SHAYNE MARIELLE ROMAN 11 ABM 2

PHYSICAL SCIENCE Q1 MODULE 4

WHAT I KNOW

1. C 6. B 11. F
2. A 7. C 12. T
3. C 8. D 13. F
4. A 9. B 14. T
5. D 10. B

WHAT’S IN

1.

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M O L E C U L E

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2.

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P O L A rs e
R B O N D
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3.
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L O N E P A I R
2 14 8 16

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N O N P O L A R B O N D
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E L E C T R O N E G A T I V I T Y
11 15 4 10 17
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6.

A T O M
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 RIDDLE

M O L E C U L A R G E O M E T R Y
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

WHAT’S NEW

1. The message of the song is all about love of the two partners which the writer of the
song symbolizes their love into ‘tubig at langis.” Where it means that their love was not
meant to be since water and oil can’t be combine or mix together. It’s like their love won’t
work together.

2. If we add oil to the water, it will not create homogenous phase because it will form two
layers. The water molecules attract each other, and the oil molecules stick together. That
causes oil and water to form two separate layers. Water molecules pack closer together,
so they sink to the bottom, leaving oil sitting on top of the water.

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3. Oil and water cannot be mixed even when heated since liquid water is held together by

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hydrogen bonds. Oils and fats not have any polar part and so for them to dissolve
in water they would have to break some of water's hydrogen bonds. Water will

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not do this so the oil is forced to stay separate from the water. Water and oil cannot be mixed
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even when heated because oil is lighter than water and will therefore float on water.

WHAT IS IT
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Which of the following substances below will most likely mix with each other?
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❖ b. benzene (C6H6) and chloroform (CHCl3)

❖ c. water (H2O) and vinegar (CH3COOH)

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Polar Molecules
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__/__1. High boiling point ____7. High vapor pressure

____2. Low boiling point __/__8. Low vapor pressure

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__/__3. High melting point __/__9. High surface tension

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____4. Low melting point ____10. Low surface tension

____5. High volatility __/__11. H-bonding & dipole-dipole present

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__/__6. Low volatility ____12. London dispersion is present

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 WHAT’S MORE

BP MP V ST VP
Methane, 𝑪𝑪𝑰𝟒 𝑪𝑪𝑰𝟒 𝑪𝑪𝑰𝟒 𝑪𝑪𝑰𝟒 𝑪𝑯𝟒
𝑪𝑯𝟒 carbon since it is a polar since it is a polar since it is a polar since it is a polar since it is a non-
tetrachloride, 𝑪𝑪𝑰𝟒 molecule and the molecule and the molecule and the molecule and the polar molecule
type of IMFA is type of IMFA is type of IMFA is type of IMFA is and the type of
dipole-dipole dipole-dipole dipole-dipole dipole-dipole IMFA is dipole-
induced dipole
Dihydrogen 𝑯𝟐 𝑶 𝑯𝟐 𝑶 𝑯𝟐 𝑶 𝑯𝟐 𝑶 𝑯𝟐 𝑺
sulfide, 𝑯𝟐 𝑺 Since it is a polar Since it is a polar Since it is a polar Since it is a polar Since it is dipole-
water, 𝑯𝟐 𝑶 molecule and the molecule and the molecule and the molecule and the dipole it was
type of IMFA is type of IMFA is type of IMFA is type of IMFA is weaker than H-
hydrogen bonding hydrogen bonding hydrogen bonding hydrogen bonding bonding
Methanol, 𝑪𝑯𝟑 𝑶𝑯 𝑪𝑯𝟑 𝑶𝑯 𝑪𝑯𝟑 𝑶𝑯 𝑪𝑯𝟑 𝑶𝑯 𝑪𝑯𝟑 𝑶𝑯 𝑪𝑯𝟑 𝑪𝑯𝟐 𝑶𝑯
ethanol, Both have H- Both have H- Both have H- Both have H- Both have H-
𝑪𝑯𝟑 𝑪𝑯𝟐 𝑶𝑯 bonding but bonding but bonding but bonding but bonding but
methanol has methanol has methanol has methanol has methanol has
lower molar mass lower molar mass lower molar mass lower molar mass lower molar mass
than ethanol than ethanol than ethanol than ethanol than ethanol

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Acetic acid, 𝑪𝑯𝟑 𝑶𝑪𝑯𝟑 𝑪𝑯𝟑 𝑶𝑪𝑯𝟑 𝑪𝑯𝟑 𝑶𝑪𝑯𝟑 𝑪𝑯𝟑 𝑶𝑪𝑯𝟑 𝑪𝑯𝟑 𝑪𝑶𝑶𝑯
𝑪𝑯𝟑 𝑪𝑶𝑶𝑯 Both have a H- Both have a H- Both have a H- Both have a H- Both have a H-

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Acetone, 𝑪𝑯𝟑 𝑶𝑪𝑯𝟑 bonding but bonding but bonding but bonding but bonding but

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acetone has lower acetone has lower acetone has lower acetone has lower acetone has lower

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molar mass than molar mass than molar mass than molar mass than molar mass than

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acetic acid acetic acid acetic acid acetic acid acetic acid
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WHAT I HAVE LEARNED
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1. Distinguish intramolecular forces of attraction and intermolecular forces of attraction.

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❖ Intramolecular forces exist within molecules and hold the atoms in a given molecule
together. Intramolecular forces keep a molecule intact; a change in the state of a
substance does not affect intramolecular interactions. Intramolecular forces ‘Intra’
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means within, so intramolecular forces occur within a molecule. ‘Inter’ means

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between, so intermolecular forces occur between molecules. Intramolecular forces

may be ionic, covalent, or metallic in nature. Intermolecular forces are the forces
of attraction or repulsion which act between neighboring particles (atoms, molecules,
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or ions). These forces are weak compared to the intramolecular forces, such as the
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covalent or ionic bonds between atoms in a molecule. For example, the covalent bond
present within a hydrogen chloride (HCl) molecule is much stronger than any bonds it
may form with neighboring molecules. Intermolecular forces are the forces which
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mediate interaction between molecules, including forces of attraction or repulsion

which act between atoms and other types of neighboring particles, e.g. atoms or
ions.

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 2. In your own words, explain the Solubility Rule.

❖ The solubility rules help determine which substances are soluble, and to what
extent. There are possible results of effects on the solubility of a solute. One of
this is if the solution has less solute than the maximum amount that it is able to
dissolve (its solubility), it is a dilute solution. Additionally, if the amount of solute is
exactly the same amount as its solubility, it is saturated. And also, f there is more
solute than is able to be dissolved, the excess solute separates from the solution. If
this separation process includes crystallization, it forms a precipitate. Precipitation
lowers the concentration of the solute to the saturation in order to increase the
stability of the solution.

3. Compare and contrast polar and non-polar molecules based on its physical properties.

❖ Polar molecules properties are IMFA type: H-bonding and dipole-dipole, exist as
solids or liquids at room temperature, High boiling point, High melting point, High

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surface tension, Low vapor pressure, Low volatility and Soluble in water. In another

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hand, nonpolar molecules properties are IMFA type: London dispersion, exist as

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gases at room temperature, Low boiling point, Low melting point, Low surface

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tension, High vapor pressure, High volatility and Insoluble in water.
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4. What relationship can you derive between the strength of IMFA and the physical
properties of covalent molecules?
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❖ Boiling point, melting point, viscosity and surface tension increase with
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increasing strength of IMFA. Vapor pressure increases with decreasing strength of

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IMFA. In boiling point, melting point, viscosity and surface tension increase as the
strength of intermolecular forces increases. On the other hand, vapor pressure and
volatility decrease with increasing strength of IMFA. London dispersion forces
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increase as the molecular mass of a substance increases. Unlike in H-bonding, as the

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molar mass increases, the boiling point, melting point, viscosity and surface tension
decrease.
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 WHAT I CAN DO

A. Using the concept of bond polarity and solubility, explain why water (H2O) and vinegar
are miscible, but vinegar and oil are immiscible.

❖ Water is a polar molecule because of its bent shape; also, the oxygen in (H2O) is
more electronegative than hydrogen atom, thus attracts the electron more strongly
and making the molecule polar. Similarly, vinegar (acetic acid) is also a
polar molecule due to the presence of separation of charges in the molecule.
The vinegar will be miscible in water because both vinegar and water are polar
compounds and therefore have the same type of intermolecular bonds and can make
a solution. oil is a non-polar molecule, and it cannot form inter-molecular
bonding with the polar solvent (vinegar) due to its hydrophobic nature; thus, vinegar
and oil are immiscible (non-soluble) in nature. Oils repel polar molecules such as
those found in vinegar. ... They contain both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions

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and are able to attract and “hold hands” with polar and non-polar molecules

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simultaneously, pulling them together to form a special type of mixture called an

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emulsion.

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B. Using the concept of intermolecular forces of attraction, explain why butter melts at
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room temperature but solidifies when refrigerated.
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❖ Intermolecular forces prevent butter from melting in a refrigerator.
The attractions between the fat molecules are weakened, but the bonds within the
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fat molecules are not broken. In a cold temperature, the molecules of liquid are
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being compacted. When heated, the molecules of solid expands causing to be a

liquid. Because the atoms get compressed or squeezed, they get into more of a solid
state where the atoms are compact enough to hold shape
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When you take the butter out the temperature cools and the atoms of the butter
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expands causing it to lose a solid state and turning into boring oil. It has a melting
point around 15C, so it is a solid under that point and a liquid above. Please
remember butter is not a pure substance, it is a mixture of fatty stuff, the
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physical properties will vary slightly with the composition.

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 C. Explain the importance polarity of molecules to biological processes such as in the
structure of proteins and phospholipids.

❖ Of particular importance to living things is the orientation of phospholipid molecules,

which are a combination of a fat molecule with a phosphate group. The specific
geometry of proteins exists in part because polar groups on one part of
the molecule attract polar groups on another part of the same molecule. Proteins are
macromolecules having polar and nonpolar ends which are essential for life processes
to occur. It can form a long chain and it also has the ability to bend to form various
shapes. The shape of proteins is affected by attraction and repulsion among its
polar and nonpolar groups. Once its shape has been altered or modified, it can no
longer perform its basic function. Phospholipids, on the other hand, are present in
the cell membrane. It has a hydrophilic (water fearing) end. When placed in water,
- loving) end and hydrophobic (water fearing) end. When place in water, it forms a
micelle wherein its hydrophilic part has a close contact with water while its

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hydrophobic part is oriented inward. In this way, the cell can perform its function

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of being selectively permeable membrane effectively.

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ASSESSMENT

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1. D 6. C rs e 11. F
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2. B 7. C 12. T
3. C 8. C 13. F
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4. A 9. D 14. T
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5. B 10. D 15. T
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 ADDITIONAL ACTIVITIES

Substances Boiling point (0C) Melting point (0C)

Helium gas, He -269 -272

Methane, 𝑪𝑯𝟒 -162 -184

𝑯𝟐 𝑶 100 0

Ethanol, 𝑪𝟐 𝑯𝟓 𝑶𝑯 78 -117

❖ As you can see from the table above, it explains why water is considered as the
universal solvent it’s because it can’t be melting since it is a liquid and can be boil
within 100 degree Celsius. Helium gas and methane has a negative boiling point and
melting point which is can’t usually use in our life. And ethanol isn’t in 100 degree

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Celsius and it has negative melting point which is cannot be use usually in our daily

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life. Water is called the "universal solvent" because it is capable of dissolving more

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substances than any other liquid. Water molecules have a polar arrangement of

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oxygen and hydrogen atoms—one side (hydrogen) has a positive electrical charge and
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the other side (oxygen) had a negative charge.
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