Lleqcia 1

mikrobiologiis Sesavali da mikrobiologiis ganviTarebis istoria

Cveni planeta, iseve, rogorc mTeli samyaro, Sedgeba cocxali da aracocxali bunebisagan, romlebic
erTmaneTTan urTierTqmedebaSia da urTierTobis mravalgvari formebi gaaaCnia. cocxali buneba qmnis
biosferos da moicavs mcenareul da cxovelur samyaros, adamianis CaTvliT da maTi cxovelqmedebis
produqtebs.

biologia, aris mecniereba, romelic Seiswavlis cocxal organizmebs da maT bunebas. cocxali
organizmebi mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdenen:

 atmosferos airovan Semadgenlobaze: Jangbadis, azotis, naxSirorJangis koncentraciaze,

 bunebrivi wylebis Semadgenlobaze,
 zogierTi sasargeblo wiaRiseulis (naxSiris, navTobis) formirebaze

 awarmoeben organuli da araorganuli nivTierebebis wrebrunvas,

 asruleben sanitarul funqciebs,

 gavlenas axdenen klimatur pirobebze da sxva ekologiur parametrebze, romlebSic arsebobs da

cocxlobs yvelaferi cocxali da maT Soris adamianic.

dedamiwaze arsebuli yvela cocxali organizmi SeiZleba pirobiTad daiyos or did jgufad: makro da
mikrosamyarod. makrosamyaros ganekuTvneba yvela is cocxali arseba romlis danaxvac SesaZlebelia
SeuiaraRebeli TvaliT (adamiani, cxovelebi, mwerebi, mcenareebi), xolo mikrosamyaros ki is cocxali
arsebebi, romelTa danaxvac SeuZlebelia sxvadasxva optikuri xelsawyos gareSe, maT kidev uwodeben
protistebs.

mikrosamyaro Zalze mravalferovani da mravalricxovania da moicavs rogorc mcenareuli, ise

cxoveluri warmoSobis warmomadgenlebs. Mmikroorganizmebi arian sicocxlis organizaciis uZvelesi
formebi. isini warmoiSvnen dedamiwaze cxovelebisa da mcenareebis gaCenamde gacilebiT ufro adre,
daaxloebiT 3-4 miliardi wlis win. dResdReobiT mikroorganizmebi arian yvelaze mravalricxovani da
mravalferovani jgufi cocxali organizmebisa, romliTac dasaxlebulia dedamiwa. maT yvelas aerTianeben
mikrobebis terminis qveS, romelic SemoiRo frangma mecnierma sedilom me19e saukunis bolos.

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M mikrobebi moicaven birTvis mqone erT da mravalujrediani organizmebs – eukariotebs (carion
berZnulad niSnavs birTvs), anu umaRles protistebs, romelTac ganekuTvnebian: sokoebi, umartivesebi da
zogierTi baqteria, da prokariotebs, anu “birTvamdel” mikroorganizmebs, romelTac ara aqvT birTvi –
eseni arian umetesoba baqteriebisa, virusebi –nukleinis mJavis, cilebis, fermentebis Semcveli rTuli
nawilakebi da infeqciuri cilovani nawilakebi anu prionebi.

ase rom, molekulur-biologiuri organizacis mixedviT mikrobTa sxvadasxva jgufebi mniSvnelovnad

gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan: zogierTi maTgani wamoadgens mxolod rTul molekulas, mag: prionebi,
an rTul nawilakebs, mag: virusebi, sxvebi ki warmoadgenen srulyofil, biologiuri sistemebis mqone
organizmebs, romlebsac SeuZliaT avtonomiuri arseboba da cxovelqmedeba, rogorc baqteriebs, sokoebs da
umartivesebs.

M mikrobebi Zalze farTod arian gavrcelebuli, isini arseboben yvelgan: niadagSi, haerSi, wyalSi,
atmosferoSi, kosmosSi, adamianis, cxovelTa da mcenareTa organizmebSi. maTi saxeobrivi Semadgenloba
Zalian mravalferovania, magaliTad mxolod baqteriebis 100 000 ze meti saxeobaa cnobili, sokoebis ki 250
000mde. adamianis organizmSi “cxovrobs” 1013-14 baqteria, amavdoulad asobiT da aTasobiT soko, virusi da
umartivesi. es niSnavs, rom adamianis yovel erT ujredze modis ramdenime mikrobi. mikrobebi, romlebic
saxloben adamianis organizmSi qmnian mis mikroekologias, romelic uzrunvelyofs rogorc adamianis
organizmis normalur cxovelqmedebas, ise did rols asrulebs paTologiur procesebSi. garemoSi – wyalSi,
haerSi, niadagSi, sacxovrebel garemoSi, sakveb produqtebSi arsebuli mikrobebic TavisTavad did gavlenas
axdenen biologiur, bunebriv da sanitarul pirobebze im arealSi, romelSic cocxlobs adamiani.

mikrobebsa da sxva cocxal da aracocxal bunebas Soris arsebobs kavSiri – biocenozi. adamiansa da
mikrobebs Soris Camoyalibebuli biocenozi SeiZleba sxvadasxva saxis iyos.

adamianis da mikrobis urTierToba SeiZleba daiyos:

 neitralizmad – rodesac arcerTi mxare erTmaneTis cxovelqmedebaze ar axdens gavlenas
da
 simbiozad – rodesac mikro da makro organizms Soris yalibdeba garkveuli urTierTobebi da
isini raRac xasiaTs iZenen
1. Tu es urTierTobebi “mSvidobiania” da orive mxare erTmaneTisagan sargebels
naxulobs, saubroben mutualizmze da mutualistur simbiozze,
2. Tu urTierTobebi momgebiania mxolod erTi “partniorisaTvis” saubroben
komensalizmze

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 3. xolo, Tu erTis arseboba azaralebs da vnebs meores, es aris parazitizmi anu
antagonisturi simbiozi.
am urTierTobebidan gamomdinareobs mikrobebis dayofa paTogenur da arapaTogenur
mikroorganizmebad (berZnuli sityvidan patos daavadeba).
paTogenuria is mikrobi, romelsac SeuZlia adamianSi (an cxovelSi) daavadebis gamowveva, xolo
arapaTogenuria is – romelic ar iwvevs daavadebas. arsebobs kidev pirobiT paTogenuri mikrobebi,
romlebic normaSi ar iwveven aranair daavadebas da mxolod garkveul pirobebSi “gardaiqmnebian”
paTogenurebad.

mikrobebis arseboba dedamiwaze maTi Seswavlis “mizezi” gaxda. biologia Seiswavlis cocxal
organizmebs (laTinuri sityvidan bios – sicocxle), xolo mikrobebs, maT morfologias, fiziologias, genetikas,
sistematikas, ekologias da urTierTobas sicocxlis sxva formebTan ki Seiswavlis biologiis erT –erTi dargi
mikrobiologia (berZnuli sityvidan micros – mcire).

mikrobTa samyaros mravalferovnebam ganapiroba mikrobiologiis dargis diferenciacia sxvadasxva

mimarTulebebad. dResdReobiT asxvaveben:

zogad mikrobiologias – romelic Seiswavlis mikrobTa struqturas, fiziologias, bioqimias, genetikas,

evoluciasa da ekologias

da kerZo mikrobiologias romelic moicavs:

 samedicino mikrobiologias, sadac erTiandeba klinikuri baqteriologia, virusologia, mikologia,

protozoologia, sanitaruli mikrobiologia

 veterinarul mikrobiologias

 sawarmoo anu teqnikur mikrobiologias

 soflis meurneobis mikrobiologias

 kosmosur mikrobiologias

mikrobiologiis, rogorc dargis ganviTareba ramdenime istoriul periods moicavs. Eesenia:

1. evrestiuli (evristika – niSnavs mixvedras) periodi – iwyeba hipokrates (IV - III sauk. Zv. w)
mosazrebebiT imis Sesaxeb, rom adamianidan adamianze gadamcemi daavadebebi gamowveulia

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 uxilavi, aracocxali nivTierebebiT, romelTac hipokratem uwoda “miazma”. X saukuneSi tajikma
filosofosma abu ali ibn sinam, laTinurad avicenam Tavis naSromebSi anatomiis, fiziologiisa da
biologiis mTel rig sakiTxebTan erTad wamoayena hipoTeza zogierTi daavadebis TvaliT uxilavi
gamomwvevi agentebis Sesaxeb. renesansis epoqaSi 1374w veneciaSi gamoica brZaneba Sav Wirze
saeWvo pirTa 40 dRiT izolaciis Sesaxeb (quaranta giorni), saidanac warmoiSva termini karantini, anu
arsebobda eWvi daavadebaTa raRac agentiT gadacemis Sesaxeb. XV – XVI ss italielma eqimma
jeralimo frakastorom Camoayaliba azri, rom daavadebebs iwveven cocxali “kontagiebi”, romlebic
gadaecemian haeriT anda moxmarebis sagnebiT da rom es arsebebi cocxloben igive saarsebo garemoSi,
romelSic adamianebi da rom daavadebebTan sabrZolvelad aucilebelia daavadebuli adamianis izolacia
da a. S. am mosazrebebis gamo frakastoro iTvleba epidemiologiis fuZemdeblad. man pirvelma aRwera:
naturaluri yvavili, cofi, wiTela, keTri da ivarauda am daavadebebis gavrcelebaSi cocxali agentebis
monawileoba, romlebsac aqvT gamravlebis unari.

2. morfologiuri, igive sawyisi periodi XVII – XVIII ss

germanelma mecnierma da swavlulma iezuitma aTanase kirxerma (1602 – 1680 w) mZlavri lupis
saSualebiT, romelic mxolod 32 jerad gadidebas iZleoda, dampal xorcSi, rZeSi, ZmarSi da a. S. dainaxa
umciresi “Wiebi” (rogorc man uwoda) da ivarauda am “Wiebis” roli zogierT daavadebaSi, magram
kirxeris lupaSi danaxul “Wiebs” aRiareba ar mohyolia. mikrobebis “oficialuri” aRmomCeni gaxda
anton van levenhuki (1632 – 1723), holandieli vaWari, romelmac minebis damuSavebiT Seqmna
linzebis sistema, primitiuli mikroskopi, romelic iZleoda 150-300 jerad gadidebas. levenhukma wvimis
wyalSi, kbilebis nadebSi, dampal xorcSi aRmoaCina cocxali umciresi “mxecebi” – animalikutesi,
rogorc man uwoda. amiT dadasturda mikrobebis arseboba, magram maTi monawileoba daavadebebSi
jer damtkicebuli ar iyo. kacobriobas uWirda adamianebisa da cxovelebis samyaros garda kidev mesame
samyaros arsebobis aRiareba. adamianis paTologiur procesebSi mikrobTa rolis dasadastureblad daiwyo
cxovelebze cdebis Catareba, mogvianebiT frangma medikosma henlem Camoayaliba idea infeqciebsa
da maT gamomwvevebs Soris kavSiris Sesaxeb. henlem pirvelma daadgina, rom infeqciis
gamomwvevs aqvs unari gamravldes qsovilebSi, gavrceldes da gamoiwvios daavadebis konkretuli,
tipiuri mimdinareoba. Mme XIX –e saukunis bolos rusi mecnieris, botanikosi ivanovskis mier
aRmoCenili iqna virusebi – daavadebis gamomwvevi umciresi agentebi, romlebic gadiodnen baqteriul
filtrebSi.

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3. fiziologiuri, igive pasteris da imunologiuri periodi. Mme XIXe saukunis Sua periodidan intensiurad
daiwyo baqteriebis fiziologiis Seswavla.

adamiani uxsovari droidan spirtuli duRilis Sedegad, romelsac awarmoeben baqteriebi, iRebda yurZnis
Rvinos, magram TviTon procesis buneba misTvis ucnobi rCeboda. safrangeTsa da sxva saxelmwifoebSi
ganviTarebuli Rvinis warmoeba rigi bioteqnologiuri sakiTxebis gadawyvetas moiTxovda. medicinis
sferoSic momwifda uamravi kiTxva gadamdeb infeqciebis bunebasTan, Wrilobebis daCirqebis
mizezebTan dakavSirebiT. am sakiTxebis umravlesoba gadaWra frangma mecnierma, qimikosma lui
pasterma (1822 – 1895w). pasterma eqsperimentulad dasabuTa, rom spirtuli duRili gamowveulia
gansazRvruli saxeobis mikroorganizmebiT, Rvinis daZmareba ki gamowveulia sxva saxis baqteriebis mier
warmoebuli ZmarmJava duRiliT. pasterma agreTve dauSva, rom adamianis daavadebebi warmoadgendnen
duRilis msgavss process, gamowveuls sxvadasxva mikroorganizmebiT, romlebic operaciebis Semdeg
Cirqovani garTulebebis mizezi xdebodnen. pasteri amtkicebda, rom mSobiareTa cxeleba, furunkulozi,
osteomieliti, jilexi da sxva daavadebebi mikroorganizmebiT iyo gamowveuli.

pasteris aRmoCenebma safuZveli Cauyara mTel rig mecnierebebs: imunologias, mikrobiologias,

bioteqnologias, stereoqimias.

man pirvelma aRmoaCina;

1. duRili da aRwera misi buneba – pasterma daamtkica rZemJava, spirtuli, ZmarmJava duRilis
mikrobuli buneba da am procesebSi mikrobuli fermentebis monawileoba

2. anaerobiozi – pateris mier damtkicebuli iqna is faqti, rom zogierTi baqteria ara Tu ver uZlebs
Jangbadian garemos, aramed izdeba da mravldeba mxolod uJangbado areSi,

3. sterilizaciis principebi – Rvinis daavadebebTan brZolisaTvis pasterma gamoiyena misi gaTboba 50-
600C mde, imisaTvis rom moespo bqteriebi, romelic mis daZmarebas iwveven, am meTodiT ki man
safuZveli Cauyara sterilizaciis princips, romelic dRemde pasterizaciis saxeliT aris cnobili,

4. pasterma uaryo mis dros gavrcelebuli TviTCasaxvis Teoria – pasteris dros iTvleboda, rom yvela
cocxali arseba TviTwarmoiSveboda: mag, taraknebi – WuWyidan, bayayebi – Slamidan, aseve
Tvlidnen, rom mikrobebic TviTwarmoiSvebodnen. magram pasterma daamtkica, rom Tu sterilur
bulionis zedapirs Sexeba ar eqneboda haerTan, igi ar dabinZurdeboda baqteriebiT, ese igi,
baqteriebis TviTwarmoqmna ar xdeboda,

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 5. pasterma SeimuSava vaqcinaciis principebi da vaqcinebis miRebis meTodebi

pasteris mier pirvelad iqna SemuSavebuli vaqcina qaTmis qoleris gamomwvevis mimarT. Tumca 1797
w. pasteris cdebamde gacilebiT adre, ingliseli eqimis eduard jeneris mier miRebuli iqna vaqcina infeqciuri
daavadebis - yvavilis gamomwvevis mimarT. jenerma Zroxis yvavilis gamomwvevi Seuyvana adamians,
riTac man gamoiwvia msubuqi imunizacia da adamiani SemdgomSi yvaviliT aRar daavadda. am vaqcinam
namdvili aRiareba pasteris cdebis Semdeg moipova. pastermaAaCvena, rom sxvadasxva gziT dasustebuli
(dasxivebiT, temperaturuli zemoqmedebiT da sxv.) infeqciuri agentis, mag; qaTmis qoleris an cofis
gamomwvevis Seyvana adamianSi iwvevda SemdgomSi am organizmis mdgradobas amave daavadebis
mimarT, man SeZlo vaqcinaciis principis dasabuTeba.

yvelaze mniSvnelovani iyo pasteris mier cofis vaqcinis Seqmna. man cofiT daavadebuli ZaRlebis da
bocvrebis Tavis tvinidan miiRo cofis cocxali gamomwvevi, araswori kultivirebiT daasusta igi da
gamoiyena rogorc vaqcina. aRsaniSnavia, rom pirveli qveyana, sadac moxda cofis vaqcinis warmoeba iyo
ruseTi. rusma mecnierma i. meCnikovma da n. gamaleiam odesaSi Camoayalibes sadguri, romelac uwodes
pasteris saxeli da sadac xdeboda cofis vaqcinis warmoeba.

ingliselma eqimma iozef listerma erT_erTma pirvelma daafasa pasteris aRmoCenebis mniSvneloba da
gamoiyena igi qirurgiuli operaciebis dros. swored man danerga klinikur praqtikaSi aseptikis meTodi, rac
mdgomareobs yvela qirurgiuli instrumentisa da saoperacio ubnis profilaqtikur damuSavebaSi sadenzifeqcio
xsnarebis saSualebiT. am gziT man SeZlo operaciebis Semdgomi sikvdilianobis mkveTri Semcireba.

pasteris paralelurad germaniaSi moRvaweobda robert koxi (1843 – 1910), mecnieri, romelmac udidesi
roli Seasrula mikrobiologiuri kvlevis meTodebis Seqmnasa da daxvewaSi. man Semoitana baqteriuli
kulturis, sufTa kulturis cneba, man pirvelma aRmoaCina tuberkulozis gamomwvevi (e.w. koxis Cxiri) da
qoleris vibrioni. man miiRo tuberkulozis sawinaaRmdego pirveli preparati tuberkulini da Camoayaliba
infeqciuri sneulebebis damadasturebeli myari kriteriumebi, romlebic cnobili iyo rogorc gentle (germaneli
mecnieri) – koxis triada. infeqciur sneulebebSi mikroorganizmebis monawileobis faqtebs asaxavda:

1. ama Tu im mikrobis aRmoCena daavadebul pirSi da misi ar arseboba janmrTel pirSi,

2. mikrobis gamoyofa da misi sufTa kulturis miReba da

3. am sufTa kulturis mier eqsperimentul cxovelSi Seyvanis Semdeg daavadebis igive suraTis miReba,
rac avadmyof adamians axasiaTebda.

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 dResdReobiT am Teoriam bevri ”cvlileba” ganicada, magram im droisaTvis es udidesi kvleva iyo. r. koxs
1905 w mieniWa nobelis premia medicinaSi.

daaxloebiT XX saukunis 20 ian wlebSi iqna aRmoCenili baqteriebis unari warmoqmnan toqsinebi
da pirvelad gamoiyo difteriuli egzotoqsini. antitoqsiuri Sratebis da vaqcinebis Seqmnam safuZveli Cauyara
axal mecnierebas – imunologias, romlis erT –erTi fuZemdebeli iyo i. meCnikovi (1845 – 1917) –
fagocitaruli anu ujreduli Teoriis damaarsebeli. 1915 w. rusma mecnierma m. raiskma pirvelma aRmoaCina
imunulogiuri mexsierebis movlena. imunologiisa da qimioTerapiis ganviTarebaSi aseve udidesi roli
Seasrula paul erlixma, romelmac pirvelma ivarauda imunur pasuxSi antisxeulebis monawileoba da saerTod
maTi arseboba. 1900 wels r. koxma aRmoaCina imunuri sistemis reagirebis axali forma, romelsac uwoda
dayovnebuli tipis hipermgrZnobeloba. erlixs, rogorc humoruli imunitetis Teoriis da meCnikovs, rogorc
fagocitaruli Teoriis fuZemdeblebs 1908 w mieniWad nobelis premia, imunologiis dargSi.

4. XIX saukunis bolos da XX saukunis dasawyisSi aRmoCenili iqna virusebi - infeqciis gamomwvevi
umciresi agentebi, romlebic gadiodnen baqteriul filtrebSi, vinaidan isini bevrad ufro patara zomis
iyvnen vidre baqteriuli filtris forebi. maT filtrirebadi agentebi Searqves. eleqtronuli mikroskopis
aRmoCenamde virusebis kvleva aqtiurad ver mimdinareobda. SemdgomSi am aRmoCenebs mihyva
riketsiebis, qlamidiebis, umartivesebis, mikoplazmebis da sxv baqteriebis aRmoCena. Seiqmna
anatoqsinebi – difteriis, tetanusis. SemuSavda sadiagnostiko serologiuri meTodebi. 30-ian wlebSi
Seiqmna malariis sawinaaRmdego wamali. meore msoflio omis periodSi, 1940 w ingliseli mecnierebis
e. Ceinisa da g. floris mier miRebul iqna jer kidev 1928 w aseve ingliseli mecnieris flemingis mier
aRmoCenili soko Penicillium mier sinTezirebuli nivTiereba, romelsac penicilini ewoda. penicilinis
miRebam safuZveli Cauyara antibiotikebis eras. 1943w daiwyo penicilinis seriuli warmoeba,
SeerTebul StatebSi, ruseTSi mas awarmoebda z. ermolieva. xolo 1944 w amerikelma mecnierma e.
vaksmanma aqtinomicetebidan gamoiyo streptomicini. daiwyo antibiotikebis qimiuri gziT miReba da
maTTvis sul ufro qmediTi radikalebis mierTeba.

5. XX saukunis meore naxevarSi samecniero-teqnikurma revoluciam da kvlevis axali xelsawyoebis

Seqmnam ganapiroba mikrobiologiis, imunologiisa da virusologiis Zalze swrafi ganviTareba. Tavis
mxriv genetikis ganviTarebam safuZveli Cauyara kvlevebis molekulur-genetikur midgomas.
araqromosomuli elementebis – plazmidebis, transpozonebis da IS Tanmimdevrobebis aRmoCenam
SesaZlebeli gaxada qimioTerapiul preparatebis daxvewa da maT mimarT am faqtorebis mier
ganpirobebuli rezistentobis moxsna, an Semcireba. 60 -70 w Camoyalibda genuri inJineria, romelmac

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 biologiurad aqtiuri nivTierebebis (hormonebis, fermentebis, interferonebis, antibiotikebis, vaqcinebis)
warmoebaSi axali meTodebi Semoitana. aRmoCenili iqna Sidsisa da T leikozebis gamomwvevi
virusebi. dainerga mkurnalobis axali meTodebi da Seiqmna axali qimiopreparatebi.

mikrobiologia dResdReobiT biologiis erT-erTi ZiriTadi disciplinaa. mikroorganizmebis

Taviseburebebis codnis gareSe gaugebari iqneboda dedamiwaze mimdinare procesebi. mikrobiologiis
codnis gareSe wamoudgenelia iseTi dargebis ganviTareba rogoricaa: bioqimia, molekuluri biologia,
genetika, genuri inJineria, biofizika, ekologia, imunologia, bioteqnologia, sasoflo sameurneo dargebi.
mikrobebi arian uamravi bioaqtiuri nivTierebebis producentebi: fermentebis, antibiotikebis,
aminomJavebis, vitaminebis, sakvebi cilebis. maTi miReba da gamoyeneba SeuZlebelia bazisuri
mikrobiologiis codnis gareSe. mikrobebi warmoadgenen genuri inJineriisaTvis sakvlev masalas.
mikroorganizmebi monawileoben niadagis fenebis da sasargeblo wiaRiseulis CamoyalibebaSi.
Sesabamisad, mikrobiologiis codna aucilebelia yvela biologisaTvis, bioteqnologiur dargebSi, sasoflo
sameurneo dargebSi, aseve, geologiur disciplinebSi momuSave pirTaTvis - praqtikulad yvela sicocxlis
Semswavleli mecnierebisaTvis.

mikrobiologia da imunologia aseve, exeba da kveTs yvela samedicino disciplinas: qirurgias,

Terapias, onkologias, nevrologias, urologias, ofTalmologias, pediatrias, stomatologias, infeqciur
sneulebebs, farmacevtul disciplinebs. amitom, nebismieri eqimisaTvis mikrobiologiis codna aucilebelia.
infeqciuri daavadebebi miuxedavad civilizaciis ganviTarebisa, gavrcelebis mixedviT pirvel adgilze gadis,
xSirad qirurgiul Carevas an medikamentur Terapias mivyavarT normaluri mikrofloris darRvevamde da
eqims unda SeeZlos aseTi situaciis analizireba da swori mkurnalobis SerCeva, planetis mosaxleoba
cxovrobs garkveul ekologiur garemoSi, romelic ganpirobebulia klimaturi, socialuri da sxva movlenebiT da
am yvelafers gavlena aqvs mikrofloraze, rogorc garemoSi arsebul mikrofloraze, aseve adamianis
autoflorazec. Sesabamisad, eqimi unda erkveodes elementarul ekologiur da sanitarul mikrobiologiaSi da
aseve, eqimebis gankargulebaSia imunobiologiuri da antimikrobuli preparatebis uzarmazari arsenali da
maTi gamoyeneba unda icodes nebismierma eqimma, xolo maTi gamoyenebis codna SeuZlebelia
mikrobiologiuri codnis gareSe.

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