Dcit21 Module For Students

2021
Republic of the Philippines

CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY
Bacoor City Campus
SHIV, Molino VI, City of Bacoor
INTRODUCTION TO
COMPUTING
MARIA FRANCES ELEANOR P. CALOOBANAN, MPA

Table of Contents
COURSE DESCRIPTION ........................................................................................................................................ 2
MISSION .................................................................................................................................................................... 2
VISION ....................................................................................................................................................................... 2
COURSE REQUIREMENTS ................................................................................................................................... 2
COMPUTER CONCEPTS ....................................................................................................................................... 3
HISTORY OF COMPUTER ..................................................................................................................................... 6
COMPUTER HARDWARE .................................................................................................................................... 12
NUMBER SYSTEMS ............................................................................................................................................. 17
DECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM.............................................................................................................................. 17
BINARY NUMBER SYSTEM ................................................................................................................................ 17
OCTAL NUMBER SYSTEM .................................................................................................................................. 18
HEXADECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM ................................................................................................................... 18
NUMBER SYSTEM RELATIONSHIP ................................................................................................................... 19
ASCII ...................................................................................................................................................................... 20
ISCII ....................................................................................................................................................................... 21
UNICODE ............................................................................................................................................................... 21
DECIMAL TO BINARY .......................................................................................................................................... 21
DECIMAL TO OCTAL ........................................................................................................................................... 21
DECIMAL TO HEXADECIMAL ............................................................................................................................. 22
BINARY TO OCTAL AND VICE VERSA.............................................................................................................. 22
BINARY TO HEXADECIMAL ............................................................................................................................... 23
DECIMAL TO OCTAL ........................................................................................................................................... 23
DECIMAL TO HEXADECIMAL ............................................................................................................................. 24
BINARY TO OCTAL AND VICE VERSA.............................................................................................................. 24
BINARY TO HEXADECIMAL ............................................................................................................................... 25
SOFTWARE BASICS AND OPERATING SYSTEMS ......................................................................................... 25
MICROSOFT EXCEL 2010 TUTORIAL................................................................................................................ 28
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COURSE DESCRIPTION
DCIT21: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING
The student will be given the general idea of what is

involved in developing an organization to achieve its
vision and mission, its philosophies and culture to
ensure its competitiveness in a globalized economy.
Republic of the Philippines The scope will cover such topics as principles and
theories of organization development, organization
CAVITE STATE
design and structuring, training and development,
UNIVERSITY performance management, culture and change
Bacoor City Campus management. It focuses on the management of
SHIV, Molino VI, City of Bacoor
organizational change/interventions from a system
perspective.
The students will gain sufficient knowledge to

appreciate the overall impact of these activities for the
success of an organization.
MISSION PROGRAM OUTCOMES ADDRESSED BY

Cavite State University shall provide
THE COURSE. AFTER COMPLETING THIS
excellent, equitable and relevant COURSE, THE STUDENTS MUST BE
educational opportunities in the arts, ABLE TO:
science and technology through
quality instruction and relevant 1. Attain the vision, mission, goals and objectives
research and development activities.
of the university, campus and department,
It shall produce professional, skilled
and morally upright individuals for 2. Deliver a gender fair and gender sensitive
global competitiveness. instruction to students aligned with University
goals and objectives,
3. Present necessary concepts, techniques, and
process to provide the skills necessary to
VISION define and analyze the effective
The premier university in historic communication in organization,
Cavite recognized for excellence in 4. Show how to collect and structure information
the development of globally in the development of requirements and
competitive and morally upright specifications,
individuals. 5. Develop skills for effective interpersonal
communication to develop consensus using
classical techniques as well as computer
facilitated groupware to demonstrate and
analyze small group dynamics as related to
MARIA FRANCES ELEANOR P. working with users.
CALOOBANAN, MPA COURSE REQUIREMENTS
Instructor, Introduction to Computing
mariafranceseleanor.caloobanan@cvsu.edu.ph 1. Quizzes / Activities
2. Project
3. Major Examinations
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COMPUTER CONCEPTS
Introduction to Computer Concepts
COMPUTER
 an electronic device that takes data, process the data according to a series of instruction
called program and produces information.
 an electronic device capable of performing mathematical and logical operations.
 an electronic system designed to manipulate data.
PROGRAM
• series of instruction that a computer must follow in order to process data into information.
CAPABILITIES OF COMPUTER
• It has the ability to perform mathematical and logical operation.

• It has the ability to store or remember a great amount and variety of information and retrieve
or recall the information needed almost instantly.
• It has the ability to handle large volume of repetitive tasks accurately over long period of time.
• It can communicate with its operators and other machines.
• It has the ability to control error and check itself.
LIMITATIONS OF COMPUTERS
• The computer functions only when input and the necessary instructions to process the
information have been provided by a human being.
• It can detect but generally cannot correct inaccurate entry by itself.
• It is subject to occasional breakdown or computer malfunction because of power failures,
computer failure, humidity, temperature, and maintenance time.
PARTS OF COMPUTER
System unit
• The system unit is the core of a computer system. Usually it's a rectangular box placed on or
underneath your desk. Inside this box are many electronic components that process
information. The most important of these components is the central processing unit (CPU),
or microprocessor, which acts as the "brain" of your computer. Another component is random
access memory (RAM), which temporarily stores information that the CPU uses while the
computer is on. The information stored in RAM is erased when the computer is turned off.
• Almost every other part of your computer connects to the system unit using cables. The cables
plug into specific ports(openings), typically on the back of the system unit. Hardware that is
not part of the system unit is sometimes called a peripheral device or device.
Storage
 Your computer has one or more disk drives—devices that store information on a metal or
plastic disk. The disk preserves the information even when your computer is turned off.
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Hard disk drive
 Your computer's hard disk drive stores information on a hard disk, a rigid platter or stack of
platters with a magnetic surface. Because hard disks can hold massive amounts of
information, they usually serve as your computer's primary means of storage, holding almost
all of your programs and files. The hard disk drive is normally located inside the system unit.
CD and DVD drives
 Nearly all computers today come equipped with a CD or DVD drive, usually located on the
front of the system unit. CD drives use lasers to read (retrieve) data from a CD, and many
CD drives can also write (record) data onto CDs. If you have a recordable disk drive, you can
store copies of your files on blank CDs. You can also use a CD drive to play music CDs on
your computer.
Floppy disk drive
 Floppy disk drives store information on floppy disks, also called floppies or diskettes.
Compared to CDs and DVDs, floppy disks can store only a small amount of data. They also
retrieve information more slowly and are more prone to damage. For these reasons, floppy
disk drives are less popular than they used to be, although some computers still include them.
Floppy disk * Why are floppy disks "floppy"? Even though the outside is made of hard plastic,
that's just the sleeve. The disk inside is made of a thin, flexible vinyl material.
Mouse
 A mouse is a small device used to point to and select items on your computer screen.
Although mice come in many shapes, the typical mouse does look a bit like an actual mouse.
It's small, oblong, and connected to the system unit by a long wire that resembles a tail. Some
newer mice are wireless.
Keyboard
 A keyboard is used mainly for typing text into your computer. Like the keyboard on a
typewriter, it has keys for letters and numbers, but it also has special keys:
 The function keys, found on the top row, perform different functions depending on where they
are used.
 The numeric keypad, located on the right side of most keyboards, allows you to enter
numbers quickly.
 The navigation keys, such as the arrow keys, allow you to move your position within a
document or webpage.
Monitor
 A monitor displays information in visual form, using text and graphics. The portion of the
monitor that displays the information is called the screen. Like a television screen, a computer
screen can show still or moving pictures.
 There are two basic types of monitors: CRT (cathode ray tube) monitors and LCD (liquid
crystal display) monitors. Both types produce sharp images, but LCD monitors have the
advantage of being much thinner and lighter. CRT monitors, however, are generally more
affordable.
Printer
 A printer transfers data from a computer onto paper. You don't need a printer to use your
computer, but having one allows you to print e-mail, cards, invitations, announcements, and
other materials. Many people also like being able to print their own photos at home.
 The two main types of printers are inkjet printers and laser printers. Inkjet printers are the
most popular printers for the home. They can print in black and white or in full color and can
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produce high-quality photographs when used with special paper. Laser printers are faster and
generally better able to handle heavy use.
Speakers
 Speakers are used to play sound. They may be built into the system unit or connected with
cables. Speakers allow you to listen to music and hear sound effects from your computer.
Modem
 To connect your computer to the Internet, you need a modem. A modem is a device that
sends and receives computer information over a telephone line or high-speed cable. Modems
are sometimes built into the system unit, but higher-speed modems are usually separate
components.
Advantages of Using Computers
The benefits of computers are possible because computers have the advantages of speed,
reliability, consistency, storage and communications.
 Speed - Computer operations occur through electronic circuit. When data, instructions,
and information flow along these circuits, they travel at incredibly fast speeds. Many
computers process billions or trillions of operations in a single second.
 Reliability - The electronic components in modern computers are dependable and

reliable because they rarely break or fail.
 Consistency - Given the same input and processes, a computer will produce the same
results – consistently. Computers generate error-free results, provided the input is
correct and the instructions work.
 Storage - Computers store enormous amounts of data and make this data available for
processing anytime it is needed.
 Communications - Most computers today can communicate with other computers,

often wirelessly. Computers allow users to communicate with one another.
Disadvantages of Using Computers
Some disadvantages of computers relate to the violation of privacy, the impact on the labor
force, health risks, and the impact on the environment.
 Violation of Privacy - It is crucial that personal and confidential records stored

computer in computers be protected properly. In many instances, where these records
were not properly protected individuals have found their privacy violated and identifies
stolen.
 Impact on Labor Force - Although computers have improved productivity and created
an entire industry with hundreds of thousands of new jobs, the skills of millions of
employees have been replaced by computers.
 Health Risks - Prolonged or improper computer use can lead to health injuries or
disorders. Computer users can protect themselves from health risks through proper
work place design, good posture while at the computer, and appropriately spaced work
breaks.
 Impact on Environment - Computer manufacturing processes and computer waste are

depleting natural resources and polluting the environment.
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HISTORY OF COMPUTER
Abacus
The abacus (plural abaci or abacuses), also

called a counting frame, is a calculating tool that
was in use in the ancient Near East, Europe,
China, and Russia, centuries before the adoption
of the written Arabic numeral system.
Abacus essentially consists of a number of rows
of movable beads or other objects, which
represent digits. One of two numbers is set up,
and the beads are manipulated to implement an
operation involving a second number (e.g.,
addition), or rarely a square or cubic root.
An abacus is a calculating tool which is consists of beads affix on rods within a rectangular
frame. Each bead represents a quantity and can be manipulated to perform arithmetic
operations.
Charles Babbage
Born on December 26, 1791, A mathematician,

philosopher, inventor and mechanical engineer, Babbage
originated the concept of a digital programmable computer.
Considered by some to be "father of the computer”,

Babbage is credited with inventing the first mechanical
computer that eventually led to more complex electronic
designs, though all the essential ideas of modern
computers are to be found in Babbage's Analytical
Engine. His varied work in other fields has led him to be
described as "pre-eminent" among the many polymaths of
his century.
First Generation
First generation of computers was designed for a specific task that’s why a complex form of
human0machine communication commonly known as machine language was used. Machine
language involved the manipulation of bits (1’s or 0’s) to tell the computer to operate.
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ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and
computer)
First electronic general-purpose digital

computer. It was Turing-complete, and able to
solve "a large class of numerical problems"
through reprogramming.
ENIAC was completed in 1945 and first put to

work for practical purposes on December 10,
1945.
ENIAC was formally dedicated at the University
of Pennsylvania on February 15, 1946 and was
heralded as a "Giant Brain" by the press. It had a
speed on the order of one thousand times faster than that of electro-mechanical machines; this
computational power, coupled with general-purpose programmability, excited scientists and
industrialists alike.
Second Generation
Focused on the development of the “transistor”. The

major difference and advancement of the transistor
from hot vacuum is its smaller size and increased
reliability. With this, it resulted to smaller and smaller
computers, which were faster and more energy
efficient than their predecessors.
Moreover, it has used a more specialized language

with easier abbreviated programming codes called
“assembly language”. Assembly language essentially
replaced the complicated and difficult binary code of machine language.
A transistor is a device that regulates current or voltage flow and acts as a switch or gate for
electronic signals. Transistors consist of three layers of a semiconductor material, each
capable of carrying a current.
Third Generation
The third generation is all about

“Integration”. It is a process in which
numerous electronic components are
bought together to compose a system
unit (An integrated circuit) that combines
them in a dynamic, coordinated manner.
The first integrated circuit (IC) was
invented independently by Jack Kilby
and Robert Noyce.
An integrated circuit, or IC, is small chip

that can function as an amplifier,
oscillator, timer, microprocessor, or even
computer memory. An IC is a small
wafer, usually made of silicon, that can
hold anywhere from hundreds to millions of transistors, resistors, and capacitors.
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Fourth Generation
The period of fourth generation was from 1971-1980. Computers of fourth generation used
Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits. VLSI circuits having about 5000 transistors and
other circuit elements with their associated circuits on a single chip made it possible to have
microcomputers of fourth generation.
Fourth generation computers became more powerful, compact, reliable, and affordable. As a
result, it gave rise to Personal Computer (PC) revolution. In this generation, time sharing, real
time networks, distributed operating system were used. All the high-level languages like C,
C++, DBASE etc., were used in this generation.
The main features of fourth generation are:
• VLSI technology used

• Very cheap
• Portable and reliable
• Use of PCs
• Very small size
• Pipeline processing
• No AC required
• Concept of internet was introduced
• Great developments in the fields of networks
• Computers became easily available
Some computers of this generation were:
• DEC 10
• STAR 1000
• PDP 11
• CRAY-1(Super Computer)
• CRAY-X-MP(Super Computer)
Fifth Generation
The fifth generation of computers can understand human speech, and can be recognize
patterns like faces and other complex images. The terms broadly used include artificial
intelligence, expert systems, and natural language processing. However, this generations have
not come to its full realization because there’s still no computer that can be fully compared to
human capabilities
 Artificial Intelligence
 Expert Systems
 Natural language processing
Computer Applications
Business Applications – are used to store information provide easy interface with customer,
and facilitate processing and presentation of data. Businesses use computers in various
purposes such as storing information in databases, providing an easy interface with customer,
cutting costs, and facilitating the processing and presentation of data.
Mathematics and science – Watson and Crick’s discovery of the structure of the DNA.
Computers have also taken part on the advancement of various fields of scientific and
mathematical endeavors. Moreover, computer systems played a major role in new headways
and discoveries in virtually every science in the modern age.
Engineering – the field of engineering gave us amazing devices, particularly in the area of
computer engineering wherein the degrees of miniaturization and integration have multiplied
simultaneously. Today, processor is created with circuit pathways that are less than ten microns
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wide. In aeronautical engineering, the design and manufacturing of space crafts, satellites,
space stations, and the equipment used by astronauts in space.
Medicine – A good example of advancement in health care is the artificial hearts designed and
manufactured using computer-aided and computer-guided systems. Many of those who have
heart problems can be offered with this technology. The formulation of drugs heavily uses
computer-rendered simulation of chemical structures and reactions. Their role is to help in
speeding up the design of drugs to fight for various diseases such as cancer. Other researches
in medicine that has used computer system include the design of other programs like the liver,
kidney, and limbs.
Education - In the area of education, computers have been and are still indispensable. It has
allowed us to create presentation materials and documents easily. In addition, research
became easier with the emergence of the Internet and the World Wide Web. Along with
businesses, education has also gone online. Earning a degree or other academic designation
with the use of distance learning through videoconferencing is now emerging. This allows us to
apply for and obtain an academic degree in a foreign university and the like. Some of the
accreditation exams are also given online like the certification of Sun Microsystems for their
solutions technologies like Java.
Entertainment - Computer systems played a major role for the entertainment industry. The
use of computers in the entertainment industry has revolutionized from music to visual arts to
interactive games and virtual simulations. The audio files use rich compression technologies
which has the most popular format – MPEG Layer 3, or MP3. With this, audio files now have
sizes that are tenth of their previous, more conventional versions allowing a single CD to contain
more than a hundred songs and conveniently store songs in a computer.
Computer
A computer is a device that accepts input, processes data, stores data and produces output
according to a series of stored instructions. It is a powerful electronic device that performs the
instructions in a program.
Information Processing Cycle
 Accepts data – input

 Processes data – Processing
 Product output – Output
 Stores results – Storage
With this, four functions of the computer were identified. These functions are collectively called
the Information Processing Cycle: accepts data – input, processes data – processing, produces
output – output and stores results – storage.
Basic Terms
 Hardware - These are the physical parts of a computer.

 Software - These are the instructions or programs that commands the computer what to
do.
 Data - Individual facts such as name, price, and quantity ordered.
 Information - These are data that were transformed into a useful form like a complete
mailing address.
 Default – Original Settings
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Types of Computer
Workstations - are personal

computers intended for business
or professional use which are
faster and more capable than
personal computers. Applications
used in workstations are
designed for engineering
companies, architects, graphic
designers, and any organization,
department, or individual that
requires a faster microprocessor,
and a large amount of random-
access memory.
Palmtop/Handheld - These are small

types of personal computers which are
very easy to carry anywhere. Palmtops
are mobile computers that fit enough in a
user’s hand. These are intended as
personal organizers, having an address
book, an appointment calendar, an
internet access capability and a
calculator. A handheld computer is a
Microsoft term for a computer built
around a form factor which is smaller
than any standard notebook PC or
laptop.
Table PC - A tablet pc is a computer in

a notebook or a slate form that accepts
input through the use of digitizing tablet
technology or a touch screen. This type
of computer can be operated by a user
with the use of a stylus instead of a
keyboard and a mouse.
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Mainframe - e is an industry
term for large computers that
are typically used for
commercial applications of
business and large-scale
computing purposes. They
are generally associated with
centralized rather than
distributed computing. They
also centrally process all data
input by several hundred
users.
List of Input and Output Devices
Input Devices:
 Graphics Tablets
 Cameras
 Video Capture Hardware
 Trackballs
 Barcode reader
 Digital camera
 Gamepad
 Joystick
 Keyboard
 Microphone
 MIDI keyboard
 Mouse (pointing device)
 Scanner
 Webcam
 Touchpads
 Pen Input
 Electronic Whiteboard
Output Devices:
 Monitor
 Printers (all types)
 Plotters
 Projector
 LCD Projection Panels
 Computer Output Microfilm (COM)
 Speaker(s)
Both Input-Output Devices:
 Modems
 Network cards
 Touch Screen
 Headsets (Headset consists of Speakers and Microphone.
Speaker act Output Device and Microphone act as Input device)
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 Facsimile (FAX) (It has scanner to scan the document and also
 have printer to Print the document)
 Audio Cards / Sound Card
COMPUTER HARDWARE
Data Representation
Data representation refers to the form wherein data is stored, processed, and
transmitted. For example, devices like PDAs, tablets, and computers store text, sounds, and
images then convert them into formats that can be handled by electronic circuitry (i.e. electrical
signals). Those formats are called data representations.
Digital Electronics
Digital electronics makes it possible for a computer to manipulate simple on and off
signals to perform complex tasks. Since it is digital, it can be compared to a standard light
switch which has two discrete states (i.e. on and off).
Numeric Data
Computers represent numeric data using the binary number system, also called “base
2”. The numbers that might be used in arithmetic operations are considered numeric data.
Examples of these types of data may include a monthly salary, or your age. While the binary
number system has only two (2) digits: 0 and 1, other digits like “2” does not exists in this
system, so the number “two” is represented in binary as “10”, pronounced as “one zero”. The
Binary number system allows computers to represent any number virtually by simply using 0’s
and 1’s, which conveniently translate into electrical “on” and “off” signals. If the hourly rate is
24, then the binary representation is 11000 which can be represented by “on” “on” “off”
“off” ”off”.
Character Data
Character data is composed of letters, symbols, and numerals that are not used in
arithmetic calculations. This type of data includes your name, address, or hair color. A digital
computer uses a series of bits to represent letters, characters, and numerals. Several types of
codes are employed by computers to represent character data which include ASCII, EBCDIC,
and Unicode.
ASCII
ASCII (pronounced as “ASK ee”) stands for American Standard Code for Information
Interchange. It requires only seven bits for each character. For instance, the ASCII code for an
uppercase “A” is 1000001. ASCII provides codes for 128 characters which consist of uppercase
letters, lowercase letters, punctuation symbols, and numerals.
Extended ASCII
Extended ASCII, a superset of ASCII, uses eight bits to represent each character. The
eight bits provide codes for 128 additional characters. These are usually boxes, circles, and
other graphical symbols.
EBCDIC
EBCDIC (pronounced as “EB seh dick”) stands for Extended Binary Coded Decimal
Interchange Code. It is an alternative 8-bit code usually used by IBM mainframe computers.
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Unicode
Unicode (pronounced as “YOU ni code”) provides codes for 65,000 characters and
makes use of 16 bits.
“How does a computer convert sounds and images into codes?”
Sound is characterized by the properties of a sound wave. Sound waves can be

represented digitally by sampling it at various points and then converting it into digital numbers.
The more samples, the closer the points come to approximating the full wave pattern.
Images, on the other hand, must be digitized. Images are treated as a series of colored
dots. Each dot is assigned with a binary number based on its color. For instance, a red dot on
your computer screen might be represented by 1100 while a green dot can be represented by
0010.
Everything that a computer works with is stored in files as a long series of 1’s and 0’s.
The computer needs to know whether to interpret those 1’s and 0’s as ASCII code, binary
numbers, or the code for an image and sound. For instance, the computer thought that your
term paper, which is stored as ASCII, is an accounting file that contains a series of numbers
stored in binary format. With that, the computer will never be able to reconstruct the words and
sentences for the term paper since it was incorrectly interpreted.
Therefore, most computer files contain a file header with information on the code that
was used to represent the file data to avoid confusion. A file header is stored along with the file
and can be read by the computer, but never appears on the screen. A computer can now tell
how a file’s contents were coded by reading the header information.
Digital Electronics
Bit and Byte
The term “bit” is an abbreviation for binary digit but it can also be abbreviated as a
lowercase “b”. On the other hand, the term “byte” which is composed of eight bits is abbreviated
as an uppercase “B”. The difference between the two, aside from its size, is how they are
expressed. Usually, storage space is expressed in bytes while transmission speeds are
expressed in bits. For example, the capacity of a hard disk drive is 8 gigabytes and the transfer
rate of a voice band modem is 56 kilobits per second.
Bits take the form of electrical pulses that can travel over circuits, same way that
electricity flows over a wire when you turn on a light switch. The circuits, chips, and mechanical
components forming a computer are designed to work with bits. These components are housed
within the computer’s system unit.
Nibble
A nibble consists of four bits or half an octet. Low-order nibble is the least-valued binary
digit while the other half is called high-order nibble.
Computer Chip
Also known as microchip or chip, has been derived from a technical jargon for integrated
circuit. An integrated circuit is a super-thin slice of semiconducting material packed with
microscopic circuit elements. Semiconducting materials include substances with properties
between a conductor and insulator. Chips fit together with the use of a system board commonly
called a motherboard.
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Motherboard
A motherboard or main board, the computer’s

main circuit board, houses all essential chips and
provides connecting circuitry between them. If you
look closely to a motherboard, you’ll see that some
chips are permanently soldered in place while
other chips are plugged into special sockets and
connectors. These chips are allowed to be
removed for repairs or upgrades. In addition, the
chips might be gathered together on a separate
small circuit board, which can then be plugged into
a special slot-like connector. This is done when
multiple chips are required for a single function,
such as generating stereo-quality sound.
Microprocessor
A microprocessor, sometimes known as processor, is an integrated circuit designed to

process instructions. It is the most significant component of a computer and usually the most
expensive single component. A microprocessor can easily be identified because it is the largest
chip on the motherboard. Depending on the brand and model, a microprocessor might be
housed in SEC cartridge or in a square PGA.
A microprocessor executes instructions that are provided by a computer program such

as adding, subtracting, comparing two numbers, and fetching numbers from one area to
another. However, a microprocessor can’t follow just any instructions. For instance, a program
that contains an instruction to “self-destruct” won’t have much effect because a microprocessor
can perform only a limited list of instructions and “self-destruct” isn’t one of them.
Instruction Set
An instruction set is a list of instructions that a microprocessor can perform. These

instructions are hardwired into the processor’s circuitry comprising of basic arithmetic and
logical operations, fetching data, and clearing registers. By performing a combination of simple
tasks from its instruction set, a computer can perform very complex tasks.
Memory
Computer memory is a physical device that holds place for instructions and data which
the microprocessors can reach quickly. Usually, the memory contains the main parts of the
operating system and most of the application programs, and related data that are being used
when the computer is in normal operation. Memory is often used as a shorter synonym for
random access memory (RAM). It is located on one or more microchips that are physically
close to the microprocessor of a computer. The more RAM a computer has, the lesser the
access to the instructions and data from the hard disk.
Data Processing
Data processing is a technique of collecting, manipulating, and distributing data to

achieve certain functions. The main objective of data processing is to convert raw data into
information that can be used in decision making.
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Data processing is the term used in the information technology business and it is still
used as the umbrella title. In the early years, it meant feeding punch cards into tabulating
machines, and then computers followed.
It processes the actual data of the business (raw number crunching) in contrast to the
processing overhead of the operating system and networks. In many instances, a computer
does very little data processing compared to the processing required by the operating system,
graphical interface, and other infrastructure components.
Computer Systems
A system is a collection of objects, procedures, or techniques that interact in a regulated

manner to form an organized whole. It is composed of smaller assemblages of parts known as
subsystems. Each subsystem serves specific functions to accomplish the function of a system
as a whole.
The computer is made up of several subsystems which includes the central processing
unit, the input/output (I/O), and the primary memory.
A typical computer system has a memory and a set of states that define the relationship
between the system’s inputs and outputs. It is a combination of hardware and software that
works together. But in reality, computer systems come with interconnection. The
interconnection of variable-speed drives and programmable logic controllers (PLCs) that
automates production lines and control motors is a common example of a computer system.
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
The central processing unit is the heart and brain of the computer system. It integrates
and coordinates the overall operation of a computer system. CPU is one of the central
components of a computer hardware system that carries out the vast majority of the calculations
performed by a computer. This combines the control unit, storage unit, and arithmetic unit. It is
the master chip of the computer that manages the flow of information through computer system.
This is commonly called as processor
The control unit is the hardware part inside the CPU that directs the sequence of
operations, interprets coded instructions, and initiates proper commands to other parts of the
computer. Some functions performed by this unit are fetching, decoding, executing, and storing.
A control unit can be thought of as a finite state machine.
The arithmetic/logic unit is the component of a CPU that performs the arithmetic and
logical operations. ALU performs these operations on data and produces outputs which have
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two inputs and a single output. Examples of ALU operations include add, subtract, shift, negate,
AND, and OR.
The output that ALU produces becomes the “condition codes” for a computer.
Finally, the primary storage unit, often called main memory, is used as the temporary
storage for processing data and instructions. It is a reusable, fast storage medium, directly
accessible by the control unit. It is also known as the internal memory which is made up of
dynamic RAM chips.
Input/Output Subsystem
The input subsystem contains the hardware that allows a user to provide direction and
commands to the computer system. This subsystem is comprised of several input devices to
convert manual mechanical action by the user into electronic pulses that are interpreted by the
computer.
The output subsystem collects data from a running simulation, stores data for future
use, and manages the subsequent retrieval of data. It forms a layer separating the other
subsystems from the actual data files so that the other subsystems do not need to access the
data files at the physical level or deal with the physical location and organization of the files.
This subsystem also allows the user to specify what data is collected and retrieved, filtering it
by space and time. The collection occurs in a distributed manner such that the subsystems’
impact on the simulation performance is minimized; the retrieval provides a unified view of the
distributed data.
Memory Subsystem
The output subsystem collects data from a running simulation, stores data for future
use, and manages the subsequent retrieval of data. It forms a layer separating the other
subsystems from the actual data files so that the other subsystems do not need to access the
data files at the physical level or deal with the physical location and organization of the files.
This subsystem also allows the user to specify what data is collected and retrieved, filtering it
by space and time. The collection occurs in a distributed manner such that the subsystems’
impact on the simulation performance is minimized; the retrieval provides a unified view of the
distributed data.
Common I/O Peripherals
The basic computer input devices are the keyboard and the mouse. The keyboard has
four sections which include a central portion containing the letter keys, smaller right hand
section containing the numeric keys, a small set of function keys between the letters and
numbers, and a row of function keys at the top. The most common layout of a keyboard is
known as the “QWERTY” layout.
16
NUMBER SYSTEMS
The technique to represent and work with numbers is called number system. Decimal
number system is the most common number system. Other popular number systems
include binary number system, octal number system, hexadecimal number system, etc.
Decimal Number System
Decimal number system is a base 10 number system having 10 digits from 0 to 9. This means
that any numerical quantity can be represented using these 10 digits. Decimal number system is
also a positional value system. This means that the value of digits will depend on its position.
Let us take an example to understand this.
Say we have three numbers – 734, 971 and 207. The value of 7 in all three numbers is different−
 In 734, value of 7 is 7 hundreds or 700 or 7 × 100 or 7 × 10 2

 In 971, value of 7 is 7 tens or 70 or 7 × 10 or 7 × 101
 In 207, value 0f 7 is 7 units or 7 or 7 × 1 or 7 × 100
The weightage of each position can be represented as follows −
In digital systems, instructions are given through electric signals; variation is done by varying the
voltage of the signal. Having 10 different voltages to implement decimal number system in digital
equipment is difficult. So, many number systems that are easier to implement digitally have been
developed. Let’s look at them in detail.
Binary Number System
The easiest way to vary instructions through electric signals is two-state system – on and off. On
is represented as 1 and off as 0, though 0 is not actually no signal but signal at a lower voltage.
The number system having just these two digits – 0 and 1 – is called binary number system.
Each binary digit is also called a bit. Binary number system is also positional value system, where
each digit has a value expressed in powers of 2, as displayed here.
In any binary number, the rightmost digit is called least significant bit (LSB) and leftmost digit is
called most significant bit (MSB).
And decimal equivalent of this number is sum of product of each digit with its positional value.
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110102 = 1×24 + 1×23 + 0×22 + 1×21 + 0×20
= 16 + 8 + 0 + 2 + 0
= 2610
Computer memory is measured in terms of how many bits it can store. Here is a chart for memory
capacity conversion.
 1 byte (B) = 8 bits

 1 Kilobytes (KB) = 1024 bytes
 1 Megabyte (MB) = 1024 KB
 1 Gigabyte (GB) = 1024 MB
 1 Terabyte (TB) = 1024 GB
 1 Exabyte (EB) = 1024 PB
 1 Zettabyte = 1024 EB
 1 Yottabyte (YB) = 1024 ZB
Octal Number System
Octal number system has eight digits – 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7. Octal number system is also a
positional value system where each digit has its value expressed in powers of 8, as shown here
−
Decimal equivalent of any octal number is sum of product of each digit with its positional value.
7268 = 7×82 + 2×81 + 6×80
= 448 + 16 + 6
= 47010
Hexadecimal Number System
Octal number system has 16 symbols – 0 to 9 and A to F where A is equal to 10, B is equal to
11 and so on till F. Hexadecimal number system is also a positional value system with where each
digit has its value expressed in powers of 16, as shown here −
Decimal equivalent of any hexadecimal number is sum of product of each digit with its positional
value.
27FB16 = 2×163 + 7×162 + 15×161 + 10×160
= 8192 + 1792 + 240 +10
= 1023410
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Number System Relationship
The following table depicts the relationship between decimal, binary, octal and hexadecimal
number systems.
HEXADECIMAL DECIMAL OCTAL BINARY
0 0 0 0000
1 1 1 0001
2 2 2 0010
3 3 3 0011
4 4 4 0100
5 5 5 0101
6 6 6 0110
7 7 7 0111
8 8 10 1000
9 9 11 1001
A 10 12 1010
B 11 13 1011
C 12 14 1100
D 13 15 1101
E 14 16 1110
F 15 17 1111
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ASCII
Besides numerical data, computer must be able to handle alphabets, punctuation marks,
mathematical operators, special symbols, etc. that form the complete character set of English
language. The complete set of characters or symbols are called alphanumeric codes. The
complete alphanumeric code typically includes −
 26 upper case letters

 26 lower case letters
 10 digits
 7 punctuation marks
 20 to 40 special characters
Now a computer understands only numeric values, whatever the number system used. So all
characters must have a numeric equivalent called the alphanumeric code. The most widely used
alphanumeric code is American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII). ASCII is a 7-
bit code that has 128 (27) possible codes.
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ISCII
ISCII stands for Indian Script Code for Information Interchange. IISCII was developed to
support Indian languages on computer. Language supported by IISCI include Devanagari, Tamil,
Bangla, Gujarati, Gurmukhi, Tamil, Telugu, etc. IISCI is mostly used by government departments
and before it could catch on, a new universal encoding standard called Unicode was introduced.
Unicode
Unicode is an international coding system designed to be used with different language scripts.
Each character or symbol is assigned a unique numeric value, largely within the framework of
ASCII. Earlier, each script had its own encoding system, which could conflict with each other.
In contrast, this is what Unicode officially aims to do − Unicode provides a unique number for every
character, no matter what the platform, no matter what the program, no matter what the language.
As you know decimal, binary, octal and hexadecimal number systems are positional value
number systems. To convert binary, octal and hexadecimal to decimal number, we just need
to add the product of each digit with its positional value. Here we are going to learn other
conversion among these number systems.
Decimal to Binary
Decimal numbers can be converted to binary by repeated division of the number by 2 while
recording the remainder. Let’s take an example to see how this happens.
The remainders are to be read from bottom to top to obtain the binary equivalent.
4310 = 1010112
Decimal to Octal
Decimal numbers can be converted to octal by repeated division of the number by 8 while
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Reading the remainders from bottom to top,
47310 = 7318
Decimal to Hexadecimal
Reading the remainders from bottom to top we get,

42310 = 1A716
Binary to Octal and Vice Versa
To convert a binary number to octal number, these steps are followed −

 Starting from the least significant bit, make groups of three bits.
 If there are one or two bits less in making the groups, 0s can be added after the most
significant bit
 Convert each group into its equivalent octal number
Let’s take an example to understand this.
101100101012 = 26258
To convert an octal number to binary, each octal digit is converted to its 3-bit binary equivalent
according to this table.
Octal Digit 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Binary Equivalent 00 00 01 01 10 10 11 11
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
546738 = 1011001101110112
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Binary to Hexadecimal
To convert a binary number to hexadecimal number, these steps are followed −

 Starting from the least significant bit, make groups of four bits.
significant bit.
 Convert each group into its equivalent octal number.
101101101012 = DB516
To convert an octal number to binary, each octal digit is converted to its 3-bit binary equivalent.
Decimal numbers can be converted to binary by repeated division of the number by 2 while
The remainders are to be read from bottom to top to obtain the binary equivalent.
4310 = 1010112
Decimal to Octal
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Reading the remainders from bottom to top,
47310 = 7318
Decimal to Hexadecimal
Reading the remainders from bottom to top we get,

42310 = 1A716
Binary to Octal and Vice Versa
To convert a binary number to octal number, these steps are followed −

 Starting from the least significant bit, make groups of three bits.
significant bit
 Convert each group into its equivalent octal number
101100101012 = 26258
To convert an octal number to binary, each octal digit is converted to its 3-bit binary equivalent
according to this table.
Octal Digit 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Binary Equivalent 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
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546738 = 1011001101110112
Binary to Hexadecimal
To convert a binary number to hexadecimal number, these steps are followed −

 Starting from the least significant bit, make groups of four bits.
significant bit.
 Convert each group into its equivalent octal number.
101101101012 = DB516
To convert an octal number to binary, each octal digit is converted to its 3-bit binary equivalent.
SOFTWARE BASICS AND OPERATING SYSTEMS
Software
Software comprises of computer programs, support modules, and data modules that
work together in order to provide a computer with the instructions and data necessary for
carrying out a specific type of task, such as video editing, web browsing, preparing tax return,
designing the floor plan for a new house, document production and the likes.
Software is typically composed of files. One of these files is a main executable file. This
refers to the program that you run to start the software. Other files might contain the programs
that you use to install and uninstall the software.
Program
A computer program or simply a program is a set of instructions that tells a computer

how to solve a problem or carry out or perform a task. Computer programs are also known as
software, applications programs, or systems software. Also, a computer program may refer to
source code, written in a programming language or to executable form of the source code. A
distinct attribute of a computer program is that it can be started or run by a computer user.
Support Module
A support module provides an auxiliary set of instructions that can be used in

conjunction with the main software program. It is not designed to be run by the computer user.
Instead, these modules are “called” by the computer program as needed. For instance, suppose
that you want to edit a video footage using the Video Factory software. To start the program
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and display the main screen, you run the main executable file, which is Vidfact.exe. Then, you
choose the Download command to access the video footage from your camera to your PC.
Your selection requires program instructions that are not included in the main program, so a
support program called DVcheck.dll is used to assist with this task.
Data Module
A data module comprises any data necessary for a task that is not supplied by the user.
An example would-be word-processing software that checks spelling by comparing the words
in a document with the words in a dictionary file of correctly spelled words. The data module
here is the dictionary file, which is supplied by the software, not by the user.
Machine Language
Machine language, the instruction set that is “hard wired” within the microprocessor’s
circuits, is the only language that can be understood by a computer’s microprocessor. With this,
we can say that instructions written in a high level language must be translated into machine
language before a computer can use them.
A special type of programs called translators, convert instructions from a high-level

language into machine language. Translators can be categorized into two: compilers and
interpreters.
Compilers are computer programs that translate a computer program written in a

computer language called source language, into an equivalent program written in another
computer language which can be called as output, object, or target language.
Interpreters execute other programs while compilers translate it into an executable file.
Compilers translate one program statement into machine language, execute it, and then
proceed to the next statement.
What does an Operating System do?
A computer’s software acts similarly with the chain of command in an army. Using
application software, you issue a command to perform a specific task in the computer. Then,
the application software tells the operating system what to do. The operating system then
instructs the device drivers, while the device drivers instruct the hardware and the hardware
actually does the work.
In short, the operating system interacts with application software, device drivers, and
hardware to manage a computer’s resources. Examples of these resources are processor,
RAM, storage space, and peripherals. While interacting with application software, operating
system is busy behind the scenes with other tasks such as identifying storage space,
communicating with printer, and allocating memory.
How does Operating System affect the appearance of application software?
The user interface helps people and computer communicate with each other. A
computer’s user interface includes the mouse and keyboard that accept input and carry out
commands. It also comprises the display device that provides cues to help you use software,
and displays error messages that alert you to problems. An operating system typically provides
user interface tools, such as menus and toolbar buttons, which define the “look and feel” for all
of its compatible software.
Most computers today have a graphical user interface (GUI) feature. A GUI provides a
way to point and click a mouse to select menu options and manipulate graphical objects that
are displayed on the screen. The GUI concept was originated at the Xerox PARC research
facility. In 1984, Apple computer turned the idea into a commercial success with the launch of
its popular Macintosh computer, which featured a GUI operating system and applications.
During 1992, when Windows 3.1 became a standard issue on most PCs, GUIs did catch on in
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the PC market, replacing a command-line interface that has given many people a string
aversion to computers in general.
Where is the Operating System?
The entire operating system is small enough to be stored in ROM for typically handheld
computers and video game consoles. However, for nearly all personal computers, servers,
workstations, mainframes, and supercomputers, the operating system program is quite large,
so most of it is stored on a hard disk.
The operating system’s small bootstrap program which is stored in ROM, provides the
instructions needed to load the core parts (kernel) into memory when the system boots. Kernel
provides the most essential operating system services, such as memory management and file
access. The kernel stays in the memory all the time when your computer is on. Customization
utilities and other parts of the operating system are loaded into the memory as they are needed.
An operating system’s main purpose is to control what happens “behind the scenes” of
a computer system. Several operating systems provide helpful tools, called utilities that allow
you to control and customize your computer equipment and work environment. Some of the
Windows utilities allow you to perform the following:
 Launch Programs. Upon starting your computer, Windows displays a “desktop” that
contains a collection of graphical objects, such as the Start menu which you can use to
start programs.
 Customize the user interface. The Control Panel, accessible from the Start Menu,
provides utilities that help you customize your screen display and work environment.
 Manage Files. Windows Explorer, another useful utility, allows you to view a list of files,
move them to various storage devices, copy them, rename them, and delete them.
 Configure Equipment. Control Panel also provides access to utilities that help you set
up and configure your computer’s hardware and peripheral devices.
 Get Help. Windows provides a Help system that you can use to find out how various
commands work.
Types of Operating Systems
Every operating system is uniquely categorized depending on its function for different
computing tasks. The following are several types of operating system that describe their
strengths and weaknesses.
 Single-user operating system. It deals with one set of input devices, those that can be
manipulated by one user at a time. Handheld computers and many personal computers
make use of this single-user category.
 Multi-user operating system. It deals with input, output, and processing requests from
many users, all at the same time. Scheduling all of the processing requests that must be
performed by a centralized computer, often a mainframe is one of its most difficult
responsibilities.
 Network operating system. It is also known as a “server operating system”. It provides
communications and routing services that allow computers to share data, programs, and
peripheral devices. Novell Netware, for instance, is almost always referred to as a
network operating system.
 Multitasking operating system. It provides process and memory management services
that permit two or more programs to run simultaneously. Most of today’s personal
computer operating systems offer multitasking services.
 Desktop Operating System. It is designed for a personal computer, either a desktop or
notebook computer. Examples of these are Windows 8 or iOS. These operating systems
are designed to accommodate a single user, but may also provide networking capability.
Other desktop operating systems provide multitasking capabilities.
27
MICROSOFT EXCEL 2010 TUTORIAL
Excel is a spreadsheet program in the Microsoft Office system. You can use Excel to create
and format workbooks (a collection of spreadsheets) in order to analyze data and make more
informed business decisions. Specifically, you can use Excel to track data, build models for
analyzing data, write formulas to perform calculations on that data, pivot the data in numerous
ways, and present data in a variety of professional looking charts.
The Ribbon
Understanding the Ribbon is a great way to help understand the changes between Microsoft
2003 to Microsoft 2010. The ribbon holds all of the information in previous versions of Microsoft
Office in a more visual stream line manner through a series of tabs that include an immense
variety of program features.
Home Tab
This is the most used tab; it incorporates all text and cell formatting features such as font and
paragraph changes. The Home Tab also includes basic spreadsheet formatting elements such
as text wrap, merging cells and cell style.
Insert Tab
This tab allows you to insert a variety of items into a document from pictures, clip art, and
headers and footers.
Page Layout Tab
This tab has commands to adjust page such as margins, orientation and themes.
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Formulas Tab
This tab has commands to use when creating Formulas. This tab holds an immense
function library which can assist when creating any formula or function in your spreadsheet.
Data Tab
This tab allows you to modifying worksheets with large amounts of data by sorting and
filtering as well as analyzing and grouping data.
Review Tab
This tab allows you to correct spelling and grammar issues as well as set up security
protections. It also provides the track changes and notes feature providing the ability to
make notes and changes someone’s document.
View Tab
This tab allows you to change the view of your document including freezing or splitting
panes, viewing gridlines and hide cells.
29
GETTING STARTED
Now that you have an understanding of where things are located, let’s look at the steps
needed to create an Excel document.
Opening Microsoft Excel
You may have a shortcut to Word on your desktop, if so double click the icon and Word
will open. If not follow the steps below:
1. Click on the Start button
2. Highlight Programs
3. Highlight Microsoft Office
4. Click on Microsoft Excel 2010
Create a New Workbook
1. Click the File tab and then click New.

2. Under Available Templates, double click Blank Workbook or Click Create.
Find and Apply Template
Excel 2010 allows you to apply built-in templates and to search from a
variety of templates on Office.com. To find a template in Excel 2010, do the
following:
1. On the File tab, click New.
2. Under Available Templates, do one of the following:
a. To reuse a template that you’ve recently used, click Recent Templates,
click the template that you want, and then click Create.
b. To use your own template that you already have installed, click My
Templates, select the template that you want, and then click OK.
c. To find a template on Office.com, under Office.com Templates, click a
template category, select the template that you want, and then click
Download to download the template from Office.com to your computer.
3. Once you click on the template you like it will open on your screen as a new document.
Enter Data in a Worksheet
1. Click the cell where you want to enter data.

2. Type the data in the cell.
3. Press enter or tab to move to the next cell.
Select Cells or Ranges
In order to complete more advanced processes in Excel you need to be able to highlight
or select cells, rows and columns. There are a variety of way to do this, see the table
below to understand the options.
30
To select Do this
A single cell Click the cell, or press the arrow keys to move to the cell.
A range of cells Click the first cell in the range, and then drag to the last cell, or hold
down
SHIFT while you press the arrow keys to extend the selection.
A large range of cells Click the first cell in the range, and then hold down SHIFT while you click
the
last cell in the range. You can scroll to make the last cell visible.
All cells on a worksheet
Click the Select All button or press CTRL+A.
Nonadjacent cells or Select the first cell or range of cells, and then hold down CTRL while you
cell ranges select the other cells or ranges.
NOTE: You cannot cancel the selection of a cell or range of cells in a
non-adjacent selection without canceling the entire selection.
An entire row or column
Click the row or column heading.
Row heading
Column
heading
Adjacent rows or Drag across the row or column headings. Or select the first row or
columns column;
then hold down SHIFT while you select the last row or column.
Nonadjacent rows Click the column or row heading of the first row or column in your
or columns selection; then hold down CTRL while you click the column or row
headings of other rows
or columns that you want to add to the selection.
Cells to the last used Select the first cell, and then press CTRL+SHIFT+END to extend the
cell on the worksheet selection of cells to the last used cell on the worksheet (lower-right
(lower- corner).
right corner)
Cells to the beginning of Select the first cell, and then press CTRL+SHIFT+HOME to extend the
the selection of cells to the beginning of the worksheet.
worksheet
NOTE: To cancel a selection of cells, click any cell on the worksheet. This is not
applicable to cells with formulas in it.
Formulas in Excel
Formulas are equations that perform calculations on values in your worksheet. A formula
always starts with an equal sign (=). An example of a simple is =5+2*3 that multiplies two
numbers and then adds a number to the result. Microsoft Office Excel follows the standard
order of mathematical operations. In the preceding example, the multiplication operation
(2*3) is performed first, and then 5 is added to its result.
You can also create a formula by using a function which is a prewritten formula that takes
a value, performs an operation and returns a value. For example, the formulas
=SUM(A1:A2) and SUM(A1,A2) both use the SUM function to add the values in cells A1
and A2.
Depending on the type of formula that you create, a formula can contain any or all of the
following parts.
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1. Functions A function, such as PI() or SUM(), starts with an equal sign (=).
2. Cell references You can refer to data in worksheet cells by including cell references in
the formula. For example, the cell reference A2 returns the value of that cell or uses that
value in the calculation.
3. Constants You can also enter constants, such as numbers (such as 2) or text values,
directly into a formula.
4. Operators are the symbols that are used to specify the type of calculation that you want the
formula to perform.
Create a Simple Formulas

1. Click the cell in which you want to enter the formula.
2. Type = (equal sign).
3. Enter the formula by typing the constants
and operators that you want to use in the
calculation.
4. Press ENTER.
Create a Formula with Cell References
1. The first cell reference is B3, the color is blue, and the cell range
has a blue border with square corners.
2. The second cell reference is C3, the color is green, and the cell range has a green border
with square corners.
To create your formula:

2. In the formula bar, at the top of the Excel window that you use, , type = (equal sign).
3. Click on the 1st cell you want in the formula.
4. Enter an Operator such as +, or *.
5. Click on the next cell you want in the formula. Continue steps 3 – 5 until the formula
is complete
6. Hit the ENTER key on your keyboard
Create a Formula with Function

2. Click Insert Function on the formula bar. Excel inserts the equal sign (=) for you.
3. Select the function that you want to use. NOTE: If you're not sure which function to
use, type a question that describes what you want to do in the Search for a function
box (for example, "add numbers" returns the SUM function), or browse from the
categories in the Or Select a category box.
4. Enter the arguments.
5. After you complete the formula, press ENTER.
Use Auto Sum
To summarize values quickly, you can also use AutoSum.

1. Select the cell where you would like your formulas solution to appear.
2. Go to the Home tab, in the Editing group,
3. Click AutoSum, to sum your numbers or click the arrow next to AutoSum to select a
function that you want to apply.
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Delete a Formula
When you delete a formula, the resulting values of the formula is also deleted. However,
you can instead remove the formula only and leave the resulting value of the formula
displayed in the cell.
To delete formulas along with their resulting values, do the following:
1. Select the cell or range of cells that contains the formula.

2. Press DELETE.
To delete formulas without removing their resulting values, do the following:
1. Select the cell or range of cells that contains the formula.

2. On the Home tab, in the Clipboard group, click Copy .
3. On the Home tab, in the Clipboard group, click the arrow below Paste , and then
click Paste Values.
Avoid common errors with formulas
The following table summarizes some of the most common errors that you can make
when entering a formula and how to correct those errors:
MAKE SURE THAT MORE INFORMATION
YOU…
Match all open and close Make sure that all parentheses are part of a matching pair. When you create a
parentheses formula, Excel displays parentheses in color as they are entered.
Use a colon to indicate a When you refer to a range of cells, use a colon (:) to separate the reference to
range the first cell in the range and the reference to the last cell in the range. For
example, A1:A5.
Enter all required Some functions have required arguments. Also, make sure that you have not
arguments entered too many arguments.
Nest no more than 64 You can enter, or nest, no more than 64 levels of functions within a function.
functions
Enclose other sheet If the formula refers to values or cells on other worksheets or workbooks, and
names in single quotation the name of the other workbook or worksheet contains a non-alphabetical
marks character, you must enclose its name within single quotation marks ( ' ).
Enter numbers without Do not format numbers as you enter them in formulas. For example, even if
formatting the value that you want to enter is $1,000, enter 1000 in the formula.
Charts in Excel
Microsoft Excel no longer provides the chart wizard. Instead, you can create a basic chart
by clicking the chart type that you want on the Insert tab in the Charts group. Charts are
used to display series of numeric data in a graphical format to make it easier to understand
large quantities of data and the relationship between different series of data.
To create a chart in Excel, you start by entering the numeric data for the chart on a
worksheet. Then you can plot that data into a chart by selecting the chart type that you want
to use on the Insert tab, in the Charts group.
33
Worksheet data
Chart created from worksheet data
Getting to know the elements of a chart

A chart has many elements. Some of these elements are displayed by default, others can
be added as needed. You can change the display of the chart elements by moving them to
other locations in the chart, resizing them, or by changing the format. You can also remove
chart elements that you do not want to display.
1. The chart area is the entire chart and all its elements
2. The plot area is the area of the chart bounded by the axes.
3. The data points are individual values plotted in a chart represented by bars, columns,
lines, or pies.
4. The horizontal (category) and vertical (value) axis along which the data is plotted in
the chart.
5. The legend identifies the patterns or colors that are assigned to the data series or
categories in the chart.
6. A chart and axis title are descriptive text that for the axis or chart.
7. A data label provides additional information about a data marker that you can use to
identify the details of a data point in a data series.
Create a Chart
1. On the worksheet, arrange the data that you want to plot in a chart. The data can
be arranged in rows or columns — Excel automatically determines the best way
to plot the data in the chart.
2. Select the cells that contain the data that you want to use for the chart.
NOTE: If the cells that you want to plot in a chart are not in a continuous range, you
can select nonadjacent cells or ranges as long as the selection forms arectangle.
You can also hide the rows or columns that you do not want to plot in the chart.
3. Go to the Insert tab, in the Charts

4. Click the chart type, and then click a chart subtype from the drop menu that will
appear.
5. Click anywhere in the embedded chart to activate it. When you click on the chart,
Chart Tools will be displayed which includes the Design, Layout, and Format
tabs.
6. The chart will automatically be embedded in the worksheet. A chart name will
automatically be assigned.
Move Chart to New Sheet
1. On the Design tab, in the Location group, click Move Chart.

2. Under Choose where you want the chart to be placed, click on the New sheet bubble
3. Type a chart name in the New sheet box.
34
Change Chart Name
1. Click the chart.

2. On the Layout tab, in the Properties group, click the Chart Name text box.
3. Type a new chart name.
4. Press ENTER.
Change Chart Layout
1. Click anywhere in the chart.

2. Go to the Chart Tools, the Design group
3. In the Chart Layouts, click the chart layout that you want to use.
Change Chart Style

2. On the Design tab, in the Chart Styles group, click the chart style that you want to use.
Chart or Axis Titles
To make a chart easier to understand, you can add titles, such as chart and axis titles. To
add a chart title:

2. On the Layout tab, in the Labels group, click Chart Title.
3. Click Centered Overlay Title or Above Chart.
4. In the Chart Title text box that appears in the chart, type the text that you want.
5. To remove a chart title, click Chart Title, and then click None.
NOTE: You can also use the formatting buttons on the ribbon (Home tab, Font group). To
format the whole title, you can right-click it, click Format Chart Title, and then
select the formatting options that you want.
To add axis titles:

2. On the Layout tab, in the Labels group, click Axis Titles.
3. Do one or more of the following:
a. To add a title to a primary horizontal (category) axis, click Primary Horizontal Axis
Title, and then click the option that you want.
b. To add a title to primary vertical (value) axis, click Primary Vertical Axis Title, and
then click the option that you want.
4. In the Axis Title text box that appears in the chart, type the text that you want.
5. To remove an axis title, click Axis Title, click the type of axis title to remove, and then
click None.
35
Data Labels
1. On a chart, do one of the following:

a. Click on the chart area to add a data label to all data points of all data series
b. Click in the data series to add a data label to all data points of a data series
c. Click on a specific data point to add a data label to a single data point in a data series
2. On the Layout tab, in the Labels group, click Data Labels, and then click the display
option that you want.
3. Text boxes will appear in the area of your chart based on your selection.
4. Click on the text box to modify the text.
5. To remove data labels, click Data Labels, and then click None.
NOTE: Depending on the chart type that you used, different data label options will be
available.
Legend
When you create a chart, the legend appears, but you can hide the legend or change its
location after you create the chart.
1. Click the chart in which you want to show or hide a legend.

2. On the Layout tab, in the Labels group, click Legend.
3. Do one of the following:
a. To hide the legend, click None.
b. To display a legend, click the display option that you want.
c. For additional options, click More Legend Options, and then select the display option
that you want.
NOTE: To quickly remove a legend or a legend entry from a chart, you can select it, and
then press DELETE. You can also right-click the legend or a legend entry, and then click
Delete.
Move or Resize Chart
You can move a chart to any location on a worksheet or to a new or existing worksheet.
You can also change the size of the chart for a better fit.
To move a chart, drag it to the location that you want.
To resize a chart, click on one of the edges and drag towards the center.
Advanced Spreadsheet Modification
Once you have created a basic spreadsheet there are numerous things you can do to make
working with you data easier. Some of these elements are hiding, freezing and splitting
rows. You can also sort and filter data, these features are quite helpful when working with
a large amount of data.
Hide or Display Rows and Columns
You can hide a row or column by using the Hide command or when you change its row
height or column width to 0 (zero). You can display either again by using the Unhide
command. You can either unhide specific rows and columns, or you can unhide all hidden
36
rows and columns at the same time. The first row or column of the worksheet is tricky to
unhide, but it can be done.
Hide Rows or Columns
1. Select the rows or columns that you want to hide.

2. On the Home tab, in the Cells group, click Format.
3. Under Visibility, point to Hide & Unhide, and then click Hide Rows or Hide Columns.
NOTE: You can also right-click a row or column (or a selection of multiple rows or columns),
and then click Hide.
Unhide Rows or Columns
1. Select the rows, columns or entire sheet to unhide.

2. On the Home tab, in the Cells group, click Format.
3. Under Visibility, point to Hide & Unhide, and then click Unhide Rows or Unhide
Columns. You can also right-click the selection of visible rows and
columns surrounding the hidden rows and columns, and then click Unhide.
Freezing/Splitting Rows and Columns
To keep an area of a worksheet visible while you scroll to another area of the worksheet,
you can either lock specific rows or columns in one area by freezing panes.
Freezing vs. splitting
When you freeze panes, Microsoft Excel keeps specific rows or columns visible when you
scroll in the worksheet. For example, if the first row in your spreadsheet contains labels,
you might freeze that row to make sure that the column labels remain visible as you scroll
down in your spreadsheet. A solid line indicates that the row is frozen to keep column labels
in place when you scroll.
When you split panes, Excel creates either two or four separate worksheet areas that you
can scroll within, while rows or columns in the non-scrolled area remain
visible. This worksheet has been split into four areas. Notice that each area contains a
separate view of the same data. Splitting panes is useful when you want to see different
parts of a large spreadsheet at the same time.
NOTE: You cannot split panes and freeze panes at the same time.
Freeze Panes
1. On the worksheet, select the row or column that you want to keep visible when you
scroll.
2. On the View tab, in the Window group, click the arrow below Freeze Panes.
3. Then do one of the following:
 To lock one row only, click Freeze Top Row.
 To lock one column only, click Freeze First Column.
 To lock more than one row or column, or to lock both rows and columns at the
same time, click Freeze Panes.
NOTE: You can freeze rows at the top and columns on the left side of the worksheet only.
You cannot freeze rows and columns in the middle of the worksheet.
37
Unfreeze panes
1. On the View tab, in the Window group, click the arrow below Freeze Panes.
2. Click Unfreeze Panes.
Split Panes
1. To split panes, point to the split box at the top of the vertical scroll bar or at the right
end of the horizontal scroll bar.
2. When the pointer changes to a split pointer or , drag the split box down or to the
left to the position that you want.
3. To remove the split, double-click any part of the split bar that divides the panes.
Moving or Copying Worksheets
Sometimes you may need to copy an entire worksheet instead of copying and pasting the
data which may or may not paste properly, you can use the steps below to achieve a must
better result.
Move or Copy Worksheets
1. Select the worksheets that you want to move or copy.

2. On the Home tab, in the Cells group, click Format, and then under Organize Sheets,
click Move or Copy Sheet. You can also right-click a selected sheet tab, and then
click Move or Copy.
3. A Move or Copy dialog box will appear
4. To move a sheet, in the Before sheet list:
 Click the sheet that you want to insert the moved or copied sheets directly in front of.
 Click move to end to insert the moved or copied sheets after the last sheet in the
workbook and before the Insert Worksheet tab.
5. To copy the sheets, in the Move or Copy dialog box, select the Create a copy check
box.
 When you create a copy of the worksheet, the worksheet is duplicated in the
workbook, and the sheet name indicates that it is a copy — for example, the first
copy that you make of Sheet1 is named Sheet1 (2).
NOTE: To move sheets in the current workbook, you can drag the selected sheets along
the row of sheet tabs. To copy the sheets, hold down CTRL, and then drag the sheets;
release the mouse button before you release the CTRL key.
Move or Copy to a Different Workbook
1. In the workbook that contains the sheets that you want to move or copy, select the
sheets.
2. On the Home tab, in the Cells group, click Format, and then under Organize Sheets,
click Move or Copy Sheet.
3. In the Move or Copy dialog box, click the drop down list in the To book box, then:
Click the workbook to which you want to move or copy the selected sheets.
Click new book to move or copy the selected sheets to a new workbook.
38
4. To move a sheet, in the Before sheet list:
 Click the sheet that you want to insert the moved or copied sheets directly in front of.
 Click move to end to insert the moved or copied sheets after the last sheet in the
workbook and before the Insert Worksheet tab.
5. To copy the sheets, in the Move or Copy dialog box, select the Create a copy check
box.
Sorting Data
Sorting data is an integral part of data analysis. You might want to arrange a list of names
in alphabetical order, compile a list of product inventory levels from highest to lowest, or
order rows by colors or icons. Sorting data helps you quickly visualize and understand your
data better, organize and find the data that you want, and ultimately make more effective
decisions.
Sort Data in Single Column
1. Select a column of data in a range of cells

2. On the Data tab, in the Sort & Filter group, do one of the following:
To sort in ascending or smallest to largest order, click Sort A to Z. To sort in descending
or largest to smallest order, click Sort Z to A.
3. To reapply a sort after you change the data, click a cell in the range or table and then,
on the Data tab, in the Sort & Filter group, click Reapply.
Sort Data in Multiple Columns or Rows
You may want to sort by more than one column or row when you have data that you want
to group by the same value in one column or row, and then sort another column or row
within that group of equal values.
1. Select a range of cells with two or more columns of data.
2. On the Data tab, in the Sort & Filter group, click Sort.
3. The Sort dialog box will appear.
4. Under Column, in the Sort by box, select the first column that you want to sort.
5. Under Sort On, select the type of sort.
To sort by text, number, or date and time, select Values.
To sort by format, select Cell Color, Font Color, or Cell Icon.
6. Under Order, select how you want to sort. For text values, select A to Z or Z to A. For
number values, select Smallest to Largest or Largest to Smallest. For date or time
values, select Oldest to Newest or Newest to Oldest. To sort based on a custom list,
select Custom List.
7. To add another column to sort by, click Add Level, and then repeat steps four through
six.
8. To copy a column to sort by, select the entry and then click Copy Level.
9. To delete a column to sort by, select the entry and then click Delete Level.
10. To change the order in which the columns are sorted, select an entry and then click the
Up or Down arrow to change the order.
11. To reapply a sort after you change the data, click a cell in the range or table and then,
on the Data tab, in the Sort & Filter group, click Reapply.
39
Finalizing a Spreadsheet
To complete your spreadsheet there are a few steps to take to ensure your document is
finalized. Using the "Spell Check" Feature.
Excel does not have the same spell check feature as Word and PowerPoint. To complete
a Spelling and Grammar check, you need to use the Spelling and Grammar feature.
1. Click on the Review tab

2. Click on the Spelling & Grammar command (a blue check mark with ABC above it).
3. A Spelling and Grammar box will appear, correct any Spelling or Grammar issue with
the help of the box.
Save a Spreadsheet
To save a document in the format used by Excel 2010 and Excel 2007, do the following:
1. Click the File tab.
2. Click Save As.
3. In the File name box, enter a name for your document.
4. Click Save.
To save a document so that it is compatible with Excel 2003 or earlier, do the following:
1. Click the File tab.
2. Click Save As.
3. In the Save as type list, click Excel 97-2003 Document. This changes the file format to
.xls.
4. In the File name box, type a name for the document.
5. Click Save.
Print Preview
Print Preview automatically displays when you click on the Print tab. Whenever you make
a change to a print-related setting, the preview is automatically updated.
1. Click the File tab, and then click Print. To go back to your document, click the File tab.
2. A preview of your document automatically appears. To view each page, click the arrows
below the preview.
Print a Worksheet
1. Click the worksheet or select the worksheets that you want to print.
2. Click File
3. Click Print.
4. Once you are on the Print screen you can select printing options: To change the
printer, click the drop-down box under Printer, and select the printer that you want.
 To make page setup changes, including changing page orientation, paper size, and
page margins, select the options that you want under Settings.
 To scale the entire worksheet to fit on a single printed page, under Settings, click the
option that you want in the scale options drop-down box.
 To print the specific information, select Print Active Sheets or Print Entire Workbook.
5. Click Print.
40

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2021

Republic of the Philippines

MARIA FRANCES ELEANOR P. CALOOBANAN, MPA

DCIT21: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING

The student will be given the general idea of what is

The students will gain sufficient knowledge to

MISSION PROGRAM OUTCOMES ADDRESSED BY

Introduction to Computer Concepts

• It has the ability to perform mathematical and logical operation.

CD and DVD drives

Floppy disk drive

Advantages of Using Computers

 Reliability - The electronic components in modern computers are dependable and

 Communications - Most computers today can communicate with other computers,

Disadvantages of Using Computers

 Violation of Privacy - It is crucial that personal and confidential records stored

 Impact on Environment - Computer manufacturing processes and computer waste are

The abacus (plural abaci or abacuses), also

Born on December 26, 1791, A mathematician,

Considered by some to be "father of the computer”,

First electronic general-purpose digital

ENIAC was completed in 1945 and first put to

Focused on the development of the “transistor”. The

Moreover, it has used a more specialized language

The third generation is all about

An integrated circuit, or IC, is small chip

The main features of fourth generation are:

• VLSI technology used

Some computers of this generation were:

Information Processing Cycle

 Accepts data – input

 Hardware - These are the physical parts of a computer.

Workstations - are personal

Palmtop/Handheld - These are small

Table PC - A tablet pc is a computer in

List of Input and Output Devices

Both Input-Output Devices:

“How does a computer convert sounds and images into codes?”

Sound is characterized by the properties of a sound wave. Sound waves can be

Bit and Byte

A motherboard or main board, the computer’s

A microprocessor, sometimes known as processor, is an integrated circuit designed to

A microprocessor executes instructions that are provided by a computer program such

An instruction set is a list of instructions that a microprocessor can perform. These

Data processing is a technique of collecting, manipulating, and distributing data to

A system is a collection of objects, procedures, or techniques that interact in a regulated

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Common I/O Peripherals

Decimal Number System

 In 734, value of 7 is 7 hundreds or 700 or 7 × 100 or 7 × 10 2

Binary Number System

 1 byte (B) = 8 bits

Octal Number System

Hexadecimal Number System

HEXADECIMAL DECIMAL OCTAL BINARY

 26 upper case letters

Reading the remainders from bottom to top we get,

Binary to Octal and Vice Versa

To convert a binary number to octal number, these steps are followed −

To convert a binary number to hexadecimal number, these steps are followed −

Reading the remainders from bottom to top we get,

Binary to Octal and Vice Versa