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Found Ordyat POW'ERLINE

PO\VERLINEREVIE\V CENTER
MEZZANINE FLOOR, DONA AMPARO BUILDiNG
CORNER ESPANA &.G. M. TOLENTINO STREETS.
SAMPALOC; MANILA
TEL. NOS. 735-73-02 & 733-2:1-:1.8

CEERS- POWERLINE
REVIEW,
CENTER
TEL. NOS- (032)261..-2244 &(032)26:1--8452
 POWERLINE REVIE'V CENTER, INC.
POWER:SYSTEM REVIEW LECTURE . j

POWER Sy,

de

1(111(5g:fuilegior
81 to 240 km (150 miles)
aB()v~:MO kID '

. "(

Parameters of TrimsmFss;on.£ines
,, .'-

1. 'Sedes resi,~tahce ofthe!ine } s~ort } }

}Medium }
~2. . Sefie~jnd¥~!flllceof t1u~lirie} , .
- '}. ShuntcapiiC1tance oftte line } }Long,
4. Shunt cOhductance of the line j

SERlES RESlSTANCE OF THELINE

DC Resistance . AC Resistance
L
.RIc = P A Rae =k R.:tc

Where: k = 1 +'.J] + F'

2
F =0.0105 d2f :::> for copper
F =0.0063 d2f :::> for aluminum
d = diameter of conductor, inch
f = frequency, Hz

Skin EFfect - the tendency of cunent to move outward the surface of conductor.
, .,Skil) effect depcl}ds uponthe'foll~Wing factors:
a. Nature of material
b. Diameter oEwire
c. Frequen9Y
d. 'Shape of wire
Note: Skin effect is negligible when the s\1pply frequency is low (less thall 50 Hz) and condac
diameter is less than l.Ocm ,

-SERIES INDUCTANCE OF THELIN£

For 14>Solid Lines:
L = 2 x 10 -, In -;-
"D
Him per conductor
-
r'
For3<j> lines:

L = 2 x 10 -7m Deq ,~I m per phase

Ds
Where:
L - series inductance of the line
D - disUlilcebetween conductors
r' - seIfGeometric MeanDistance of soJid conductor
r;~re~1l4=().7788r ,;, -
.-,radius of conductor'
Ds - self Geometric Mean Distance of solid conductor or G<:omet'ic Mean
. Radius (GMR) of conductor. .

Deq - equivalent spacing of conductor~ or Geometric Mean-Distance (GL-1T

conductors.
 2
?

~i
;

I" /
~
" \
\
.' i 2 3 -/ '.
I \
f \
"'2I -$ 0----. , /
/ \

\.3
!I .--------.-
-+3 ,--,--~
GMD or Deq = VD" .D'3 . D3" .
Tram,positiol1 -- is the alternating of position of each phase of the line at regular interval to balance the
inductance and the capacitance of the line.

For fWndled Co~:

-- it reduces the reactance of the iine and ",ffect Gf CUIona. d

A d
..
d, \d
.. ---..-.;
--;
So. d
~---:-v
._U.
d
' ,

.
... I
'
04 -str<1nd
'---,-
d
I
~
2. - strcmd .3 - strand
L = 2 x 10 -7 In Deq Hi m per phage
Ds"

Where: Dsb .~. GMR of the bundled conductor

, D~b= .JD, ,d :=:>For 2 - strandbundle
~.
Dsb =vDs~,I' =::> For 3 - strand b\lndle

Ds' = l,O91D~ . d' ::::>For 4 - strand bundk

~i7t <;apaeitance of the JirJ.f;]

For 1t/J,2 wire line;
a b a
-$ I~~ +-il= ~ !! dab

7r:So 7n;"
F/m = C'b = c = .::-~- F/rn to neuiral
C",
C'b"'" --yj au n n ,D'
in-- ,n.- '

r r

Considering the effed of earth

a ~T 2'7:£0 ~ F 1m 10 neutral

I- D .-1! 'h C"-r- 1

] I,.~_'~"-~ I
I

7:A'S':Y/l~'~'V/!~W~-::~~\",!j~,:~:v~:~. ground
nl F~~ J
For 3 ,plines:

Cn = 2Jr~ F/m to neutral

In fJe!T
r
Where: &G=8.85 x 10-12£im = permitivity for free space
 3
PflrfQrmSLnCe of Transmission Linesusing per phas~ basis:
r
SHORT TRANSlVllliS.WN LINES:
Ru XL
~
i 1;~ ---
~I T
V'N t Notation:
lJ]~'oadV~AJ
IFfTsl---J

Volrage Equa/i{Jn ;
-, ~ -, Vs '"' Sending end line voltage
VSN =VRN+IsZL
V R = Receiving end line. voltage
vs=.h VSN
Is = lR VSN = Sending end line to neutral voliagco

VRN= Receivingend Ene to Neutral voltage

Voltag-e RegulatioN, :
Is = Sending end current
IvSHiI_IVI "HII x ]00 °/
cnn"-
/ov",--- /0
iVRHI' Ii( = Receiving endcuJTent or load current

0/\ '
R- IIVS II- V.RI I <
00 °/
/0 V ,- -,~ X! /0 Pf R "-' Receiving end power factor
, iV.,
Ffficiem::y ,of Transi1li.~sion:
Pf s '" Sending end power faGtoT
Re ceiving end p0>1!er
,,-, = :.- )( 100%,
IL. Sending end powe,' -(j s .~.Sending end pfa.11g!e

f:J R = Reseiving end pf angle

Sending end Power, Ps
Ps=-!3YslsPts =3VSNI,;Pfs =PR rLincLoss
Receiving end Power, P R
PR=-!3VRIRPfR ~3VR.NI"PfR
Power Factor at sending Gnd receiving, Pfs & PfR
': I I
Pfs=cos Os =cos 1°1;;-Ovw,i, & PtR=cos O..=cos :81, -O"flN!

MEDIUM T~<\NSMISSION LINES:

Nomina! T-Circuit Repr~sentatio17 Nomfn3! Jr:-CircuitRepresentation
ZI../2 ZI.../2 ZL
~ - >. f ~---+
' _._~ ---
'T,
:!: I >5 I
'- J I
1 1s~ I .12~
1~y/zi f
e' l-
1

y I
n 1I
'

VSN , ::t==Y/2 I VRN

v~~

-L-"
T
lc~ "!Rt
"

r _J -=;b-
,
I
' J3 -1-
-;-
' ~,
11
,r
-=-
. ~.j.
oW---t
lr< J
I
Val/age Regulation
.I .'' , Efficiency
i v " L I- , -- !
'/ i
V D - , IV , , t'L, , 00 °'
<:/ 1

' - if?
,0 ,'- -. II/ I, x, /0 1]n - -' x 100.%
,:' ,~,
r;,; PR + Line J~O.\5
 <1
LONG TRANSMISSION LINKS.:

'~ z """Z'~:'~ X ,", , ',' ," ,~

v:ITI1:'
- -' - - f11l~J
-
z = series impedance per ,;nit lengtl1
y = shunt admittance per wlit length
-
C
-
-= -
-
VSN = VRNcosh
, F'
...jzy£ +IRZcsinh vzy£
zL=oZf & Y=yt
r- "J"-'
VSN = VRN cosh ~ZLY +lqZC sinh ~ZLY
r-- Ii --
Is = 1,:cosh .JZ I.Y + _.~N-sinh) ZLY
L-C
,-
!'l
Zc = characteristic .jmpedance= 11~
, 1 ohms
Y = propagation COIlstant= J;;; = a + j j3

j3 - phase shift comtant in ragian per unit length

,a - attcnuation constant neper per unit length,
, ,,2Jf
Wavelengtn, /L= ,,--
jJ
VelOCl!Y of jYropsgation ,1J = ),' f
f= IT"'-1llGncyin cps

TRA!~MiSSION J..1.~JJJlRG~9.
In transmissi0n lines the effect ofiightning discharge (i.e .external cause)or similar internal cauSe
such as switching surges, insulation breakdown, arcing ground '"TIedr(;'sonance whenimpressed
suddenly on a pa.rt of transmission line a quantity of electrical energy which moves along the hne at
approxh'1Iately the speed OTJjght as a "travellmg wave" or "iine surge" which causcs high ratc of
change of voltage,

,
SlJrge Impedance (Zo):
r
20 "" ,I~
R + jOJ!~
but [OJ losskss
,
hne, It becomes:
,1
Zo = ,I-~
L
VlI+juJC VC

:i!1f!,{.fL[lXllJedance Loading (S.J.L): SJL = J3!VLii! L1= !. iV~L~~L in VVatts

I VJr:; Ill"
,...
rT ,
~C Vc
Reflection ofTrawdli!lfJ Wm't? :
0 (E; U '7
Case 1 : Line open circuited at the other end (Z = co)
Reflected current; i'='-j (E;()~~
Reflected voltage: E'= E open
Resultant current; i"= 0 cIrcuit
Resultant voltage; E"= 2£
0=,
Case 2 : Liue silOrt circuited at the orher end (Z = 0) {E, i.j ---'i'
Reflected current: i ',= i
Reflected voltage; E '=-E
0'
( r::;L' {-- J!
Resu IbM current: i "= 2i shoF! ! circuited
.Resuitant voltage: E"= 0
I
c~".._. j
 I!
.!
!
5
I a ( £". iJ )
! Case 3 : Litle tccrninated
Reflected'cum~nt : j~= 0
py resist=c:e (20= R)
(E;t'J~
I " "

I
i .,Reflected voltage:
Resultant current:
E'= 0
i"= i
Resultant voltage: E";;' E 0 JR
I
I !?ENERAUZED CIRCUIT CONSTANI
I
II V SN '" A V R.~ + B IR ; Is. C V RI-,. DlR
, Vs'
At no load, IR=0, VRN @ no load = VNL =--:;'-

CORO,l!lLE:QWEB

!dfJ:J:.iLna
-, b. luminous discharge due to ionization of air sun'ounding a ,conductor caused by high voltage
gradient exceeding a certain critical value, The phcnomenon of violet glow production of oZOlle
gas in an overhead lines,
Factor Effecting CortJpa :
1) Atmosphere
2) Conductor size
3) Spacing between conductor
4) Line voltage

j)isadv!.IJltages of Corolla;
1) Corona is accompanied by loss of energy,
2) Ozone is produced and may cause corrosion of conductor due to chemical T<;:lction,
3) Non-sinusoidal current cause interference withcOlmnunication Jines,

Remedy:
1. Increase conductor size
2, Increoaseconductor spacing

Corona Power Loss, CP

r-
241 - r
CP, '=,- ( f + L.) \ ,- (V ,"' - \{,C ,2I X "J.0 -5
~
kWikm per phase
If' 'D' J 't' '
Ji7here :
f = frequency in cps
r = l'adius of conductor

D = distance between c!;'nductor

V", = applied voltage/phase
;; = air density factor
o=~-
- 3.92b
r + 273
b = barometric pressure iE cm of mercury
t ,= temperature in nC
Vc= disruptive critical voltage/phase (kV)

Disruptive Critical Voltage, "'t:

- the minimum phase to neuinJ voltage at which corona occurs,

V c = ll1og" ;) r 1n E. Volts /phase

r
ffio= irregularity factor (1:0 for polished wil'e)
go breakdown strength of air (30 kV max /cm or 21.1 kV rrn:s/crn)
~
 =' 1. Max. sag, set x = ..- ;
1. Sag at any point, y = - 2
2To
I .. (J)12 To cd
@ max. sag set x = - . y = ~:,...- Ymax=-cosh-
C/, '.. 2 ""'"'8Ta uJ 2To
2. Approx. length of cable in the-span,' 2. Approx. 1ength of cable in the Sp.ll ,
1 .
2T~ wi
L -. T . 8 Ym~' Lc= --sinn-
c- ,- T:;,-r:- - (J) 2To
3. Tension at the point of supports, 3. Tension at the point of supports,

TA= Ts = F~(d~l)'
Note: T ='To =.tension at the lowest point.
II - SHJlPortsof DffferentEl€vathm : (parCibolic cable) 2

!-XI~)(2 -r-/;
. ! h
1
! ". I

I In~L" . II >'2
. .

--
jV'-,r
.
.

J
1.1
l__t.
I

'. ~~ . I

'1-:~'<'""'"""~~~"J. """"""""Y<"",",'~'"
1. Sag: 2. Differencein elevation:
h=Y2-Y'
2 2 2. .' 2
o,r>:] =1 h .- WX/
- ---"'- (tL~]
- ---
Y.1=~"'---;;::;:-
~'O _1 2Io 2To
2 2
mY2
y,= -",.-"'-- uJx?
h = UJ-(X12 -XI')
.. 2To 2T 2T,

Note: x, + x, = f h = .!"!..-(x- - x,) (x, + x,)

21:' .
wf ,
Solving for xi ~ Xl : h =-- (x, -x,)
21"'0 ..

2hT'o . but x, = e-x,; also x"",e-x,

x,. - xI = --;-We ,

(e-X,-XI)= 2hT, x, -(e-xJ= 2hI,

wf
.' we
e-2x, =2hTa. 2x, - f = 2hTo
(of
eve
X, = _.-
e hT" X2 "~ !.. + hT~
2 we
2 -;;e'
Where;
x = any horizontal distance from lowest poilit of cable
y '" any vertical distance from lowest point of cable
To = ieDsion at the lowest point
(£; = uni t weight of cab le
 6
Jl.l1ikrJ:rolmd Cables - essentially amount of one or more conductors covered with suitable insulation 'and
. su::reuudf:d .~>:protecting core.
Si/lgle Ci.',-e

I
insulation .:
I

Insulation Resistance of underground cable

'p r
ffi=-!n..J... ohms
211/ r,
Where:
p - specific resistance of insulation
-
'I conductor radius
To - cable
radius = rJ + t
t - thickness of insulation
fI.- length of cables

~l1s1J1J;g.Sll.J!.nderqround caJllg
C = 21fC:oc.'rF/m
,.
In:2
r,
Where: Co= 8.85 x 10 .12 flm .
E:r= relative pennittivity of insulation

Cc ~~
1 Cc

. 7',~\n
.~~ Cc
Cc - capacitancebetweencore .

Cs - capa~itance between each core and the sheet

By deltato wye transfurmation: . .
Cn = Cs + 3 Cc Flm to neutrai '

SAG & STRESS ANAL YSIS

1 - For LeJ!el Supports:

(l!)Pam~olic Cable (for span 0000111 or less)

span ,t
 electric energy. It generally ..consist of

,S:;LASSIFICA1'lOfJ OfF DISTR1BUTIONSYS TEM

1. Nature of CUl'rent
a,DC di~tribution system
h.c 1\C distributi~n system
2. Types of Construction
a'. overhead system
b. underground' system
3. Scheme of Connection
a. rad1".l system
b. ring' system
c. interconnected syslem

FAUL r t:;ALCULA nON

Faults 1111([ Power System - it is the unintentional or intentional connecting together of two or more
conductors which ordinarily operates with adiffercTIce of potential between them.

PER-UNIT CALC!)! AT/ONS;

- VrjJ KV 2 ! kV2
MV A x 1000 Amp ZiP ~-~ ohms
Using: IL= .J3kV IrjJ MVA x 1000 MVA
,- -- J3k-;;'
Actual Yalue
Ingeneral : PeTUnit(p.u.)Values~' '-Bas:e V~l;;-
">
Mi' A x 1000
b
kV~ bas'!..
I base = ~a3e -.---
.

Z base = J.,lVAbase hkV base

II r,_MVAba;;e
rkV l' .1
'%Zgiven
For change of base :
Z pHnew = 100%
l kV
.
given
base J l.
MVA
given'
J

ThLCinaili.Breaker ( 600 V & above)

IntelTUptingCap"city 01 Rating = F"ctor x Symmetrical Isc3$

Factor: 1.0 --, 8 cyck duty

1.] '___h 5 cycle duty
l,] ---c "--- 3 cycle duty
].4 --, "~ 10';cycle duty

MomeJ,1taIY Current Duty = Factor x Asymmetrica! be 3.

Factor' : 1.6 , for HV above 5 kV

1.5 m ,.-- directJy feed fwm generator

Eill:..Circuit Breaker (Bdow 6001/)

Intermpting Capa'cjty or Rating = iOO'%:-:: Asymmetrical Isc 3~

Moment"ry Current Duly = 125 'Yc,x Asymmetrica! [sc 3~

 /\
i
/:0.,0\
\
. POmRL~JlEVIEW CENTERInc.
~.,f ~
'
~~
I~ SCA~
V'
"\
:" '1::5{7 ~\'P\ .
/"'L
, ." / Th~ U1H1t1~teE.E. Rtview C~ter
I p.o~-~
PO'\NER .SYSTEM J:;;:.EVIE\N PROBLEMS

.'1. Which of the following standard transmission system voltages is classified as

High Voltage?' '.
A. 345 kV C. 765 kV
B. 500 kV . D: 230 kV

2. ,Which of the following v()ltages is a NOT standard distribution voltage. (BP

2000)' , '.
A. 6.24 kV C. 11 kV
B. .13,8 kV D. 16 kV

3. What. is Jhe recommended horizontal spacing of three phase conductors for a .

34.5 kV transmission line? .

A. 2ft C.3.5ft
B.4ft D.3ft

4. Transmission lines are not normally installed equilaterally. However, in the

calculation of voltage drops in 3-phase transmission lines, equilateral distance
is required. Unequal spacing are therefore converted accordingly. What is the
equilateral spacing of a line with actual spacing between conductors of 2.0
meters, 2.0 meters and 3.0 meters? (BPOct1996)
A. 2.33 m C. 2.289 m
B. 2.404 m D. 2.517 m

5. A three-phase line is designed with equilateral spacing of 16 ft. It is decided'

. to build tneline with horizontal spacing (013 =2012 = 2023). The conductors
are transposed. What should be the spacing between adjacent conductors in
order to obtain the same inductance as in the original d~sign?
A.16ft " C.11.3ft
'

. B. 32 ft D. 12.7 ft

6. A double circuit 3-phase transmission line has a horizontal spacing of 6.0 ft

. and a conductor vertical spacing of 3.0, ft. Calculate the GMD of the parallel
~ .

lines.(Sept.'01) .
A. 4.94 ft C. 4.76 ft
B. 9 ft D. 3.78 ft

7. A single phase distribution line is installed with two No.8 copper conductors
spaced 15 em. ;[he line is 4 km long and the gmr with NO.8 is 1.27x10-3 m.
What is the inductance with the line? (BP Oct. 2000)
A. 7.6 mH . C. 4.2 mH
B. 27'.5 mH D. 6.1 mH
8. A 34.5 kV feeder line is 5 mile long. The' conductors are spaced 4 ft
horizontally. T.he"conductor is 4/0 copper withGMR o( 0,01688 ft. What is the
reactance? -
A. 2.36 ohms C. 3.46 ohms
B. 6.72 ohms D. 5.16 ohms

9. A 69 kV, 40 mile transmissiol! line has two bundled conductor per phase,
conductors of the bundle spaced 12 inches and arranged horizontally 8 ft
*between phases. The conductor used in the bundle is 336,400 c.ircular mil
has a GMR of 0.0244. ft. What is the series reactance of the line?
A. 23.4 ohms C. 20.2 ohms
B. 15.6 ohms D. 28.1 ohms

10.A 115 kv line has vertical configuration with 9 ft spacing. The diameter of the
336.4 MCM ACSR is 0.721 inch. If the length of the line is 20 km what is the
total capacitance? (BP April 2001)
A. 0.282 uf ' C. 2.2 uf
B. O.187 uf D. 5.25 uf

11. A 100 km transmission line has a 1,200 ohms shunt reactance. What is the
per km shuntreactance? (BP Oct. 1998)
A. 1200 ohm's C. 120,000 ohms
B. 12 ohms 0.120 ohms

12. Calculate the capacitance per km per phase of the single circuit, bundled
conductor line. The diameter of eachconductoris 5 em, spacing of conductors
of the bundle is 30 cm & horizontal spacing between adjacent phases are 5 m.
A. 0..00126 uF C. 0.00165 uF
B. 0.00276 uF D. 0.00183 uF

13. A single phase, two-wire transmission line,15 km long, is made up of round

conductor, eacl1 of 0.8 em in diameter, separated from each other. by 40 em.
Calculate the inductance and capacitance of the line. .

A. 14.57 mH & 0.1818 uF C. 29.13 mH & 0.0906 uF

B. 14.57 mH & 0.0906 uF D. 29.13 mH & 0.3636 uF

14.A 230 kv transmission line is 100 miles long. The conductor is ACSR of
1,113,000 CM. The conductor are horizontally arranged with 20ft. spacing.
The resistance per mile is 0.0969 ohm and. its gmr is 0.0435 ft. What is the
impedance'ofthe line? (BP March 1998) .

A. 9.69 + j 95.25 ohms C. 9.69 + j 77.19 ohms

B. 3.23 + j 95.25 ohms D. 3.23 + j25.93 ohms

15.A 3-phase 230 kv, 100 miles transmission line composed of three-strand
bundle per phase spaced horizontally 25 ft apart. The conductor of the bundle.
is 336.4 MCM spaced 1 ft apart has resistance of 0.306 ohm per mile and gmr
of 0.0244 ft . Calculate the impedance.
A. 30.6 + j56.87 ohms C. 10.2 + j56.8} ohms
B.10.2+j18.96ohms D. 30.6 + j18.96 ohms
r 3.A transmission line cable consist of 19 strands of identical copper conductors.
I each of 1.5 mm in diameter. The length of the cable is 2.0 km but because of.
I th~strands the length of conductor.is ill'creased by 5%. What is the resistance
iI
of the cable? Take resistivity'of copper to be 1.72 x 10 -8 ohm-meter'

I
A. 1.076 C. 1.256 I
I

B. ..1,015 D. 1.306 !

T.:Athree phase, wye connected, 20 MW load of power factor 0.866 is to be

supplied'bya transmission line 138 kv. It is desired that the line losses not to
exceed 5% of the load. if the per km resistance of the line is 0.7 ohm, What is
the maximum length of the line? .
A. 51 km C. 75 km I
i
B. 65 km D: 46 km

5.A 10 km long, single phase line h,as 0.5 cis 60 deg ohm/km impedance. The
line supplies a 316.8 KW load at 3.3 kv 0.8 power factor. What is the voltage
regulation of the line?
A. 19.24 C 16.94
B. 15.65 D. 12.32

1.A 60 Hz short transmission line, having R ::: 0.62bhm per phase and L::: 9324
. mH p9fphase supplies a three phase wye connected 100' MW load of 0.9
po_wer factor at 215 KV line to line. Calculate the sending end voltage per
phase.
A. 125.2 kv' C. 122.9 kv
B. 11 5.04 kv D. 12904 kv

) The per phase impedance of a short transmission line is (0.3. +jO.4) ohm. The
sending end line to line voltage is 3300 volts and the road at the receiving end
is 300 kw per phase at 0.8 power factor lagging. Calculate the receiving end'
voltage per phase. '.
A. 1805 C. 1710
B. 1905 D. 1860

1.A short three phase transmission line with an impedance of 2+j4 has equal
sending and receiving end voltage of 115 kv. What should be the poweI
supplied .to the load in MW if receiving end power factor of 0.8. .
A. '839.2 . C. 1322
B. 846 D. -812

2.A 3-phase line has a resistance of 5.31 ohms and inductive reactance of 11
ohms per phase. Power is transmitted at 33 kv from on~ end and the load at
the receiving end is 3600 kw at 80% power factor lagging. What is the
receiving end voltage?
A. 31.44 KV C. 32.22 KV
B. 30.45 KV D. 29.43 KV
 23. What is the maximum power that can be transmittedovera three phase short,
transmission ,line having a per phase impel' ~nce of 0.3 +j 0.4 ohm if the
receiv'ing~hdvoltage is 6351 volts per phase and t~e v6Itagere'gul<;lt.io'tl of t,he
line is not to exceed 5%. . <' .. .
A. 108.9 MW C. 266.9 MW .
B. 165.6 MW D. 312.3 MW

24. The per phase parameter for a 60 Hz 200 kmtransmission line.are: R= 2.07
ohm, L=310.8 mH, and C= 1.4774 uFo The line supplies 100 MW wye
conri~cted load at 215 kv line to line and 0.9 power factor. Calculate.the
sending end voltage. . .

A. 129.24 kv C, 136.39 ky
B. 125.65kv D. 139.39 kv

25. A 230 kV transmission line is sending 100 MW power at 230 kV and 90 %

power factor. the impedance is 5 + j20 ohm per phase and its capacitive
reactance is 2,50Q,ohms. Determine the % VR of the line.
A. ,0.74% C. 3.63%
B. 3.2% D. 2.8 %

26. For high..;voltage long transmission line, we have the per phase vector relation
Es A Er + Blr,
~ If Er = 127,000 volts, 'r = 100 amperes at -30 degrees, A =
0.9 at 0 degree and B = 100 at 90 degrees, determine the magnitude of the
. sending .end voltage.
A. 131575 Volts C.119,614Volts'
B.125,595 Volts D. 113,633 Volts

27.A single core underground cable has a copper conductor of diameter 1.2 em,
the sheath has an internal diameter of 2.0 cm and the dielectric materia! has a
resistivity of 5.8 XIa .12ohm - meter anda relative permittivity of 4. Calculate
.the insulation resistance in mega-ohm for 5 km length of this cable.
Ii" 94.3 '. C. 103.4 .
:B. 240.6 D. 76.5
.,
28. The capacitance per km ofa 3. -wire cable are 0.9 uF between the tree
bunched conductor and the sheath, and 0.4 uF between conductor and the
other two connected to the sheath. Determine the line to ground capacitance
in uF for 20 km length of cable. .
A. 9' C. 6
B; 4 A .. 'D. 7

29. The base impedance and base voltage for a given power system are 10 ohms
and 440 volts respectively. What is the base current? .
A. 32 C. 88
B. 35 0.44

30. The base. current and base voltage of a 345 kv system are chosen to be 3000
A and 300 KV respectively. Determine' the per unit voltage for the system.
,~. .,1.0' C. 0.87
m . P '1",J.5-" ", ",...", ",-~.",,-_. D. 1.24 ,."
 31.ln a certain circui~analyst3?, the bases chosen are: 34.5 kv and 100 MVA.
Whiilt is theinJpedarice base? (BP April 2001)
A. 11.9 ohms' . C. 23.8 ohms
B. 7.5 ohms I D. 5 ohms

32.A 69kV/13.8 kV, f5 MVA transformer has 8% impedance. What is its

imped~nice'at base 100MVA? (BP Apri/2001) . .
AO.6%' .. C. 800% ' ""
B.8% D.106.7%

33, A 50 MVA, 33 kv/11 kv, three phase, wye-delta, connected transformer hasa
3% impedance. What is the per cent impedance at 100 MV A base and 34.5
kv base? . '

A 1.639% C. 5.74%
B. 5A9 % D. 6.56% (BP March. 1998)

34.At a 34.5 kv substation the available fault current is 10 p~u.What is the

available fault MVA if the base MVA is 50? (BP April 2001)
A 100 C.50
B.200 I D. 500

35. The available faulLduty of a certain point of electrical system is 950 MV A at

230 KV, The Thevenin's equivalent impedance is 2.63%, what is the available
fault current?
A. 91 KA C. 65 KA
B. 72 KA D. 80 KA

36.ln a short /circuit study, the positive, negative and zero sequence impedance
are 0'.25 p,u. 0.3 per and 0.3 p:u. respectively. The base MVA is 100.
Determine the fault curre.ntfor a three phase fault at the115 kv level: (BP April
200~ '

A. 3000 amperes C. 2000 amperes

B. 2500 amperes D. 3500 amperes

. 37. At a certain location in an electrical system, the available fault MVA is 500
MVA. A 15 MVA, 34.5/6.24 KV, 5% impedance, wye-wye grounded
transformer is installed at that location. Determine the short circuit MVA at the
. secoJ1'da'ry
side of the transformer. .
A. 195 MVA C. 188 MVA .
B. 175 MVA D. 150 MVA

38.The transformer to serve a customer is rated 5MVA, 13.8 f(V/480 V and its
impedance is 5%. The cable connecting the breakerto the transformer has
an impedance of 0.032 ohm per phase. What is the faultcurrent if a three
phase fault occurs at the breaker? (BP April 2001)
A 8000 amperes C. 6200 ampmes
B. 5000 amperes D. 1200 amperes
 39. At"a,certain point on 34.5kv network thethevenin's eq u.ivale. nt. ,s~guence
. "," . ' ,

X1=jO.15 per unitat 50 MVA base, Xo=jO.55'perUnltcif50 MVA.~as~.Find thi3

short circuit current for phase to phase fault at this point. (BP Sept. 2002) ,

A. 2800A C. 4800A
B.8000A D. 1670A

40. The positive, negative and zero sequence reactances of a 20 MVA, 13.2 KV
synchronous generator are O.3'pu, 0.2 pu and 0.1 pu, respectively. The
generator is solidly grounded and is not loaded. A line to ground fault OC,curs
on phase a, determine the fault current.
A. 4924 A C. 4136'.9 A
I B. .;4374 A , D. 4309.3 A
iI ,

i 41. The indoor 3-phase power center is to be served at 13.8 kV, the power center
will include a high side (primary) circuit breaker,a 1,500 kVA, 13,800/460
Volts transformer with 4 % impedance, and a main circuit breaker. If the
. service point has a short circuit capacity of 900 MVA, what is the momentary

and interrupting duty at 3 cycles of the main secondary cir~uit br~aker?

A. 73 KA & 59 KA C. 63 KA & 49 KA
B. 83 KA & 69 KA D. 56 KA & 45 KA

: 42, What arrester nominal rating shall be used in a 34.5kv ungrounded system?
A. 27 kv C. 22 kv
B. 42 kv D. 35 kv (March. 1998)
, ' ,,
43. What arrester nominal rating shall be used in a 13.8kv grounded system?
(Apr'OO) "

A. .18'KV C.7.7KV
B. 15 KV D. 1.1 KV

44. The major integral equipment between ac system and a dc system(BP April
2000) .'

A. transformer, C. circuit breaker

B. synchronous converter D. frequency converter

45. The cause of nearly all high voltage flashover in transmission lines are due to
one of the following. Which one is this? (BP Oct 1996) ,

A.high humidity C. dust and dirt

B. corona . D. lightning discharges

46. Corona occurs .when the potential of the conductor in air is raised to such a
value that the electric strength of the surrounding air is exceeded. Which qf
the following statements is NOT correct? (BP Oct 1996)
A. 'smoke lowers the critical breakdown voltage.
B, humidity decreases the critical voltage.
C. smoke and dust increase the corona losses.
D. heavy winds do not have any effect on the critical voltage
47. The CTrat~o FQd.F'T.r?ti8.r?r~ 24,G.,GJOc\49QQ,
respectively;.The i,mpedan(;e of
th;,fr?ns!i11~~J9filif1e,.is
,.1qObms,an:imped?ncE:').,relaycis installedtdprdtect .

the Iihe.,"Yha.ti§)he"impedanqe.of the line.qs seen;bytheimpedancEHelay?'

(BP Ott.2000) ,
A 1.2 ohms C. 2.53 ohms
B. 20 ohms D. 101.6 ohms

48.A device'-:Vhichmonitocapd opera~eswhen certain level has been reached.

(Sept. 2001) .
Ali1onitor.C; relay
B. oscilloscope D. transformer

49:When a lightningwave arrives at an open end of a transmission line, What

happens?' '
Ailis divid~dby two atthat point C. itdoubles at that point
B. ifp;:issesto thepir D. it is dissipated
,.
50. What isthe mEJaning of Sc;ADA?
A System Coordinated 4.rea I Distribution Area
B; System Control and Data Acquisition
C. Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
D. Super C9mputer and Dec Accessibility
 Povver Sys1:elT1 SupplelT1en1:ary 'Problems

1. What is the GMR of seven strands conductor of radius 1 ITlrn of an individual

strand? '

A. 2.1 mm, C. 1.46 mm

S. 2.304 mm D. 2,177 mm

2. A 115 kv line has a horizontal configuration. T,hedistance between adjac:;ent

, conductor is 9 ft. What is the geometricm'eandistanceof the line? .

(BP Sept. 2001)

A 12ft. C. 18 ft.
S. 9 ft. 0.11.34 ft

3. A double circuit 3-phase line are arranged at the vertices of a regular hexagon
20 ft on sides, Calculate the equivalent reactance per mile of the parallel line,
Conductor has GMRof 0.0403 ft.
A 0.843 C. 0.368
B. 0.278 . D. 0.569

. 4. A 230 kV, 20 mile transmission line has two bundled conductor per phase,
spaced 12 inches apart. The conductor used in the bundle is 336,400 circular
mil has aGMR of 0.0244 ft. What is the gmr of the line?
A 0.0244 ft C. 0.29 ft
B, 0.156 ft D. 0.43 ft

5. .A 115 KV double circuit 3-phase transmission line composed of 336.4 MCM

ACSR with gmr of 0.0244 ft has a horizontal spacing of 18 ft and a conductor
vertical spacing of9.0 ft,. Calculate the GMR of the parallel lines
A, 0.744 ft C. 0.788 ft
B. 0.0244 ft 0.0.663 ft

6. A single phase secondary line has spacing of 12 cm and with a length. of 250
meters. The conductor is NO.8 copper with a GMR of 1.27x1 0.3 m 'and
resistance of 2.36 ohm per km, Determine the inductive reactance of the line.
(BP Sept. 2001) ,

AO,137ohm C. 0.274 ohm

B.0.17ohm D. 0.086 ohm

7. A 5 km long, 3- phase 34.5 kV line has a horizontal configuration of 4 ft.

spacing. The conductor is 336.4 MCM ACSR with gmr of 0.0244 ft. What is the
inductance of the line. (BP April 2001)' .
A 5.33 m'H C. 10.22 mH
B.15.12mH D.12.02mH

8. A transmission line hasa triangular configuration of 4ft spacing. The conductor

336.4 MCM acsr. The outside diameter of 336.4 MCM acsr is 0,721 in. If the
length of the line is 30km, What is the shunt capacitive reactance per phase
~PS~t 200~ .

A.7782 C.3000
8.4833 D.5000"
 9. The'capaci.tive reaCtance"Of a100km34.5 kv line IS 200,000 ohms per km"
what is thetotal capacitive reactance of the line? (BP April 2003)
A. 2000 ohms . C. 6750 ohms
B.l,08xl070hms' O. 3.6xl060hms

10.The capac;itivere'actance'bf a 100 krn, 23kvline is 1200 ohms,what is the

capacitance per-km ?(BPApr. 2000)
A. 2.2 micro-farad C. 2.2xl O"sfarad
B. 220 micro-farad O. 12 ohms

11. The inductive reactance 0 f the line is 0.25 cis 35 deg. per km. What is the
. total reactance of the tiM at 20km? {BP April 2003)
A. 0.0125 cis 35 deg. C. 5 cis 35 deg.
8. 0.125 cis 35 deg. O. 0.25 cis 35deg.

1,2.A 5 mile line three phase line has an equilateral spacing of 4 ft. The conductor
has gmr of 0.01688 ft and resistance of 0.303 ohm per mile. What is the
impedance? (April '03)
A. 1.515 + j 3.46 C. 1.515 + j 0.002
8.1.515 + j3.32 O. 0.505 +j 3.32

13. A 5 km long, three phase Jine has a horizontal configuration of 4 ft spacing.

The conductor is 336.4 MCM ACSR with GMR of 0.0244 ft and a resistance of
0.306'ohm per mile. What is its impedance? (BP Oct. 199B)
A. 2.22 cis 65° C. 6.66 cis 65°
B.1.19cis46° O.3.57cis46°

14. A three phase transmission lihe, 1'5 km long serves a su bstation rated 15 MVA
at 34.5 KV, 60 Hz. The line impedance is 0.120 + jO.457 ohm per km, what
should be the sending end voltage so that the transformer can be fully loaded
at 70.7% pf lagging at its rated voltage?
A. 37,200 V ~. 35,340V
B. 36,500 V O. 34,990 V (Oct '96)

15. A short 230 kv transmission line has on impedance of 5 cis 78°ohms. The
sending end power is 100 MW at 230 kv and 85% power factor. What is the
linel.osses? (BP Apr '01)
A.1.21 MW C. 962 KW
B. 728 KW 0.272 KW

16.A 20 miles 3-phase transmission line is to deliver 20,000 kw at69 kv at 85%

power factor, The line is composed of 300 MCM acsr conductor, resistance is
0.342 ohm per mile and grnrof 0.023 ft, and spaced horizontally 8 ft apart
What is the sending end voltage to neutral?
A 72.4kv C.717 kv
B. 42.5 kv O. 73.7 kv
17. Each phase of a short 3-pha.se transmission line has an impedance of 15 + )20
ohms. The impressed emf between the line conductors is 13,200 Volts. The
load connected to this line is balanced takes 1,000 kW at lagging power factor.
The current per conductor is 70 Amperes. What is the receiving end line
voltage?
. A. 10.72 kV C. 10.27 kV
B. 16.17 kV D.13.2kV

18.A short 230 kV transmission line has an impedance of 5 cis 78° ohms.' The
sending end power is 100 MW at 230 kV and 85 % power factor. What is the
p.f. at the other end? .
. A. 85.4 % C. 84.3 %
B. 86.4% D. 89.2 %

19.A short 230 kV transmission line has an impedance of 5 cis 78° ohms. The
sending end power is 100 MW at 230 kV and 85 % power factor. What is the
efficiency? .
A. 93.6 % C. 92.2 %
B. 98.5 % D. 99.73'%

20. A short 230 KV transmission line has an impedance of 5 cis 78° ohms The
sending end power is 100 MW at 230KV and 85% power factor. What is the
. percentregulgtion of the line? (Oct. 1998)
A.3.6% C.2.2%
B. 1.5% D. 0.77%

21.A three phase 230 kv transmission line has a series impedance of 3+j5 ohms
and a shunt reactance of 2500 ohms. It delivers a load of 98750 kw at 222.2 kv
with 80% power factor lagging. Solve for the sending end power.
. (BP Oct. 2000)
A. 100,000 kw C. 99,592 kw
B. 102,000 kw D.' 120,000 kw

22. A 230 KV transmission line is sending 100 MW power at 230 KV and 90%)
power factor.. The impedance is 5 + j20 and its capacitive reactance is 2500
ohms. Determine the receiving end voltage. (BP Oct. 1998)
A. 221.72 KV C. 226.15 KV
B. 222.83 KV D. 224.28 KV

23. A 230 kv transmission line has an impedance of SOds 78 ohms and a capacity
reactance of 1200 ohms. It transmit the power of a base load plant. On a
certain dry season the sending end power is 100 MW at 235 kv and 95%
power factor continuously for a period of one month. If cost of generation is
P1.30/kwhr, what is the cost of the line los&es for the one month period? (Mar.
1998)
A. P565,000 C. P5.6 million
B. P12.2 million D. P2.2 million.
 I'
i

.!
;
24. The ABCD constants of a 60 Hz, 3-phase long transmission lines are as
follows.
A= D= 0.877 /1.57° B =191.62 1 79:1 °C= 0.0012 /90,4°
This supplies 100' MWload at 230 kV witl190% power}actor, What ,is the
sending
voltage?
A. 248 kV C. 269 kV
B. 245 kV D. 238 kV

251n transmission lines the cross arms are made Qf

A copper' C. wood
B. R.ec. D. steel

26. Transmission line insulators are made of

A glass C. porcelain
B. iron D. PVC

27. The LIse of strain type insulator is made where the conductor are
A dead end ,C. any of the above
B. at intermediate anchor towers D. none of the above

28. A guy wire

A. protects conductor against short circuit
B. provide emergency earth route
C. provide protection against surges
D. supports the pole

29. Calculate the maximum span between level supports for 500 MCM acsr
conductor weighs 4, 1221bs/mile if the allowable sag is 2 ft. The ultimate
strength ofconductor is 24,400 Ibs and safety factor is 4.0.
A. 460 ft . c. 300 ft'
8.350 ft D. 250 ft

30. A span of 300 m between level supports is expected to have a maximum sag
. of 12 m when the wind pressure is 12.2 gmlcm2 of projected area. The
circular copper conductor has an area of 1.29 cm2 and weighs 1.13 kg/m. If the
conductor has a breaking strength of 4,220 kg/cm2, What is the safety factor
under these conditions?
I~.~ 2 C. 3
B. 4 D. 5

31.ln a certain circuit analyses, the bases chosen are. 69 k,v and 100 MVA, what
is the impedance base? (BP April 2003)
A. 47.6 ohms C. 23.8 ohms
B 75 ohms D. 5 ohms

32. The percent impedance of a line is 6% at 34.5 k,V and 100 MVA bases. What is
the ohmic impedance? (BP April2001)
A. 2.32 C. 3.0
B.O.72 D. 120
 33. The impedance of a iine is 5% on 115 kv and 100 MVA bases. What shall be
at 120 kv and'1 0,000 kva ba_ses? (BP Sept: 20.02) . .
A. 1.2% '.,' C. 0.32%
B.0.46% D. 072%

34. Find the ohmic value of the impedance 3.8% + j 15.2%. Jhe base values are
100 MVA and' 115 kv respectively. (BP April 2003)' .
A. 5 + j 20 ,C. 3.8+ j15.2
B. 0.5 + j 2 D. 0.005 + j 0.2

35. The impedance ofa transmission line is 300. What is the per unit imp:edance
of 115 kv and 100 MVA bases? (BP Sept. 2002)
A. 0.18 " ' C. 0.03 .
B.0.p5 D. '0.22

36. Which of the following is the likely value of the transient reactance of a 100 MW
generator? (BP Apri/2001) .
A.5% C.10%
B. 100% 0.20%

37.ln a certain line, the positive and zero sequence reactance of 3% & 15%
respectively, what is negative sequence reactance? (BP Sept. 2002)
A. 3% C. 15% '
B. 18% 0.12%

38. A 15 ,MVA, 34.5kv/6.24 kv transformer is connected to infinite bus The percent

impedance of the transformer is 2.5%. What is the current at 34.5 kv side for a
three phase short at the 6.24 kv side? (EE BP Oct. '97)
A. 10,000 amperes . C. 5,000 amperes
B. 55,000 amperes 0.25,000 amperes
II
39.At a certain location in an electric system, the available fault MVA is 400 MVA
A 15 MVA, 34.5 kv/6.24kv, 2.5% impedance, wye-wye grounded transformer is
installed at that location. Determine the short circuit MVA at the secondary .
(BP March. 1998) "
A. 195 MVA C. 90 MVA
B. 150 MVA D..240MVA.

40. There was a 3-phase fault at a certain pqint in a 13.8 kv network where the
thevenin's equivalent impedance is 72 ohm per' phase. What is the magnitude
of the fault current? (BP April 2000)
A. 27600 amperes C. 15,900 amperes
B. 7970 amperes O. 13,800 amperes

41. There was a phase to phase fault at 13.8 kv system where the thevenin's
equivalent impedance is 2.63% what is the magnitude of the fault current. Base
MVA is 10 (Oct.2000)
A. 15,900 amperes C. 7970 amper~s
B 13,800 amperes D. 27.600 amperes
 42,A 5 MVA, 13.8 kv) 480 V, 5%impedance tri'l'psformer is tapped ,at 13..~kvline
\!\I'heretbe Thevenin'S'J:equiv'aIEmf,irhpedance~ is 1)4ohr,ri., Q~~ermine' th,e fault
current at the primary fora three-phase faultM the 'secondarY. .

A 10,500 amperes . C. 42000 amperes

I B. 3300 amperes' D. 6050 amperes (March. 1998)

. .

43.AJOMVA, 13.8 kV/48bV, 5% ifr1pedan6e:wye,grounded~qert~secondary.

Transformer serves an industrial customers: The phase a conductor on the
secondary side accidentally touches a grounded point. What is thefault
current? (BP March2002) .' .

A 50,OOOA C. 120,OOOA
'B. 0;' D':80,OOOA .

44. A utility supplies an industrial plant at 13.2 kV from a 20 MVAtransformer

t whose impedance is 8 %. The utility short circuit capacity at the primary of the'
transformer is 500 MVA. It is desired to add 3-phase current limiting reactors
I . the secondary of thetransformertolirriit the initial fault capacity f9rmthe utility
I. to 133 MVA Whati? the reactance of the reactor required?
i A 0.625 ohm' . C, 0.265 ohm
I B. 0.375 ohm! D. 0.25 ohm
I
45, The connected 'electrical load of an office building is 300 kVA, The main circuit
. I
breaker to be installed is 1,600 Amp, 2 poles, 250 Volts. The Meralco
'1, c:fistribution transformer i,s rated 20,000/230 Volts. It is to seNe this load with a
I
.
!
rated connected load of 500 kVA, single-phase, 60 Hz, 3% impedance, 230
Volts. What interrupting rating should be required for the main circuit breaker?
!
(BPOct 1996) .
I A. 50,000 A C..150,000 A
B. 100,000 A D. 75,000,A

46. Surge arresters are needed in transmission line for the following purposes.
Which is the important? (BP Apr. '97)
A. Regulate the voltage
B,' Prevent the lighthingfrom striking the tine
C. Protect the system from high voltage transient
.D. Protect the line from short circuit current

47, What arrester nominal rating shall be used in a 13.8 kv ungrounded system?
(BP"Sept. 02) .
. A. 11 kv C.18 kv
I '8. 15 kv D. 21kv
I
I 48. The distribution system is 34.5 kvungrounded, which arrester shall be installed
i to protect a distribution transformer. (BP March 2002).
A. 35 kv C. 27 kv
.

B. 38kv . D.. 30kv

f
49. For which of the following equipment current rating is not nece.ssary
A. circuit breaker C, load break switch
B. isolator' D. CB and load breakswitches
 .. - . ...
f
Distance relay is used to: (ap Oct. 2009)
A. Relay the distance of a disturbance to the control center
B. Measure tbe distance of a fault to a relay point
C. Pinpoint the location of a lightning strike
D. Measure impedance of a line and operates when the measured
impedance goes below a certain point. .
..

.What is the relay that can detect overlQad in the line? (ap Apr 2003)
. A. fuses C. overcurrent relay
B. differential relay D. magnetic switch

In transmission lines, the most effective protection against lightning strikes is

. one of the following. Which one is this? (ap Apr. '97) .
A. lightning rods C. lightning arresters
B. petersen coils D. overhead wires

53. Which of the foflowing does not belong to the protection of a transmission line?
A. distance relay C'. reclose relay (SP Oct. '97)
B.' ground relay D. reverse power relay

54. It is computerized data gathering, monitoring and switching equipment. (ap

Oct. 1998) .
A. supervising control C. remote control
B. SCADA D. Control and monitoring system

55. The CT ratio and PT ratio are 240 and 2000 respectively. A reactance relay is
installed to protect the line. What is the reactance of1he transmission .Iirie if the
reactance as seen by the readancerelay is 1.41 ohms. (SP Oct. 2000)
A.12.2ohms' . C. 1.410hms
B.0.170hms D. 11.750hms

PRACTICE 1V18kes PerFect:ttt