MCQ-303

NAME – KANISHK JAIN

ENTRY NUMBER – 2018ME20689

TOPIC – WATER PURIFIER

 PURPOSE

 Pure, clean and safe drinking water isn’t available easily these days.
Growing population, industrial development and environmental degradation
are all causes for this.

 A lot of minerals are found naturally in water and are important for the
human body but consuming an excess amount of it can cause many
diseases.

 A good water purifier removes the excess salts, suspended particles and
microbes, and retains its essential vitamins and minerals. They first suck up
raw water which is contaminated, filter out impurities ranging from
sediments to micro-organisms and then dispense clean water.
 HISTORY

 After 1500 BC, the Egyptians first discovered the principle of coagulation. They
applied the chemical alum for suspended particle settlement.
 Around 500 B.C., the first known domestic filter appeared when the Greek
scientist Hippocrates invented the so-called Hippocratic sleeve, which
consisted of a simple cloth back filter.
 During the third and fourth Century, to eliminate harmful bacteria, the
Egyptians boiled the water, heated it in the sun, or submerged hot iron into it.
They also filtered impurities from their water by sifting it through sand and
gravel.
 In 1627, when Sir Robert Bacon made considerable advancements with sand
filtration to eliminate salt from sea water.
HISTORY

 In the mid-1700s, Joseph Amy obtained the first patent for a water filter.
His design incorporated wool, sponge, and charcoal layers to help purify
drinking water.
 By the 18th Century, the development of the microscope had given
scientists new insight into the countless microorganisms present in
water.
 Mid-way through the 19th Century, British scientist John Snow
determined that cholera was transmitted through water. He also found
that chlorine could be used to purify contaminated water, resulting in the
use of chlorination as a popular form of water purification.
 The first water treatment facility was built in Scotland in 1804. They
purified water using a settling process, to remove large sediments, and
then passed the water through sand and charcoal filters.
 BACKGROUND

 In the 1940s, desalination equipment was invented and

membrane filtration processes was approved in 1957.

 In 1974, the Safe Drinking Water Act was passed, significantly

paving the way for continued improvements in water filtration and
treatment processes.

 Techniques such as aeration, flocculation, and active

carbon adsorption were applied. In the 1980s,
membrane development for reverse osmosis was added to the
list.
BASIC PRINCIPLE OF WORKING
 All water purifiers have a water filter. There are six different types that are available:

 Active Carbon filter: This kind of filter is used to purify soluble gases such as
chlorine, carbon monoxide, nitrogen, ammonia and organic material like dead algae,
leaves or any other dead thing washed into a water body. The porous nature of the
carbon (charcoal) helps to absorb chlorine and pollutants such as pesticides.

 Bio-sand filter: It is a concrete or plastic box that is filled with layers of sand and
gravel, which removes pathogens and suspended solids from contaminated water.
Bacteria and other micro organisms grow in the top 2cm of sand, which is called the
biolayer. The micro-organisms at the biolayer eat away the pathogens in the water
thereby improving the water quality. It removes suspended particles and pathogens
and can filter 12-18 litres each batch.
BASIC PRINCIPLE OF WORKING

 Reverse Osmosis filters: Reverse Osmosis (RO) system offers a multi-

stage filtration of water by combining active carbon and also particle
filtration. RO filters are recommended for places where the problem with
the water is its high content of dissolved minerals.

 Ultra Violet (UV) filters: UV light (minimum level radiation) is passed on

water to kill bacteria and other microbes by attacking the DNA in cells.
These filters remove pesticides by up to 99%. This filter is effective in
removing all types of pathogens but it is not effective for removing
suspended particles, chemicals, taste, smell or colour.
 BASIC PRINCIPLE OF WORKING

 Ceramic filters: These are hollow cylinders that are usually made from clay
mixed with a combustible material like sawdust, rice husks or coffee husks.
These filters drain out bacteria in the water through the small sized pores in
them. It removes chlorine and E. coli bacteria up to 99%. Its safe storage
capacity prevent water to get contaminated.

 Ion exchange resins filters: Here the water is passed through resins that
soften water by absorbing the minerals present. These filters can soften the
water by sucking up the salts present and can also completely de-mineralise
the water if they are made accordingly.
RO PURIFIER
 The full form of RO water is Reverse Osmosis Water. Reverse Osmosis (RO) is a unique
technology that continually purifies tap water.
 Toxic chemicals, harmful metals, and illness-causing germs pollute most water sources. Long-
term consumption of polluted water can result in severe damage
 The method uses water to create pressure, which in turn sends ordinary tap water through its
membrane. This thin-filter separates impurities from the solvent.
 The stages of purification include:

1. Sediment Filter
2. Carbon Filter
3. Reverse Osmosis Membrane
4. Polish Filter
RO PURIFIER

Here is diagram
of how the RO
system
functions. The
RO water purifier
flow diagram
given below
identifies the
stages, while the
arrows suggest
the flow of water.
RO PURIFIER

 1. Sediment Pre-Filter - The sediment works like a sieve to separate large particles and a few
dissolved solids. Since the membrane can get clogged by these particles, the sediment filter comes
before the RO membrane.

 2. Carbon Pre-Filter - The carbon cartridge removes odour, taste, contaminants, and chlorine. It is
also helpful for insoluble lead reduction. In some cases, there is also the 3rd stage to house a carbon
block cartridge.

 3. RO Membrane - This thin-membrane filter removes up to 95% of the TDS. These semi-permeable
membranes are typically used for desalination purposes.

 4. Post-Carbon Filter - It is set up after the storage tank and just before you use the faucet. This stage
adds the final touches to the water. It removes any impurities that the earlier stages may have missed.
RO PURIFIER

 1. In-let Valve - The inlet valve is the source of water for the RO system. Normally, the valve is set up
on the cold water line.

 2. Pre-Filter - Most of the ROs have a pre-filter as a guard to protect the membrane against salt, silt,
and chlorine. It is typically either sediment or carbon filter.

 3. RO Membrane - RO membrane is the most significant component that removes

considerable health hazards.

 4. Post-Filter - Before reaching the faucet, the purified water goes through a post-filter. It is also
known as a polish filter. This filter eliminates odour and bad taste, with the by-product tasting sweeter
and fresher.
RO PURIFIER

 5. Storage Tank - The purified water is then held in this pressurized tank until the consumer opens
the faucet.

 6. Backward Flow Restricting Valve - A restricting valve is used to prevent a backflow of the
treated water from the storage tank. The reverse flow could damage the membrane by rupturing it.

 7. Drain Line - The Drain line is mainly attached to the output end of the RO membrane. It
discharges wastewater containing contaminants and impurities.

 8. Faucet - It is a controllable tap to direct water flow and is typically installed on the kitchen sink.
INDUSTRIAL WATER PURIFICATION

 In addition to drinking and domestic uses, industries also

consume significant amounts of water. Chemical, petroleum, food
processing, and textile industries require water for manufacturing,
processing, heating, cooling, washing, rinsing, and other
applications.

 Such industrial systems require treated water, and the lack of

appropriate purification can lead to issues such as
scaling, corrosion, deposition, bacterial growth within piping or
processing equipment, and poor product quality.

 In addition to conventional water treatment processes, industrial

water purification may also involve specialized techniques such as
electrode ionization, ion exchange, membrane
systems, ozone treatment, evaporation, and ultraviolet irradiation.
Technologies selection depends upon the raw water quality and
the intended industrial use.
WATER PURIFICATION, ENHANCEMENT, AND DISPENSING APPLIANCE
INVENTOR: PAUL S. DORAN, COLUMBIA FALLS, MT
PATENT NO.: US 8,252,171 B2 DATE OF PATENT: AUG. 28, 2012

• A water purifying and enhancement system of a modular

construction designed as a built-in appliance located
under the countertop or as a free-standing unit.
• The water appliance has a water inlet for obtaining water
from a supply source, scale reduction device, booster or
re-pressurization pump, pre-filtration, U.V. sterilization,
R.O. filtration, de-ionization (CDI or mechanical), mineral
injection system (for adding desired minerals into the
purified water), water diagnostic and monitoring cells,
post filtration, proprietary water enhancement reactor
consisting of specially engineered and blended ores of
ceramic components, and/or an electrolytic ionization
chamber, and/or a magnetic chamber, a water outlet for
delivery of the highly purified enhanced water product,
and a outlet to grey water drain for reject water.
• Control and monitoring instrumentation implemented into
the front panel of the water appliance will continuously
provide monitoring of water quality, filter life, filter
maintenance, system failure indicators, and other
pertinent diagnostic data.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

 It is contemplated that the invention can be used

with a variety of water purification and filtration
arrangements and the description of the invention is
intended to cover all alternatives, modifications, and
equivalent arrangements as may be included within
the spirit and scope of the invention.

 Key to the uniqueness of the invention is the

framework and arrangement of the water
purification components designed and enclosed into
a cabinet of modular construction and utilized as a
built-in-appliance to be located under the countertop
or as a free-standing water appliance.
DESCRIPTION OF INVENTION

 A unique combination of water treatment elements provides highly

purified enhanced water at between 1.5 to 2.5 liters per minute with
or without the use or need of a water storage holding tank.

 Elements include pretreatment filters, ultraviolet radiation,

reverse/osmosis treatment, deionization, mineral injection, polishing
filters and water enhancement.

 The purified/enhanced water product can pass through an instant

hot water dispenser and/or a water chiller supplying the consumer
with the option of either hot water, cold water, or tepid water.
DESCRIPTION OF INVENTION

 FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 illustrate the cabinetry and function of the water
appliance
 The receptacle is integral with and manually controlled by means of a
hand grasp mounted on a front drawer panel
 A control panel is mounted or attached on the upper portion of the front
wall for diagnostics and monitoring of water purification system
 Drawer deck is utilized as drip pan for water filter changes or water
leak during routine maintenance
 FIG 3 illustrates rear view of appliance comprising a generally
rectangular cabinet.
 In FIG. 2 and FIG. 3 power chord extending from water appliance from
surge protected power strip or similar multiple power outlet for
activation or energizing of electrical water purification components.
DESCRIPTION OF INVENTION

 In FIG. 4, illustration of water appliance with general dimensions

shown for both under the counter or stand alone applications
 Turning now to FIG. 5, of the exemplified embodiment of water
purification system includes a shutoff valve on inlet feed water
source, leak control and detection system, with auto shut-off of
feed water if leak is detected, either AC or DC capable a pre-
treatment (PT) state, a ultra-violet (UV) light, conductivity
monitor unit 1, pressure gauges 1 & 2, booster pump, pressure
gauge 3, flow meter, a reverse osmosis (RO) unit, a grey water
drain, a de-ionization (DI) unit, conductivity monitors unit 2, a
flow switch, a solenoid valve, a relay switch, blending loop,
mineral injection unit, conductivity monitor unit 3, a publishing
filter, and a water enhancer unit.
WORKING OF INVENTION
 A stream of feed water is provided from a feed water source to the PT stage by OD tubing which
provides sufficient fluid flow rate.
 In the embodiment FIG. 5 after shut-off valve and before (PT) stage is the leak control and detections
system, for the purpose of automatically shutting water feed supply off if any water leaks are detected by
sensor.
 The initial component of PT stage of water purification system is the scale neutralizer, which is a non-
chemical, electronic device for removing and preventing deposits of scale on surfaces that come in
contact with hard water.
 The scale neutralizer consists of two principal components:
(1) a control unit containing a microprocessor that creates a square-wave electric current that rapidly
sweeps a broad range of frequencies
(2) one or more signal cables that carry this current and that wrap multiple times around the exterior wall of
a pipeline positioned in fluid line between the feed water source and the PT stage to form one or more
solenoid induction coils.
WORKING OF INVENTION

 Primary pressure gauge 1 indicates feed line pressure and secondary gauge 2 indicates
post line pressure of the PT stage and is utilized as an indicator of filter fouling or clogging.
 PT stage consists of depth filtering with a sediment filter, a granulated activated carbon
(GAC)/KDF filter, and a extruded carbon block filter. The filtration process of the PT stage
is operative for removing particulate matter, organic compounds, free chlorine/chloramines
and other halogens.
 Sediment filter incorporates either a tortuous, random matrix of small fibers, such as cotton,
cellulose, synthetic yams, or melt blown polymer fibers, through which the feed water
supplied from feed water source passes and upon which particulate matter suspended in
the feed water is captured.
 The GAC part of filter is utilized for the absorption and filtering of organic compounds, free
chlorine and other types of halogens from the feed water stream. KDF process media are
high-purity copper-zinc formulations utilized in the PT stage of the water appliance
invention for pretreatment helping extend system life by reducing heavy metals,
microorganisms, scale, and lowering maintenance cost.
WORKING OF INVENTION

 The KDF-85 that is utilized in the GAC/KDF filter helps to remove or reduce iron and hydrogen sulfide from municipal
or other water supplies and is effective in controlling the buildup of bacteria, algae, fungi and scale, making KDP-85
ideal for use in GAC beds.
 The carbon block filter immediately follows the GAC/KDF as a secondary carbon filter for further removal of organic
compounds, free chlorine, and other halogens.
 The next component the filtered water from PT stage enters is the ultra-violet UV light. The ultraviolet UV unit
channels the water past a submerged lamp which emits a lethal doses of UV energy, destroying pathogens. When
bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms are exposed to the germicidal UV light at a particular wavelength (253.7
nanometers) their reproductive capabilities are destroyed, which means that they are inactivated and no longer pose
a threat to human health.

 The booster pump elevates water pressure and flow rate of the filtrate stream to a suitable operating pressure so as
to provide an adequate driving force for the operation of the RO unit Check valve is positioned after secondary
pressure gauge 2 and inlet of booster pump to prevent backpressure on feed water and loss of pressurization of pump
the operating pressure of pump is in the range of 120 psig to 140 psig.
WORKING OF INVENTION

 The flow meter utilized in the embodiment integrates accumulated flow volume with used time to monitor
filter life combining real time flow rate and accumulated volume
 The filtrate water stream now enters into the reverse osmosis unit of water purification system,
comprising a reverse osmosis filter element and membrane housing having an inlet port connectible to
the IT stage feed water inlet, a permeate outlet port for filtered product water, and a concentrate/reject
outlet port for brine.
 The RO element of RO unit is a thin film composite (TFC) semi-permeable membrane operative for
removing dissolved ions, typically in the form of dissolved salts, from the filtrate stream received from
the PT stage. The TFC membrane being utilized in embodiment is an ultra-low pressure, high
production element that can maintain a high rejection rate.
 A permeate stream is created from the portion of the filtrate stream that penetrates the membrane of
RO element. Permeate stream then exits the RO unit along the fluid stream through check valve utilized
for prevention of reverse water flow.
WORKING OF INVENTION

 Now moving to the control, monitor, and diagnostic unit 1, for water purification RO unit which includes
first and second conductivity cells located in the input water path and the purified product water path of
the RO unit , respectively
 The conductivity cells produce output signals exhibiting amplitudes representative of the impurity
concentrations in the respective water paths.
 In the current embodiment the high purity water stream exiting RO unit and conductivity cell , enters de-
ionization (DI) unit, consisting of two parallel mixed bed polishing cartridges having synthetic resins
which comprise 60% anion resins and 40% cation resins. It removes dissolved, ionized materials such
as salts, acids and bases.
 Now comes control, monitor, and diagnostic unit 2, of water purification system which includes third
conductivity cell located in the output water path of de-ionization unit and fourth conductivity cell located
in the output water path of mineral injection unit, respectively
WORKING OF INVENTION
 The ultra-pure water stream next enters and permeates the mineral injection cartridge of the embodiment utilizing a single
mineral element Mineral cartridge presently embodies a magnesium/calcium mineral matrix.
 The high purity water blending loop incorporates a check valve for protection of reverse water flow and a blending valve for
adjustment of desired amount of high purity water to blend with mineral infused water.
 The water stream now enters final filtration or polishing carbon filter consisting of fine mesh activated carbon. This filter is
designated as a polishing filter for any residual organics and improvement of piquancy of the purified mineralized water
product.
 As the product water stream exits the polishing carbon filter it now enters the water enhancer This proprietary process and
enhancement device emanating through the combined fields of biochemistry and quantum physics, consisting of specially
engineered and blended proprietary ores of ceramic components of which are contained or enclosed in a stainless steel
chamber.
 These specially blended ceramic ores, function through resonate frequencies broadcast to the water molecules, creating an
effect by activating the electrical charges of the hydrogen atom. These resonating frequencies transmit at a particular wave
length and cause changes to occur to the chemical structure or bonds of the water molecules. The ores continuously
resonate these frequencies or wavelengths producing a buffering or balancing reaction to the water. This activation of the
water molecules produces a water more harmonically compatible for biological organisms.
 The final component of water purification system is the product dispenser comprising a faucet assembly
IMPROVEMENTS

 Saline water purification - The vast majority

of communities rely on freshwater resources for drinking and
domestic water supplies.

 Desalination technologies that remove salts and minerals

from seawater are emerging to produce portable water suitable
for drinking and domestic purposes.

 Reverse osmosis, vacuum distillation, multistage flash

distillation, freeze-thaw, and electrodialysis are gaining
importance for saltwater purification. Such processes usually
involve higher energy consumption and are comparatively more
expensive than conventional freshwater treatment processes.
IMPROVEMENTS

 In an effort to meet stringent environmental regulations and to satisfy the rising water demands of
growing populations, many water treatment plants have employed smart technologies to increase
operations reliability.
 Water sustainability improvements, which can increase the energy efficiency of a plant and reduce
its carbon footprint, often include the optimization of chemical use, a minimization of waste generation,
and the use of solar or wind energy.
 Additionally, with the advancement of sophisticated technologies, water treatment processes have
incorporated complex instrumentation and process control systems. Use of
online analytical instruments, supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems, and
dedicated software have resulted in automation and computerization of treatment processes with the
provision for remote operations. Such innovations can improve system operations significantly to
achieve consistent water quality with minimal supervision, especially in larger system configurations.