MOS Assignment – II

Torsion Test on Mild Steel

Name: Krushna Nemade
Roll: 262035
PRN: 22010231
Batch: B2

Theory:

In torsion testing the circular bar is placed in the machine

such a way that its longitudinal axis coincides with the axis of the
grips and so that it remains straight during the test. Then rotate
one grip at a reasonable constant speed until the test piece breaks,
here the shearing stresses will develop in any cross section of the
bar whose value increases linearly from zero at the centre to a
maximum at the outer periphery. Troptometer is used to measure the
twist to an accuracy of one minute.

Torsion Testing Machine

 Types of Torsion Tests:

Types of torsion testing vary from product to product but can

usually be classified as:

i. Axial-Torsion: Applying both axial (tension or compression)

and torsional forces to the test specimen.
ii. Torsion Only: Applying only torsional loads to the test
specimen
iii. Failure Testing: Twisting the product, component, or specimen
until failure. Failure can be classified as either a physical
break or a kink/defect in the specimen.
iv. Proof Testing: Applying a torsional load and holding this
torque load for a fixed amount of time.

Consider now the solid circular shaft of radius ‘R’

subjected to a torque ‘T’ at one end, the other end being fixed
under the action of this torque. The length of the shaft is L.
Imagine a horizontal radial line drawn on the end face. When the end
is twisted the line rotates through an angle θ. The length of the
arc produced is Rθ

Now consider a line drawn along the length of the shaft. When
twisted the lines moves through an angle Ï’. The length of the arc
produced is LÏ’.

If we assume that the two arcs are the same it follows that RÏ
´= LÏ’

Hence by equating LÏ’= RÏ´, we get

The relation between shear strain and shear stress is

� is the shear stress and G the modulus of rigidity. G is

one of the elastic constants of a material. The equation is only
true so long as the material remains elastic.

Substituting (1a) into (1b) we get

Since the derivation could be applied to any radius, it

follows that shear stress is directly proportional to radius ‘r’
and is a maximum on the surface.
Equation (1c) could be written as

Now let’s consider how the applied torque ‘T’ is balanced

by the internal stress of the material. Consider a elementary ring
of material with shear stress � acting on it at radius r.

Force acts at a radius r then the torque produced is

Since from equation (1d) then

Now substituting

Then,

The assumptions made while deriving the above relation are:

1. Material is homogenous.
 2. Circular section remains circular and do not warp.

3. A plane section of a material perpendicular to its

longitudinal axis remains plane and does not warp after the
torque is applied.

4. Shaft is loaded by a couple or torque in a plane perpendicular

to the longitudinal axis of the plane.

5. Shear stress is proportional to shear strain; it means that

Hooke’s Law is applicable.

6. In circular shafts subjected to torque shearing strain varies

linearly.

Failure patterns in torsion:

a. Solid ductile metal bars (mild steel): Ductile torsion failure

reveals a flat, transverse break having smooth shear surface
and micro void formation. The failure occurs along a plane
perpendicular to the axis, in this plane the principal stress
will be maximum.

b. Solid brittle metal bars: The crack propagates on a helical

plane. The fracture surface roughness increases with distance
of propagation, crack propagation rate, and decreased strength
level. 45-degree helicoidal fracture will take place.

c. Ductile metal tube-failure by buckling.

d. Brittle metal tube

Evaluation of fractures occurring during simple torsion test:

RELEVANT INDIAN STANDARD FOR TORSION TEST:

1. IS 1717 (2012): Metallic Materials - Wire - Simple Torsion

Test, Third Revision, 2012
Procedure:
Calculations:
Result: