1

APPLICATION OF
RADIOISOTO PES IN
BloLOGICAL AND MEDICAL
SCIENCES
BIOANALYTICAL TE CHN1gUES
 BiOANALYTICAL TECHNIGUES-l09C
ASsIGINMENT ON APPLICATION OFf RADIo 1SOTO PES IN
BlOLOGIl CAL AND MeDICAL SCIENCE

Name: G Gioyotmi
Class: 1s yeon Bsc . Blotechnology

Kegi'ste no 23

Dote o Sub mfss ton 15 Octobea

Submtted to: Mrs. Jayaprobha C

Asels tant Professo

Depontmen Bfotechrnology
Dy. GRD Coge o Sttene

Shudent slanatuse Sta sfgnatuse :

 3

CONTENT
5 N TOPIC Page No
01
TNTRODUCTION 04 0 5

02 TRACIN G METH ODS O6 0 7

03 IN VITRO METHODS 08 09
O4 IN VIyo METH ODS
05 PADIOTHE RAPY 12

O6 RADIO AUT OG RAPHY 13

01
BEPERENCES 14
 RADIOISOTOPES IN BIOLOGY AND MEDITNE
INTRODucTioN-
There is a uufde smead interest (n the peaehma appleotion
o e benehts o atomic energy. n vesy longe msasus
tor
Ph's cenhes around the use o adio ts otopes in mad/ti'ns
and btologq-

Atoms o Hu Same element whtch have d'fferent

werqht are Calle d (soBopes. Some fsotopes ote Stab and
do not posess h
rop enty dio
a ac
hvity The
hyoegen
In hoavy wakea' is an
ex ample. 1+
may be Used
Used a3
race tn sBable 1Sotope metho do logy. Some isofopes are
un st ouble an d here tore aoliooacttve. hese Ore Co mmonly
Tof err ed to Kad'ophosp horo w
os CP3) is an example. H
s used in radioisotope racea metio delogy
whtle Some Todl/os o tope ore touncd 'n nottus bus
nteest cenhess aro un d ttose hak ove
prooluad avh frcfally
fn machnes k cycle ron o7

reach'ons u hhn an
s a cong
equen ta nucleo
ato ric eneroy pf
pecause e rad'ah'ons enmi Hed bya radio lemend
preodu fouzoh'on fhey v e desor ?bad as fontasnq
proolu
Tad'at ons. Because they oe asso clated u h nuele or
Teachons
Rey Ore Sasd to be nucleo aol'ahtoru

ey me ana ovamfow devlces ft

By poss'ble to dukect
and me as u radte ac Hvity He radtoelema nh.
 In each adto element theve ore trea chomacherlshts ol
Porticul ouy ('mpontane a o sen
C) Povm radr atton Calpha, beta 0
gamma)
)
Enmgy ooueah'on ( ezpresred in elechon Volk t

mdlUon euch on volk)

(3) Rate orad/'o achve decay Y di'stntegroh'on Cexpressed
in terms
half ves")...
EPFecs
he bioto gi cal ePlecks pro du ud by
gamma map, beka
por h'clou ound opha pomhelu ore
ualitahvely si'ndlo
he s rue
same
b'olor'e changes ro odlu ed by
auys and nurons.

Deshuchve ach'on nuele ar ad'ah'on

upon Uvtnq
rantsms ls duw to ha fondzoh'on uh'ch f
modutu
ulhdn Hssu Such Va'oh'onu O
may be obsuved in
he achon o fonizah'on Taddah'ons
, ane du to h
ol FForenw n
oluns(hy and amo unt
ofondzaho n ulHhin
Re ssu. We do not understan el cleonr He onctual
MEchan'sm 6 Hu dustructive ePfechs
fondzahfen upen
uving alls.
Radiois otop used as tracens wltun
OTgunls m to froce w hat s
a
Uving
gofng on nstole e
Orqanksm at an atom lavel
 APPLICATIONS OP BADIDACTIVE 1SoTOPES
INBLOLOGY AND MEDICINE
Oacinq MeHods In Reseorch -

Nucleor med'd'nes uses radioachve lsotopes n a

One o Hu more Common uses s asa

vamfety was.
racea n whech a rod/ofs otope , Such as technehfum-
m is takan erally or lnfected or ls inhals.d tnto
he body. The rad'ols otope hen ckrcud akes rough he
bodly or staken up oOndy by Croui tissus. k dshi
ouh'on Can be ronc kad accorddnq to he Yadtahon ft

gfves . EmdHed Tac'oh'on Can be Coptuned by

by
VoPo us
imoging
imaging techilq,ue Such as
SPnqle photon
emfss foon Computed tomography CSPECT) o Posthron

emu'sson tomo graphy CPEC) depen dinq on the raoliotope

omovah
sed. Rodiolso tope s used tov bf'ologfeal labelling o
cells
Cells or enhh'w e Pdent Arcafon r raetng Spefc
nole cul e tn an rgansm. S35 P32 and 125 Ore

wf
w dely wed is otopes used toY lobeing. Traceas used
FoY diognoshe pwposU Os well a tn rescorch on
metaboUc rocesses. When a Tadie achve s otope is ocloud

fr Sma amouns Comp orative ly lor

lorge quuanh'hes' of
Stob element, behowes exacty Saume as rolu'n
orou'n ory
ory
isotope chtmdcall4 can how exes be trated t h a
Glgea Countea oer detenhon olem'ce
 ro'nq
actng Can
Can be
be dons by acinq he Peow oContami

Oouns fn bfolog'cal Systems oodehemtntna me ralbolte

Processe fn Small Aushroltan animals. Rad'oachve
fsekop used as hrouteasofdanHfy abnormo bodfy
sokope
Processes, tesHnq o n dhug Conduch nq escarch
fno cus to ouseasee,

Medca vacees
Some eemansend to tonuskate in certauin
ponis
body- (odi'ns in urotd phospherow in bon and
pot osstum in muscle,

races ame
appUed io a
no.o tess, Such as Te
in autoradiographu ond nucle msdietns fncuolinq Singu
photon em/sston Computd tomographyl SpeCT), PET and
Sdntigraphy. Urea bvecoth tesB hell o bocta py lef
Py lerf
Commony used as a doe 4C labelld rea to datat h.
I P4keri tnPech'on. 1F labeled wrea wa
matobolod byh
pylei in stomach , Hho
patens bve ah wo uld Con tain
obe d Carben olioxtd. tn ve cent
yeonsthe we
o
Substanw emichud in ha hon Tocdo a chve fsotope cBC
has beomee Re me Pered he
thodavofd'ng potfent
exprvose to radlieach'r ity

Radfo isotope used traceu uhin a ving

as

organ'sm to rou whot fs gofng on insfde hu erganim

at an otomle level
(2|n Vitro me tho ols
-

The In vîko" mu Hhod t's ons

HuMe wd used
tmos 'dely. Spe ef'mens K'ssus, body eul es, exorela at
Ceteaa can be sSuf tably sFudfed fn hs manna t ha
e adv onkoge o bung Sutel to both beta and gamma
radi'aH on P h Speu'man wetghed dfed Psashed ond or

e
radioack'vlty measwad in shtl oled Co untng odevio.
a

Gread Oare must be takan tn repona the speedman

Fer Countfng
co untng and in Tk
propes posftfonkng l h espe ct to
Re Co unte tube. W&
eparahtons One as a rule less
les
Satfsfocory
Sotfs Fachory han oi'ed onss. Detells to be watched
Ore avo fd an ce o olf'stn h'ons rom ScaHes rom
ePfeok,
self absorph'on, in he case obeta emtHes and latk
Sel
unformity o Ho otd Counng Sampl. Even
exhalud ais be Studid by in vito'
can
me thod
Rrough înbreduting e al into spe cfally deslarec a

counHng chambea. SuankBabive measuremens o

ool roobo
achvity can be made qu'te
Me thod
Saktsfacorly byRs
Examples o his Bechnique ane he
measuuwmant c
adfo to'ne n he neu aned xcd ted hssue, and
anol
meas
measwe ment oroclo phos
sphorous în he usne
blood S aum saliva an d sweat
Kadlotmmuässay CRIA) -

An fmmunossaythat uses rodio labelled mole cule

tn astepulse omaton o mm uno tomplc x . A BIA
s a vey SensiRve n vfro ass aytechnia,u sed to

meaguse Con cenrah'ons

oSubSt aun cee Usually mtouUt'ng
anHgun Conten ah'ou by use l anhbodts.
Exampl- Hormone Cevels fn blood.

Exhra Poios -

Saum roteins Ose sually labe lled

fntunally by
eihes aPee ding
dinq einjechn lah elld amino auds fnto an

Onmal, how ewa, labedtnq can als be demonshated

o

In viho wth he advant oxge

ooltUneah'ng PRLe Synhche
capadty opobfcedas Hssues and tselot ed Celluda
Componenks.

In vfo taging eeaynecytes hos eneaally involved

eachon wlth Cy Sl,5
 (3) In Vivo Metfhods
Io His mathod, 1t is emploed to trau he
ounau'c patleros o met abou'sm and to locallho a
rad'eachve mateu'al in a
porb'culaa tss u gon, qla
Y tunoT khrough Hu dumonstraton o Cocallad vadio

ochivity The increase in Counhng Tate observed as h

Counta tube appro aches Re radkoachive maBeatal
peml
he outn t ste oocali'zahen and dves Soms
nd'coahon as to conenhraHou o he Tadio eleman
at hat sit. Countea ubes Can be
consrucked as toSo

peml Riis introduchron uittin bo dy orheu or at

Opeaon. As oo
As genesal Tule tt fs to
Tadiofs otopes whfch emit
necess aTy
Unploy
mploy
gamma radoaHon te
fn vivo" tracea stu
olies. ln exceph'oro nstcun us bera
emites may be Used prou'dl'ng PRe sue to be
Stucl'ed an be brought close eno ugh to he Counte fube

Outstan
andlng ex ampla o ths method a
C Use ofrerganic radiotooine tn
tRe study olodhu
uptaka tn ke Reeld gland and in
locaknq tRose
metastases Cotcinoma
Re Hyreld hat readily
take up to dêns an d
C)Use o dlto dofluro uin in Lorahhg Some brain tumoTs.
Ohea examples the se radfoso dtum in u
ae
ol Stuoly
pephen al Vasculas olfsease Ond R se c Eagged
1oolinaed rotein in blood velun and efr cul atron
time studtes.
Diagnosh'e prow olure could be
peafonmud etthea by
n-vivo we eradiop
hanma ultfcals of byin-vitro
use o
rodiof mmuunosay, thu labelling o eay
Can be
iwoyto
achiev ed by In vivo Metiods when Fe
inected intra ve
rnously into normal and anemle animals
 2
C4) Radt otherapy
A thesapq
A theraP
using onfaatfon Radiatfen, generaly
rowolad as pagt o Caunces treadmend to Conrol o
ktl mal'gn ant ceu ass nom
ally dullveud bya
ne a9 acalaatoa. f s also Calle d as radtatlon

usponse oa cancea fo rod'ahton deseaib ed by

ihe

s odfos ens 1hvity. The maferity o ept hellal can Cs

a9 ony mocuuately oclios ensi hve ounc reauire a
signihtcany hghes dese rad'afon CGo-10 G) to
achhfeve a rodk al cAe

Combfnng rad'ahfon thesapy uim

Immuno hea apy
s an acive osea
oTnves Haoton and hou Shoun Somno
romkse tor mulanoma Cun d ohea eance
The fmpact Tadfo her ap4 vaalebetween
defferent
types o can ces and diPfesent
groups
foy eq Por breast canca
aktea bvecut Cons cwfnq
Suges, radto hen apy has ben tounel to halve e rate
at whch he ddfseasu recs

Thwee main divsions

Tad'o heropy ase
Exteana beam odfatfon hesapy CeBRT o7 XRD or telopelh
CoBrachutherapy o sealeo adkalfon heropy
(3) Unsealsd Sous co rodioheropy
herofy
 13

hadlo Audographs-
These ase made by platkng Scchfonu o Ha
Speuimento be Studted Og ainst a Sensi Hve photogropkie
lm and pemitnq 1 to main t aip Hhs Contoct untila
Subftren Hme ha elapsed For o take lh oun
pfetuse. Beka emi Heas usually qive be Hea esuws han
gamma emlHers. By hus me HRod he topoqraph
okshi buhon h e radio elemant ufhtn he speiman
s readi y dlemonsrated in raphe foshlon. Quan Khaiv
me aguAemenk Yadio oc Hvfty O hot
usually made
bq me Hhod.
Examples aHus techn'au Oe demonsrahon a
radfotoo'n tn excs ed huro td Rssuu, orao'ophosphoreu

n lumph rodu oadi'e ac hve kupton ga In pesfrenal

Por anel Spin al covd Cphospholip td) Cund Coad'o sh enH-|
um in bons. Duing he wOa the penerah'on tmthin
hin

Skin mustard ga Hagged" uft rool'osulphua

and uws tte "oaged" uth yadf'o ars ente was
olemonsral ed by me tRed
REPERENCES -
DWagn HN W eman GA, Marew Cs C2002) guida0fne
forRad'oimmunohexapy oy non-Hodgetn's lymphoma
ulk 90Y-labelled anh CD20 monetlonal onh' body,
Po kapk Akeranga Pötatao C2014). AdoptaHens of
masine erganfsm.

3 Palls kc Shamma RA, Low eun e

YR, Amos RA, Adwan
53, Ahmud MM, Vikram B, Couman CN, Prosanna PG
CSeptembea 201.
4)Enueloped'a o fe setence
American Psyeholeg'eal Associofon C2010