Study these inputs below .

You will be needing these things for the

question and answer activity in our synchronous class tomorrow:
POETRY- defined as ‘literature in a metrical form’ or ‘a composition forming
rhythmic lines’.

1. RHYTHM- the music made by the statements of the poem, which

includes the syllables in the lines. In literature, rhythm is the pattern of
stressed and unstressed beats.
2. METER- the basic structural make-up of the poem. A poem is made
up of blocks of lines, which convey a single strand of thought. Within these
blocks, a structure of syllables which follow the rhythm has to be included.
3. STANZA- the smaller unit or group of lines or a paragraph in a poem.
Based on the number of lines, stanzas are named as:
        Couplet (2 lines)                               Tercet (3 lines)
        Quatrain (4 lines)                             Cinquain (5 lines)
        Sestet (6 lines)                                 Septet (7 lines)
        Octave (8 lines)
4. RHYME- a poem may or may not have a rhyme. It is basically similar
sounding words like ‘cat’ and ‘hat’ and ‘house’ and ‘mouse’.
5. RHYME SCHEME – pattern of rhyme. Either the last words of the first
and second lines rhyme with each other or the first and the third, second
and the fourth and so on. It is denoted by alphabets like  aabb, abab,
abba, etc.
6. THEME- this is what the poem is about. The theme of the poem is the
central idea that the poem wants to convey. It can be a story, or a
thought, or a description of something or someone.
 
7. SYMBOLISM- a symbol can stand for many things at one time and
leads the reader out of a systematic and structured method of looking at
things. Often a symbol used in the poem will be used to create such an
effect.
8. IMAGERY- this device is used by the poet for reader to create an
image in their imagination. It appeals to all the five sense.
        e.g., When the poet describes, ‘the flower is bright red’, an image of
a red flower is immediately created in the readers mind
 
The above mentioned elements are distinct and basic to poetry. While
meter is said to be the defining characteristic of poetry because it is only
found in poetry, there are several other elements in poetry that need to
be present in a work before it can be properly called a poem.  A poem
requires that there be an image presented to the reader . Images need
not to be visual  because a poem does not limit itself to visual images
but will also use other senses  for a more in depth analysis  of the text. 
The presence of figurative language such as simile, metaphor ,
personification , hyperbole and metonymy  should be present. 
Most importantly, a poem should have the theme . A general idea often
about human experience which , in the end , it wants to share with the
audience. 
 
Going back to the poem  Mayon, Cordero's  poem is a very rich one,
carrying a very distinct view of Mayon Volcano. He is a native of Bicol
and writes a certain level of familiarity with the volcano. He presents the
volcano first via allusion, referring to it's Myth particularly to Pagtuga's
arrow which killed Magayon. The death of Magayon and her lover
Panginoron become more than just and end , but also a beginning. 
Images play a very significant role in the poem, as the volcano is
described in many different ways. Images in Mayon present also a very
sensory impression using any of the five senses
( touch , taste, hear, smell and sight). Images also go beyond what is
physical or literal descriptions in the poem but rather expanding from
DESCRIPTIVE to FIGURATIVE (Figurative Language). 
In the poem Mayon, the images vary widely from the '' lips of a young
child in the third stanza to having the lava of a volcano looks like
excrement, or having the same image look like betel nut juice  (nganga)
in the same stanza.''
In the last stanza of Mayon, all the images tie together creating an
impression of beauty and danger as the final image that of a beautiful
security guard waiting to frisk the viewer of the volcano, becoming both
 warning and invitation at the same time. (How about you go back to the
poem and see for yourself)
Sa isang lumang postcard na nakita ko sa Antigo Merkado—
Kapag sa malayo, isa siyang magandang sikyung nakatanod,
Handa sa pagkapkap, naghihintay sa iyong pagpasok.
Markers from the poem:
1. Image is the use of Figurative Language to represent objects , events
, actions, and ideas in a way that is physically appealing because of the
use of senses
2. Meter – the basic rhythmic structure  of a line in poetry
3. Allusion- is a figure of speech that refers to another textual work that
makes you figure out the connection between the current work and the
work being referred to
 Example:
Ayon sa alamat, lason ng pana ni Pagtuga,
Ang lumikha sa bulkan – libingan ito
Ng dalagang namatay sa isang digmaan.
 The poem presents the volcano first via ALLUSION  referring to it's Myth
(DARAGANG MAGAYON) particularly to Pagtuga's arrow which killed
Magayon. The death of Magayon and her lover Panginoron become more
than just and end , but also a beginning. 
 
4. Expansionrefers to the possibility of images to go beyond what they
normally mean, to extend or to grow in meaning so that they are not merely
literal but become figurative
Example :
In the poem Mayon, the images vary widely from the '' lips of a young child
in the third stanza to having the lava of a volcano looks like excrement, or
having the same image look like betel nut juice  (nganga) in the same
stanza.''
 
5. Figurative Langauge  is when the words or phrases used go to
beyond their literal meaning and convey a different set of meanings to the
reader 
 
Allusion is the Figurative Language used at the beginning of the poem.
 
Close reading is a method of literary analysis which focuses on the specific
details of a passage or text in order to discern some deeper meaning
present in it. The meaning derived from the close reading is the reader's
interpretation of the passage or text.
All those above mentioned  LITERARY elements   help us understand the
Geographic , Linguistic, and Ethnic Dimensions of a closely analysing 
literary text .
 
1. Example for Geographic Dimension: 
2. Folk Narratives- epic and folk tales are varied exotic and
magical.They explain how the world is created, why some places have
waterfalls, volcanoes , mountains, flora and fauna, in the case of legend,
an explanation of the origins of things.
In the Epics titled Hudhod & Alim (Ifugao)- the Hudhod narrates the
creation of the world and the journey of Aliguyan, a man from the village of
Gonhandan, who is endowed with supernatural and limitless powers. One
episode recounts his duel with Pumbakhayon, a warrior, who is of equal
strength and agility, from a village called Daligdigan .
 
B.Example for Linguistic and Ethnic  Dimension :
Pre-Colonial Times
Pre-colonial inhabitants of our islands showcase a rich past through their
folk speeches, folk songs, folk narratives and indigenous rituals and
mimetic dances that affirm our ties with our Southeast Asian neighbors.
 
The American Colonial Period
A new set of colonizers brought about new changes in Philippine literature.
New literary forms such as free verse [in poetry], the modern short story
and the critical essay were introduced. American influence was deeply
entrenched with the firm establishment of English as the medium of
instruction in all schools and with literary modernism that highlighted the
writer’s individuality and cultivated consciousness of craft, sometimes at the
expense of social consciousness.