SAMPLING

TECHNIQUES
WHAT IS A SAMPLE?
SAMPLE
• It is a part of the population which is observed in order to make
inferences about the whole population (Manheim, 1977).
• Researchers use sampling if the research design requires to collect
information from or about a population which is large or so widely
scattered as to make it impractical to observe all the individuals in the
population.
• It reflects the characteristics of the population.
FACTORS IN SELECTING SAMPLE AND SIZE
• Homogeneity
• Take samples from a homogeneous population.
• Samples taken from heterogeneous population will not be represented of
the population and therefore cannot be inferred from the population.
• Size of Population
• If the population is large, there is a need for sample.
• There is no need for sample if the population is small and can be handled if
you include all the individuals in the population including all the individuals
in the population is also called total enumeration.
• Cost
• The choice of sampling method should be based also on the cost of
adopting such method without necessarily sacrificing representativeness of
the population being considered.
FACTORS IN SELECTING SAMPLE AND SIZE
• Precision
• To achieve precision, researcher will need a larger sample because the
larger the sample, the more precise the results will be.
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
• It is a sampling process where each individual is drawn or selected
with known probability.
• Techniques in Sampling Method
• Random sampling
• This technique is a way of selecting n, individuals out of N, such that everyone has
equal chances of being selected. Sample individuals are selected at points entirely
at random with the population.
• Suitable for homogenous populations.
• Systematic random sampling
• This technique starts by numbering consecutively all individuals in the population.
The first sample is selected through a simple random process, then the
succeeding samples are chosen at pre-established intervals.
• To determine appropriate interval, divide N by the desired number of sample.
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
• Techniques in Sampling Method
• Stratified sampling
• It is applicable when the population is not homogenous wherein the random
sample may not be representative of the population.
• Simple cluster sampling
• This is a one-stage sampling technique wherein the population is grouped into
clusters or small unit composed of population elements.
• A number of these population clusters is chosen either by simple random
sampling or by systematic random sampling.
• Strip sampling
• In this technique, researcher needs to divide the area to be sampled into narrow
strips. Select a number of strips at random either by complete randomization or
with some degree of stratification
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
• Techniques in Sampling Method
• Multistage sampling
• It is commonly used when there is no detailed or actual listing of individuals.
• Sampling is done in stages. It means that the population elements are group into
a hierarch of individuals or units, and sampling is done successively.
• Example:
• The researcher wants to get a representative sample of all farmers in the count. This is
should be done:
• From all 12 regions in the Philippines, randomly select, let’s say three provinces from
each region.
• From each of the three provinces, the researcher may decide to randomly select five
municipalities
• From each of the five municipalities, the researcher may decide to randomly select five
barangays.
• From each of the barangays, the researcher may decide randomly select 50 farmers.
NON PROBABILITY SAMPLING
• This method is a process whereby probabilities cannot be assigned
objectively to individuals in the population.
• Techniques in Sampling Method
• Judgment Sampling
• A process whereby researcher select a representative sample according to his subjective
judgment.
• This sampling technique may be appropriate when the researcher have to make
judgment about an individual’s potential as a source of information.
• Quota Sampling
• It is a variation of judgment sampling which provides more explicit instruction on what
to select.
• A definite quota must be filled. The quota is determined to a certain extent by the
characteristics of the population so that the quota sample will be representative of the
population.
• This is commonly used in opinion research where interviewers are just given specific
quotas or number of respondents to interview.
• This technique is very economical and simple but must be used with caution as it allows
for a wide latitude of interviewer’s choices which may result in biases.
NON PROBABILITY SAMPLING
• Techniques in Sampling Method
• Accidental Sampling
• This technique is very simple in that whatever happens to be there at the time of
the interview is interviewed and becomes part of the sample.
• This is normally done in spot surveys for broadcast listenership studies or the like.