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MOTION MEASUREMENT
Presented By:
Chinmay Pimpalkhare
TOPICS
Introduction
Motion transducers
Potentiometers
Variable inductance transducers
Permanent magnet transducers
Eddy current transducers
Variable capacitance transducers
Piezoelectric transducers
Design criterion for control systems
INTRODUCTION
Displacement
Velocity
Acceleration
Jerk
• Each variable is a time derivation of the preceding
one.
• Motion measurement is extremely important for
system’s or plant proper functioning.
Examples:
Potentiometers
Variable inductance transducers
Eddy current transducers
Variable capacitance transducers
Piezoelectric transducers
Potentiometers
•Uniform coil of wire or a film of high resistive material – carbon, platinum or
conductive plastic
•Resistance is proportional to its length.
Resistive
Element
Wiper
Arm
vref + +
x vref
(Supply) vo Load
(Measurement) (Measurand) Z vo Impedance
i i
- -
No Current Nonzero
FIG 1 FIG 2 Current
vo = kx
This relationship is valid only if the output terminals are open circuit (no
current) as shown in FIG 1.
The output voltage drops when a load with a finite impedance is
connected which is shown in FIG 2.
Resistive
Element
(Measurand)
vo Wiper
Wiper
(output)
x vo
(Measurand) vref (output)
FIG 3
Translatory for vref
Rectilinear Motions FIG 4
Rotatory for Angular
Motions
VARIABLE-INDUCTANCE TRANSDUCERS
FIG 9
Video
Self Induction Transducers
Based on the principle
of self induction.
Only a single coil is
employed as shown in
FIG 10.
Self Induction
transducers are
usually variable-
reluctance devices.
This can be used as a
displacement sensor
FIG 10
Permanent Magnet Transducers
A permanent magnet is used to generate a uniform
and steady magnetic field.
Permanent magnet transducers are used in
measuring speed.
Two types of speed are measured.
Rectilinear speed
Rectilinear velocity transducer shown in FIG 11 is
used to measure rectilinear speed
Angular speed.
DC tachometer-generator in FIG 12 and AC
tachometer-generator are used in measuring angular
speed.
Diagram
Rectilinear velocity transducer DC Tachometer-generator
FIG 11 FIG 12
Eddy Current Transducers
Principle of Eddy current:
FIG 14
Schematic diagram of eddy current
proximity sensor
FIG 15
•Active coil and compensating coil forms arms of inductance bridge.
•When a measurand brought to near to active coil, due to eddy current which produces eddy current
magnetic field that opposes active coil field causes change in inductance and thus creates imbalance in
inductance bridge.
•This change is noted in calibrated unit.
Variable capacitance transducers
FIG 16
Variable capacitance transducers
Capacitive Displacement sensor
Transverse displacement of one of the plates
changes x (distance between plates) as shown in FIG
17.
FIG 17
Variable capacitance transducers
Capacitive liquid level sensor
A change in K (depends on
dielectric properties of
medium between two plates)
is produced as the fluid level
between the capacitor plate
changes
The advantage of capacitance
transducer is negligible loading
effects.
FIG 18 shows change in K
value used to measure the
displacement FIG 18
Piezoelectric transducers
Crystal
+-+-+-
Current Meter
=0
Crystal
---
++++
FIG 22
Piezoelectric displacement transducer:
It is obtained by using a double integration of piezoelectric
accelerometer.
Piezoelectric Sensor
It may be represented as a charge source with a series
capacitive impedance Z as shown in FIG 23
Z = 1/jwc
Fig 23
Piezoelectric sensors have a limitation on the useful
lower frequency.
Piezoelectric accelerometer
Accelerometers are acceleration measuring devices.
The piezoelectric accelerometer is a piezoelectric motion transducer.
It is based on d’ Alembert’s principle which states that
“ If a force of magnitude Ma were applied to the accelerating mass in the
direction opposing the acceleration, then the system could be analyzed using static
equilibrium considerations.”
FIG 24
DESIGN CRITERION FOR CONTROL
SYSTEM
Accuracy is affected by parameter
changes in the control system
components and by the influence of
external disturbances
Consider general feedback control as
shown in FIG 25 system to parameter
changes and to external disturbances.
GP(s) = Transfer function of the plant
( Of the system to be controlled)
Gc(s) = Transfer function of the
controller ( Including Compensators)
H(s) = Transfer function of the output
feedback system ( Including the
measurement system)
u = System input command
ud = External disturbance input
y= system output
FIG 25
Feedback control
After analyzing the feedback back control system we can
stipulate the following design criterion for the system.
Make the measurement system (H) very accurate and
stable
Increase the loop gain to reduce the sensitivity of the
control system to changes in the plant and controller .
Increase the gain of GcH to reduce the influence of
external disturbances
Conclusion
Analog Transducers play a very important part in
insuring proper functioning of the systems.
They are simple, user friendly and reliable.
But with increase in complexity and need for accuracy
in modern day plants use of analog transducers is very
limited. Newly developed Digital and Optical
Transducers are more apt for use in these plants.
References:
Sensors and Actuators by C W Desilva.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensor
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddy_current
http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/sci/A0839004.html
http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-
piezoele.html
Discussions
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