hair.
pins, a change in the dirt factor will result. The recalculated dirt
factor should equal or exceed the required dirt factor by using the
next larger integral number of hairpins.
Calculation of AP. This requires a knowledge of the total length of
path satisfying the heat-transfer requirements.
Inner pipe:
(1) For Re, in (6) bove obtainffrom Eq. (3.46) or (3.476).
(2) AP,= 4fG L/2gp*D, ft. (3.45)
APp/144 = AP», psi.

Annulus:
(1) Obtain D,= L (D,- Di). (6.4)
Compute the frictional Reynolds number, Re, = DIG./4. For Re
obtain f from Eq. (3.46) or (3.47b).
(2) AP.= 4fG°L/2gp'D, ft. (6.14)
(3') Entrance and exit losses, one velooity head per hairpin:
AP ft/hairpin
(AP+AF)p/144= AP, psi.
There is an advantage if both
fluids are computed side by
use of the outline in this manner will side, and the
be demonstrated in Example 6.1.
 COUNTERFLOW 18

E x a m p l e 6 . 1 . Double Pipe Benzene-Toluene Exchanger. t is desired to heat

98201b/hr of cold benzene from 80 to 120°F using hot toluene which is cooled from
1 6 0 t o 100°F. The specific gravities at 68°F are 0.88 and 0.87, re8pectively. The
ties will be found in the Appendix. A fouling factor of 0.001 should
fuid propertie.
other
otnevided for each stream, and the allowable pressure drop on eachstresm is 10.0 psi.
nmber of 20-ft hairpins of 2- by 14-in. IPS pipe are available. How many
hairpins a r e r e q u i r e d ?

Solution:
(1) H e a t b a l a n c e :

80+120 (Fig. 2
Benzene, lav -100°F
c0.425Btu/0b) (°F)
2
Q-9820 x 0.425(120 80)= 167,000 Btu/hr
160+1 130°F c 0.44 Btu/(lb)(°F) (Fig. 2
Toluene, Tav 2
167,000 = 6330 Ib/hr
W 0.44(160 100)

the method of Chap. 3):

) LMTD, (see
Cold fluid Diff.
Hot fuid
120 40
160 Higher temp

80 20
100 Lower temp 20 At At
(5.14)
- 28.8°F
28.8°F
A t -A1 4%0
LMTD=
2.3 log Ata/Al12.3 log streams will show that
neither is viscous

both and the temperature

A check of centipoise)
temperatures: than 1 accord-
Caloric viscosities less c o e f h c i e n t s may
coefficients
(3) terminal (the moderate.
The
of
at the cold difference are and the value
temperature a r i t h m e t i c mean,
and at the
ranges
evaluated from properties
ingly be a s s u m e d equal
to 1.0.
(u/4).14 may
be
+80) 100°F
100°F

= 130°F av
ta K120 +80)=
H(120
Tav (160 +100) indicates
indieates that the fow
ares
a

Table 6.2
6.2 beasene
A check of larger stream,
pipe. Place the
Proceed n o w
to the inner of the
annulus.
than that
greater
inner pipe is
of the denaene
inner pipe,
in the inner pipe. Cold uid:
toluene D-1.38/12-
0.115ft
annulus, (4)
Hot uid: Flow area,a p r D ° / 4
0.0104ft
(4) Flow sres, 0.115/4=
- 2.067/12-0.1725ft X
D1.66/12-0.138 ft
a(D-D)/4
0.138')/4-
0.00826 ft
0.1725

D,- (D}- D})/D

Eq (6.3)1
Equiv diam,
D,(0.1725-0.1389)/0.138- 0.0762
.0782tft|
 PROCESs HEAT TRANSFER
114
Cold uid: inner pipe, benzene
Hot Auid: annulus, toluene 1w/a,
(6) MasB vel, G,
m

(6') Mass vel, G. W/a 9820/0.0104 943,000 Ib/(hr)(tta

6330/0.00826 n 767,000 b/(hr)(ft) 0.50 cp
(6') At 130°F, a m0.41 cp
At 100°F, u
Fig. 141 (6) m 0.50 X 2.42 1.21 Ib/(ft)(hr)
Fig. 14
0.41 X 2.420.99 Ib/(ft) (hr)
Reynolds no., Re,
Reynolds no., Re -

0.115 x 943,000/1.21 - 89,500

0.0762 x 767,000/0.99 59,000

(7)jw 167 |Fig. 24] (7) ju

236 (Fig. 24)
(8') At I30°F, c 0.41 Btu/(lb)(°F') (8) At 100°F, c = 0.426 Btu/(lb)(°F)
Pig. 2] Fig. 21
k 0.085 Btu/(hr) (ft2)(°F/ft) [Table 4]|k = 0.091 Btu/(hr)(ft2)(°F/ft) (Table 4
/0.425 X 1.21
( (0.44 X 0.99
0.085
1.725 ( 0.091
=
1.78

(9) h j
Eq. (6.156)] Eq. (6.15a)]
0.091
0.085 X 1.725 X 1.0
= 167 0.0762 236 X .1T X 1.78 X 1.0
= 333 Btu/(hr) (ft) (°F)
323 Btu/(hr)(ft)(°F)
(10) Correct h; to the surface at the OD
ID
hie hi X OD Eq. (6.5)1
333 1.38 276

Now procced to the annulus.

(11) Clean overall coefficient, Uc:
Uc h + 276 X 323
hiohoh 276+323 149 Btu/(hr)(ft) (°E) (6.7)

(12) Design overall coefficient, Up:

(6.10)
Uc+R
Ra = 0.002 (required by problem)

U 149 + 0.002
UD-115 Btu/(hr)({t")(°F)
Summary

323 h outside 276

Uc 149

UD 115

(13) Required surface:

Q- UnA A A
UA
167,000
Surface
15X X 28.S 50.5 ft
 COUNTERFLOW 115
From Table 11 for 14in. IPS standard pipe there are 0.435 ft of external surface
per foot length.
Required length 5 lin ft

This may be fulfilled by connecting three 20-ft. hairpins in series.

(14) The surface supplied will actually be 120 X 0.435- 52.2 ft2
The dirt factor
wil aceordingly be grenter than required. The actual
design coeficient is
UD 167,000
52.2 288 1 Btu/(hr)(ft°)(°F)
149 111
R TU 149X 111 0.0023 (hr)(ft*) (°F)/Btu (6.13)

Pressure Drop
(1') D, for pressure drop differs from D.|(1) For Re, = 89,500 in (6) above
for heat transfer. 0.264
D, = (D; - D,)
Eq. (6.4) f =0.0035 + Tel. Eq.(3.476)
= (0.1725 - 0.138) = 0.0345 ft 0.264
-0.0035 t39,5004 0.0057
Re = DG. 8 0.88, P = 62.5 x 0.88 = 55.0

= 0.0345 x 767,000/0.99 = 26,800 Table 6

0.264
= 0.0071 (2)
(2) AF,=
A 4f6
24p#D
f 0.0035 t26,8009.42
Eq. (3.47b)]| 4X 0.0057 X 943,000 X 120
54.3 2 x 4.18 X 10s X 55.0 x 0.115
s =
0.87, p
= 62.5 x 0.87 =

= 8.3 ft
ITable 6]
55.0
4fGL X
P, -8.3 144 3.2 psi
(2) AF.
2p D. Allowable AP, = 10.0 psi
X 120
4X 0.0071 x 767,0002
2x4.18 X10 X54.3 X 0.0345
= 23.5 ft
G 767,000 3.92 fps
) V
3600p 3600 X54.3
3.922
0.7 ft
Fi-327
=
-3
X2x322
AP,= (23.5+0.7)54.3 9.2 psi
144
Allowable AP.- 10.0 psi
From
respectively, and K, 0.17.
=

161 and 138,

A check of Us and U, 0.5,gives
F,0.43, whereas in the solution above the
F . 0
arith-
50
ig 17 for Al/Al2%6 were used. The arithmetio mean assumes
metic mean temperatures duids, the error da too small ta besig-
the ranges are small for both might be
Howeyer, since were large, the error
fuida or their viscositiea
the ranges of the
iheant
congiderable for 04 t
Serles-parallel Arrangements Referring
Double Pipe Exchangersin drop of 9.2 psi is
a caloulated preasure
that
to Example 6.1, it is seen
 PROCESS HEAT TRANSFER
116

Obtained
drop of 10.0 psl. Suppose,
Suppose,j how.
against an allowable pressurewere 15 or 20 psi and exceeded 41
drop exceeded the
ever, that the calculated pressure the heat load be transferred with
available head. How then might so th
is the use ot a by-pa8s
ass so
available pressure head? One possibility
of the fluid flows through the exchange
exchane
the
three-quarters or two-thirds
only This does not provide an i
and the remainder through the by-pass. unfavorable changes in
the reduced flow causes several the
solution,
design. since
velocity G.
(1)and
Thethereduced
film coefficient
flow through
h. Since
the exchanger
both of the
reduces
coefficients
the are

decreases
reduction in Ga alone
nearly alike, 323 vs. 276, any sizable the annulus, it h.
by nearly G. (2) If less liquid circulates through
to be cooled over a longer range than from 160 to 100°F so that, uDon

t2

2
Fiu. 6.5. Double pipe exchangers in series. F1a. 6.6. Seriesparallel arrangenent.

mixing with the by-pass fluid, the process outlet temperature of 100°F
results. As an example, the portion circulating through the annulus
might have to be cooled over the range from 160 to 85°F depending upon
the perentage by-passed.The outlet temperature of 85°F is eloser to
the inner pipe inlet of 80°F than originally, and the new cold-terminal
difference Ali of only 5°F greatly decreases the LMTD. The two effects,
decreased Uc and LMTD, increase the required number of hairpins
greatly even though the heat load is constant. Reversing the location
of the streams by placing the benzene in the annulus does not provide a
solution in this case, since the benzene stream is larger than the
stream. The possibility of
toluene
reversing the location of the streans shoua
always be examined first whenever the allowable
pressure drop canno
be met.
A solution is still possible, however, even
when all the above n8
failed. When two double pipe exchangers are
arrangement is shown in Fig. 6.5. Suppose thatconnected
in series,isxtoo
the stream which
large to be accommodated in several exohangers in series is divided inhalf
and each half traverses but one exchanger through the in
inner pipe
 COUNTERFLOW 117
Fig. 6.6. Dividing a
stream in half while
keeping the flow area constant
oroduces about one-cighth of the series pressure drop, since G and L will
be half and the product of G'L in Eq. (6.14) will be one-eighth. While
the film coefficient will also be reduced, the unfavorable
temperature
difference of by-passing can be circumvented. Where there is a
substal
tial unbalance between the weight flow of the two streams because one
operates Over a long range and the other over a very short range, the large
stream may be divided in three, four, or more parallel streams. In larger
services each parallel stream may also flow through several exchangers
in series in each parallel bank. The term "parallel streams" should not
be confused with "parallel flow." The former refers to the division of
the fow of one fuid, while the latter refers to the direction of fow
between two fluids.
The True Temperature Difference for Series-parallel Arrangements.
The LMTD calculated from T'1, T2, ti, and t2 for the series arrangement
will not be the same for a series-parallel arrangement. Halí of the pipe
fuid enters the upper exchanger II in Fig. 6.6 where the annulus fiuid is
hot, and half enters the lower exchanger I in which the annulus fluid has
already been partially cooled. While exchangers in series do not transfer
equal quantities of heat, the series-parallel relationship is even more
the total
adverse, the lower exchanger accounting for relatively less of
heat transfer. If the true temperature difference is called At, it will not
both of
be identical with the LMTD for the process conditions although
the exchangers operate in counterflow.
I and II. The
Consider the two exchangers in Fig. 6.6 designated by
of the parallel streams a
intermediate temperature is 1, and the outlets
designated by 4 and Their mixed temperature is a
For exchanger I, containing half the surface,

Q =
WC(T -
T) = X LMTD (6.16)
and
LMTD, 4T= (6.17)

Substituting in Eq. (6.16),

UA (T-Ta) n
C T -{-E
Rearranging,
UA
2 T-7--Jla
(6.18)
T-47T-7
 118 PROCESS HEAT TRANSFER

Let
(T = 2WC
wc

UA
2WC n (6.10)
Similarly for exchanger II
Qn=WC(T1 - T)= X LMTDr
(71- )
2
- ( 7 - ti)
(6.20)
LMTD n (T-4/(T = ) (6.21)
Let
R-T 2WC wC

UA
(6.22)
Since c and C were assumed constant,
WC
R = R" = R =

2WC (6.23)
Let

S- M = R'S
M T-
Similarly let

R' and 8 ratios which recur frequently in

are
ture difference At from the LMTD. Sis the
obtaining the true temper
ratio of the cold fuid range
to the maximum temperature
span, the latter being the difference betweena
both inlet temperatures, T'i and t.
But
M" = R'S"
1-s- =
-S
-RS
and from Eq. (6.19)
UA
(6.24)
And from Eq. (6.22)
UA (6.26)
 CoUNTRRPIOW 119
sDd equating Eqs. (t6.24) and (6.25),
1
Therefore
1-R T-Ru
M= M
Adding Eqs. (6.24) and (6.25),
UA
WCR (6.28)
in which T is the only unknown, and since M" =
M",

T 217T +h(T1 + Ta) - TiTa = 0

(6.27)
Equation (6.27) is a quadratie whose solution is

-2h* V4-4h(T + T)-4T1T

2
= ti t V(T1 -tP - ) (6.28)
The minus sign applies when the heating medium is in the pipes. The
plus sign applies when the cooling medium is in the pipes.
Substituting for T in Eq. (6.26),

UA In(R- 1D(71- ) + V T - 7 - 1
WC R V(T-h7%-h
(6.29)
At is the single value for the entire series-parallel arrangement; thus
UA At = WC(T1 - T) (6.30)
WC
AfUAU T1-7) (6.31)
It is conveníent in this derivation to employ a definition for the true
temperature difference in terms of the maximum temperature span
T1-h
(6.33)
Equating (6.31) and (6.32),

WC(T-T)
UA(TT-
 ROCESS HEAT TRANSFER

120

M= (Ti- T,)/(71
-

t), define P" = (72 - 1)/(Ti - ta) and

Since
UA WC = M/y: then
M= 1 P
P'+ M =1 or

Substituting in Fq. (6.29),

UA
(6.33)
or

- P"
) [G) +
If developed in a generalized manner it can be shown that, for one aer.
(6.34)

hot stream and n parallel cold streams, Eq. (6.34) becomes

where
-2.3
=|()E)"+ + (6.35a)
R=1T

For one series cold stream and n parallel hot streams,

pi' 1/n

where
23TloE(R (P) +P" (6.35 )

- and R"= 2(1-T)

Ezample 6.2. Calculation of the True Temperature Difference. A bank of double

pipe exchangers operates with the hot fluid in series from 300 to 200°F and the cold
fluid in six parallel streams from 190 to 220°F. What is tho true
ence At? temperature difer-
200 190
P -00190-0.001 R- 300-200
8(220 0.558
190)0.558
Substituting in Eq. (6.35a) and solving, y - 0.242.
At =
0.242(300 (6.3)
1900)- 26.6°F
The LMTD would be 33.7°F, and an error of 27 per cent would be introduced by
its use.

Exchangers with Viscosity Correction, d. For heating or 0o0

a ling
ffuids, the use of Fig. 24 with an assumed value of (u/u)a14= 1.0 also
assumes a negligible deviation of fluid properties from isothermal fow.
For nonviscous fluids the deviation from isothermal flow during esting
 COUNTERFLOW 121
or cooling does not introduce an
the appreciable error in the calculation of
heat-transfer coefficient. When the pipe-wall
anpreciably from the caloric temperature of the
temperature differs
eontrolling fiuid is viscous, the controlling
fuid and the
actual value of d= (u/no) must be
taken into account. To include the 0.14
by Eq. (5.31) or correction, t
by (5.32) from uncorrected values ofmay be determined
which are then corrected ho/pe and hu/4,
accordingly by
The corrected coeficients multiplication by da and ¢,
respectively.
respectively.
where ^ 1.0 are

h a (6.36)

(6.37)
Similarly for two resistances in series employing the viscosity corrections
for deviation from the isothermal the clean overall coefficient is again

Uchiehioo
+ho (6.38)
Bxample 6.3. Double Pipe Lube Oil-Crude Oil Exchanger. 6,900 Ib/hr ofa
26°API lube oil must be cooled from 450 to 350°F by 72,500 1b/hr of 34 API mid-conti-
nent crude oil. The crude oil will be heated from 300 to 310°F.
A fouling factor of 0.003 should be provided for each stream, and the allowable
pressure drop on each stream will be 10 psi.
A number of 20-ft hairpins of 3-by 2-in. IPS pipe are available. How many must
be
be used, and how shall they be arranged? The viscosity of the crude oil may
3.0
obtained from Fig. 14. For the lube oil, viscosities are 1.4 centipoises at 500°F,
to introduce an errorif
at 400°F, and 7.7 at 300°F. These viscosities are great enough
/#).14 1 is assumed.
=

Solution:
(1) Heat Balance:
6900X 0.62(450 350) 427,000 Btu/hr
Lubeoil, Q
-

Crude oil, Q =
72,500 X 0.585(310 300)=427,000 Btu/hr
2) A: Cold Fluid Diff.
Hot Fluid
310 140
450 Higher temp

Lower temp 300 50 A

350
90 Als A

or annulus,
to put the 72,500 lb/hr of orude into a single pipebe employed in
1t willbe impossible Assume, as a trial, that it will
is too small.
8unce the flow area of each (6.35a)
two parallel streams. At-87.5F
 P R O C E S S H B A T T R A N S P E R

122
(3) Caloric temperstures: F.0.396
(Fig. 17)
50 0.357 A -0.43
40 389.5°F
(5.28)
T 350 x 0.395(450
360)
304°F
(5.20)
t 300 x 0.395(310- 300)

Proceed now to the inner pipe. inner pipe, crude oil

Cold Auid: 1
oil D 2.067/12 - 0 0.172 ft
Hot uid: anulus, ube
=

3.068/12 0.266 ft (4) Flow aren,

-

Flow Ares, D, ap D*/4

X0.172*/4 0.0233 ft
D,=2.38 12-0.199 ft
(0.256-
ar(D; 0.199)/4-0.0206 ft
- D)/4 sumed,
Since two
w/2parallel
Ib/hr will
streams
flow have
in each
been
pipe.

Equiv diam, D, -
(D} -
D})/D
Eq. (6.3)
0.199)/0.199 = 0.13 ft
(0.256 -

(6) Mass vel, G, =

w/a,
(6) Mass vel, G. W/Ga 72,500
6900/0.0206 335,000 lb/(hr)(ft")
2 0.0233
- 1,560,000 lb/(hr) (ft)
0.83 cp
(6) At 304°F,
=
#
6 ) At 389.5°F, 4 = 3.0 cp
= 0.83 X 2.42 2.01 lb/(ft)(hr)
3.0 X 2.42 = 7.25 lb/(ft)(hr)
Fig. 14] Fig. 14
Re= DG./ Eq. (3.6)]|Re,= DG,/4
-0.13 X 335,000/7.25 = 6,000 = 0.172 >x 1,560,000/2.01 =
133,500
I f only 2 hairpins in series are required,
L/D will be 2 614. Use
X40/0.13=
L/D = 600.
(T) ju= 20.5 [Fig. 24]| (7) ju = 320 Fig. 24
)At T. - 389.5°F, e = 0.615 Btu/ (8) Att, = 304°F, c = 0.585 Btu/(lb)()

(b) (°F) Fig. 4 Fig. 4

k 0.067 Btu/(hr)(ft*)(F/ft) [Fig. 1}|k = 0.073 Btu/(hr)(ft)(°F/it) Fig.1

(0.615 X 7.25=4.05 ( - (0.5850.073

X 2.01 - 2.52
( - 0.067
oAi()% (Eq. (6.15)1 () h =j n ( Eq. (6.154
20.5 X 0.067 X 4.05 320 x 0.073 x 2.52
0.13 0.172
42.7 Btu/(hr)(ft*)(°F) 342 Btu/(hr)(ft°0°)
(10) x ID
Eq. (6.31)I 342 x 2.067/2.38 297
42.7
00t297+42.7(389.5 - 304) Now proceed from (4) to (9) to obtainl
H 0.77 x 2.42 1,80
6 , 6 x 242 16.0 lb/(ft)(hr) 314F|,(u/). .14
(2.01/1.86)14 1.0nearly
/w).14
Pg. 141 Fig.
(7.25/16.0)0.14 0.90 Fig 24h Eg.(6.37)

Eq. (6.36) 297 X 1.0 297

42.7 X 0.90 38.4
 COUNTERFLOW 123
11) Clean overali ooeficient,
Uc:
Uc h hih 297 X 38.4
"

}97 +384 34.0

(1) Design overall coeficient, Un: Btu/(hr)(t")(°¥) (6.38)

R 0.003 +0.003- 0.006 (hr) (ft*) (6.10)

UD-28.2 (°F)/Btu
Summary
38.4 h outside 207

Uc 34.0

UD 28.2
(13) Surface:
A 427,000
UpA 28.2 X87.6173 f
External surface/lin ft, a'" 0.622 ft
=
(Table 11)
Required length = 9173 278 lin ft
This is equivalent to more than six 20-ft hairpins or 240 lin feet. Since two
streams are employed, use eight hairpins or 320 lin. feet. The hairpins should parallel
have
the annuli connected in series and the tubes in two parallel banks of four
The corrected UD will be UD = Q/4 At = 427,000/320 x 0.622 x 87.5 = 24.5.
exchangers.
The corrected dirtfactor will be Ra = 1/Up - 1/Ue = 1/24.5 - 1/34.0 0.0114.

Pressure Drop
(1) D- (D, -D,) Eq. (6.4)1|(1) For Re, - 133,500 in (6) sbove
=(0.256-0.198)=0.058 ft f
0.264
0.0035+ s.50020a-0.005376
Re-DG/
-0.058 X 335,000/7.25 2680
s
[Eq.(3.476)
= 0.76, p = 62.5 x 0.76 47.5
0.264
f 0.0035 *28800p. 0.0132 Pig. 61
(Eq. (3.476)]|Halves of the tube fuid will flow throughh
-0.775, p= 62.5 X 0.775- 48.4 only four exchangers.
Pig. 61
g 4G
) AP,- ()A 2gpD
29p D 4 X 0.005375 X 1,560,000 X 160
4X 0.0132 X336,000 320 2X4.18 X10 X47.5 X0.172
2 X418 X 10X 48.4 X 0,058 25.7 ft
16.7 t au 25.7 X 7.08.5 psi
(8V G 386.000
() V- 3600 3500 X 48.41,9fps Allowable AP, 10.0 pai
0.45fT the fow had not been divided, thepreas
A8 -8( sure drop would be nearly eight times
X 85.8 pai great, or about 60 pai.
AP.L67+045)
14
Allowable AP. 10.0 pai
 PROCESS HBAT T'RANSFER

124

PROBLEMS

Up =
20, (6) Uo
factor when (a) Uc =
30 and 60 and
= a.

6.1. What is the fouling 100? Which do you 8ider

nable
D - 50, and (¢) Uc 110and Up to
=
=

clean streams?
Specify between two moderately data were available
oversized because no
6.2. A double pipo exchanger was w a s originally
the
designed to
rate at which dirt accumulated. The exchanger cool
acetic acid from 250 to 150°F by heating 19,00000 Ib /hr
3,000 l6/hr of 100 per cent
coefficient Up 85 was emploved
=

alcohol from 100 to 157°F. A design

butyl initial operation a hot-liquid outlet temperature of 117°F was obtain t It
during ed
rate of 3°F per month. What dirt factor should
rose during operation at the average
have been specified for a 6-month cleaning cycleer
6.3. O-xylene coming from storage at 100°F is to be heated to 150°F by co:
ling
18,000 lb/hr of butyl alcohol from 170 to 140°F. Available for the purpose are five
20-ft hairpin double pipe exchangers with annuli and pipes each connected in sa:
The exchangers are 3- by 2-in. IPS. What is (") the dirt tactor, (o) the pressure drops?
series.
(c) If the hot and cold streams in (a) are reversed with respect to the annulus and iner
pipe, how does this justify or refute your initial decision where to place the hot stream?
6.4. 10,000 lb /hr of 57°API gasoline is cooled from 150 to 130°P by heating 42 APT
kerosene from 70 to 100°F. Pressure drops of 10 psi are allowable with a minimum
dirt factor of 0.004. (a) How many 24- by 14in. IPS hairpins 20 ft long are
required ? 6) Howshallthey be arranged? ( What is the final fouling factor?
6.6. 12,000 lb/hr 26°API lube oil (see Example 6.3 in text for viscosities) is to be
cooledfrom 450 to 350°F by heating 42°API kerosene from 325 to 375°F. Apressure
drop of 10 psi is permissible on both streams, and a minimum dirt factor of 0.004 should
be
provided. (a) How many 20-tt hairpins of 24- by 1-in. IPS double
required? (6) How shall they be arranged, and () what is the final dirt factor?
pipe are
6.6. 7,000 1b/hr of aniline is to be heated from 100 to 150°F by
cooling 10,000 1b/hr
of toluene with an initial temperature of l85°F in 2-by 1-in. IPS double
pipe hairpin
exchangers 15 ft long. Pressure drops of 10 psi are allowable, and a dirt factor of
0.005 is required. (a) How many hairpin sections are required?
(6) How shall they
be arranged? (c) What is the final dirt factor?
6.7. 24,000 lb/hr of 35°API distillate is cooled from 400 to 300°F
by 50,000 Ib/hr
of 34°API crude oil heated from an inlet temperature of 250°F. Pressure drops of
10 psi are allowable, and a dirt factor of 0.006 is
required. Using 20-ft hairpins o
4 by 3-in. IPS (a) how many are required, (6) how shall they be arranged, and
c) what is the final fouling factor?
6.8. A liquid is cooled from 350 to 300°F
by another which is heated from 90 to
315°F. How does the true temperature difference deviate from the LMTD if (a) tn
hot fuid is in series the
and cold fuid flows in two
hot fuid is in series and the cold fuid flows in threeparallel counterfow paths,
(c) The cold-fuid range in (a) and (6) is changed to 275 parallel-flow-counterflow
to 300°F. a
6.9. A fuid is cooled from 300 to 275°F by 00°E.
heating a cold fuid from 100 t
If the hot fuid is in series, how is the true temperature difference affected by
the hot stream into (@) two parallel streams and divu
(6) into three parallel streaae
6.10. 6330 Ib/hr of toluene is cooled from 160 to 100°P
from 90 to 100°F by heating a Alow
using 15-ft hairpins, The exchangers are 2-by1-in. IP5.
aYmany
ing 10 psi pressure drops and providing a minimum dirt factor of 0.004
hairpins are required, (6) how shall they be arranged, and () what is the ()ndit dirt

factor?
 C0UNTKRFIDW 125
.11. 13,0M) }»/hr of 29°A Pl ga* oii
cooled from 40 ts A9°¥ by rnting 57°AP (s kxninpie 6.2 n text ior viscositics) 1s
in aN many 3- by 2 in. 1Pa dunhle
gaiine under pressure from 220 to 230°F
pip 2) ft
o 10 pmi are prernittai alorngwith a minimum hsirins s8 are required. Pressure drops
hairpins are required? (b) How *hall they he dirt factr of 0.04. (a) How many
factor? nrrangel? (c) What is the final dirt
6.12. 100,0XK) }b/hr of nitrobenzene in ty he eoled
fromn 325 to 275°F by benzene
heated from 100) to 300°V. Twenty-foot hairpinsR of 4- 3-in.
be employed, and by IP8 double pipe will
preneure droa of 10 pai are
0.004 in required. (a) low iany permiasible. A minimum dirt factor of
h»irping
nrranged ? () Whnt in the final dirt fauctor?
nre
required? () How shall they be

NOMENCLATURE FOR CHAPTER 6

A Heat-transfer surface, ft2
Flow arca, ft
a" External Burface per linear foot of pipe,ft
Specifie heat of hot fluid in derivations, IBtu/(lh)(°F)
C A constant
Specific heat of cold fluid in derivations or either fluid in caleulation
Btu/(lb)(°F)
Inside diameter, ft
D1, D For annuli D, is the outside diameter of inner pipe, D» is the inside diame-
ter of the outer pipe, ft
D, 1 Equivalent diameter for heut-transfer and pressure drop, ft
d , d, Equivalent diameter for heat-transfer and pressure drop, in.
D. Outside diamcter, ft
Caloric fraction, dimensionless
AF Pressure drop, ft
Frietion factor, dimensionless
G Mass velocity, Ib/(hr) (ft*)
Acceleration of gravity 4.18 X 10s ft/hr?
Acceleration of gravity 32.2 ft/sec?
Heat-transfer coefficient in general, for inside fuid, and for outside fluid,
h, h, he
respectively, Btu/(hr)(ft)°F)
Value of hi when referred to the pipe outside diameter, Btu/(hr) (ft ) (°F)
ID Inside diameter, ft or
in.
Heat-transfer factor, dimensionless
K. Caloric factor, dimensionless
Thermal conduetivity, Btu/(hr) (Et)(°F/ft)
of ft
Pipe length or length path, dimensionless
Temperature group (T1- 7:)/(71 t),
-

M
Number of parallel streams
OD Outaide diameter, ft or in.
dimensionles
P Temperature group (71-h)/(7'1- th), dimensionless
p Temperature group (T1-ta)/(T1- h),
AP Presure drop, pai
Hest fow, Btu/hr
7)/l%-), dimensionless
Temperature group (T%- Ti)/n(t-h), dimensionless
Temperature group (T dimensionless
Temperature group n(P, #/t%4),
 HEAT
TRANSF ER
PROCESS

126 outside dirt factor, (hr)(ftay/or

('F)}/
factor,
inside dirt
Combined dirt factor,
Ra, R, R pressure drop, dimensionlese
Btu transfer and
for heat
number
Re, Re Reynolds
Hydraulic radius, ft dimensionless

t1)/(T1
- -

t),
Temperature group (l -

S Specific gravity, dimensionless

outlet of hot fuid, °F
inlet and
in general,
Hot-fuid temperature
T, T, T temperature of
hot fuid, °F
and outlet of cold fuid, p
Te Calorie inlet
temperature in general,
t, t1, te Cold-fuid cold fluid, °F
Caloric temperature of difference in Q =UpA
At
e
temperature
True effective
or hot-terminal temperature
differences, °F
Cold- and design coeficient.
Ate, A
Overall coefficient of heat
transfer, clean coetficient, nt,
, Uc, UD
Btu/(hr)ft )(°F)
Velocity, fps
Weight flow of hot fluid, lb/hr
Weight flow of cold fluid, lb/hr
Height, ft
A constant, dimensionless
X 2.42= lb/(ft) (hr)
Viscosity at the caloric temperature, centipoises
X 2.42 = lb/(ft)(hr)
Viscosity at the pipe-wall temperature, centipoises
Density, lb/ft3
(u/4m) 0.14

Subscripts and Superscripts

Annulus
Loss
Pipe
I First of two cxchangers
II Second of two cxchangers