Fundamentals of Drilling Engineering

Conversions and Constants Drilling Fluid Considerations Nomenclature

1 kPa = 0.1450 psi 1 in = 2.54 cm 1 acre = 43,560 ft2 1 m3 = 6.2898 bbl R = 459.67 + °F 1 lbm = 453.59 g Fluid Pressure Gradient Filtration Rate – API Tests Adjusting Weight with Barite Common Variables
1 MPa = 10 bar 1 ft = 0.3048 m 1 m2 = 10.764 ft2 1 bbl = 5.6146 ft3 K = 273.15 + °C 𝑂𝐷, 𝐼𝐷 = outer, inner diameter
1 atm = 14.696 psi 1 mile = 5,280 ft 1 bbl = 42 US gal °F = 1.8 °C + 32 𝛻𝑃 = 𝜌Τ144 [=] 𝑝𝑠𝑖 Τ𝑓𝑡 𝑉30 = 2 𝑉7.5 − 𝑉𝑠𝑝 + 𝑉𝑠𝑝 𝑚𝐵𝑎 = 42 𝑉𝑓 − 𝑉𝑖 𝜌𝐵𝑎 [=]𝑙𝑏𝑚
𝜌𝑚 = mud density[=]𝑝𝑝𝑔
1 atm = 1.013 bar 1 ft3 = 7.4805 gal 1 cp = 1.0 mPa-s 𝜌[=] 𝑙𝑏𝑚Τ𝑓𝑡 3 𝜌𝐵𝑎 − 𝜌𝑖
𝑉30 = API vol. collected at 30 mins 𝑞 = flow rate[=] 𝑔𝑎𝑙 Τ𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑉𝑓 = 𝑉𝑖 [=]𝑏𝑏𝑙 𝜌𝐵𝑎 = 35𝑝𝑝𝑔
1 bar = 1 x 106 dynes/cm2 1 lbm Τgal = 0.052 psiΤft Standard Pressure = 14.696 psia 𝜌𝐵𝑎 − 𝜌𝑓
𝛻𝑃Τ0.052 [=] 𝑙𝑏 Τ𝑔𝑎𝑙 𝑉 = volume collected at 7.5 mins 𝑚 7.5 𝜎𝑦 = min. yield strength[=]𝑝𝑠𝑖
1 Newton = 1 x 105 dynes 1 mD/cp = 6.33 x 10−3 ft2/psi−day Standard Temperature = 60°F 𝐸 = Young ′ s modulus
Rotational Viscometer 𝑉𝑠𝑝 = spurt vol. collected at 0 mins Mud Quality Control
1 dyne = 2.248 x 10−6 lbf 1 Darcy = 9.8692 x 10−9 cm2 Gas Constant = 10.732 psia ⋅ ft 3Τlbmol ⋅ R 𝑓𝑠 𝜌𝐵𝑎 − 𝜌𝑤 − 𝜌𝑚 + 𝜌𝑤 − 𝑓𝑜 𝜌𝑤 − 𝜌𝑜 𝐸 = 30𝑥106 𝑝𝑠𝑖 for steel
𝜇 = 𝜃600 − 𝜃300 [=]𝑐𝑝 𝑉2 − 𝑉1 𝑓𝑙𝑔 =
1 hp = 0.7457 kw Water density at SC = 62.37 lbm Τft 3 𝑉𝑠𝑝 = 𝑉1 − 𝑡 𝜌𝐵𝑎 − 𝜌𝑙𝑔 𝐼 = moment of inertia
1 g/cm3 = 62.428 lbm /ft3
𝑙𝑏𝑓 𝑡2 − 𝑡1 1
1 hp = 33,000 ft ⋅ lbfΤmin Molar Mass of Air = 28.966 g/mol 𝐽 = polar moment of inertia
𝜏𝑦 = 𝜃300 − 𝜇[=] 𝑓𝐵𝑎 = 𝑓𝑠 − 𝑓𝑙𝑔 𝜌𝑙𝑔 = 21.7𝑝𝑝𝑔
1 kgΤl = 8.347 lbm Τgal IG 100 𝑓𝑡 2 When conducting HPHT test, 𝑆𝐹 = safety factor
1 BTU = 778 ft ⋅ lbf VM = 379.3 scfΤlbmol @ 14.696 psia 𝑉𝑠𝑝 & 𝑉30 must be multiplied by WBM Maximum Solids Fraction
Viscosity is Newtonian 4 due to smaller HPHT filter cell 𝐷𝐹 = design factor
Casing Design Rig Power Requirements if yield point is zero, if 𝑓𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.0289𝜌𝑚 − 0.139 𝑡 = pipe wall thickness[=]𝑖𝑛
not it’s plastic viscosity
Recommended Clearance Ratio Hoisting Power Typical WBM In general, the OBM 𝑓𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 is about 30% Drilling Fluid Considerations
Clearance between 𝑊𝑣𝑏 Hoisting Efficiency
𝐶 𝐼𝐷𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑂𝐷𝑖𝑛 𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 = [=]ℎ𝑝 Plastic Viscosity Limits V Limits for Yield Point 𝜃# = reading at # rpm
tube centered in 0.13 ≤ ≤ 0.18 𝐶 = 𝐸(33,000) n E API
larger tube 𝑂𝐷𝑖𝑛 2 6 0.874 𝜇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2.94exp(0.164𝜌𝑚 ) Typical OBM/SBM −1.15 𝜏
𝜏𝑦 = yield point
𝑊 = hook load[=]𝑙𝑏𝑓 𝜏𝑦,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 353𝜌𝑚 𝑦,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.07𝜌𝑚 − 0.45
𝑂𝐷𝑖𝑛 = inside tube 𝑂𝐷 𝐼𝐷𝑜𝑢𝑡 = outer tube 𝐼𝐷 8 0.841 𝑉𝑠𝑝 𝑚𝐵𝑎 = Barite mass to add
10 0.810
𝜇𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 1.58exp(0.171𝜌𝑚 )
𝑣𝑏 = velocity of blocks[=] 𝑓𝑡 Τ𝑚𝑖𝑛 Altering suspended low 𝛾 solids normally keeps
𝜌𝐵𝑎 = Barite density
Mud Window and Casing Point Selection 𝐸 = hoisting efficiency 12 0.770 𝜇 [=]𝑐𝑝 time mud parameters within recommended ranges
14 0.740 𝜌𝑖 = initial mud density[=]𝑝𝑝𝑔
Equivalent Mud Density
Surface Casing
𝑛 = number of lines strung through blocks Routine Pipe Calculations Well Trajectory 𝜌𝑓 = final mud density[=]𝑝𝑝𝑔
Rotating Power Pumping Power Capacity and Volume Directional Drilling Definitions 𝑓𝑙𝑔 = low gravity solids fraction
𝑤𝑇 𝑞𝑃𝑑 N = 0° N DF
𝑃𝑇 = [=]ℎ𝑝 𝐻𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 = [=]ℎ𝑝 𝐼𝐷2 𝑂𝐷2 − 𝐼𝐷2 DF = Derrick Floor 𝜌𝑤 = base water [=]𝑝𝑝𝑔
33,000 1714𝜂 𝐶𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 = 𝐶𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 =
1029.4 1029.4 𝜌𝑜 = oil density[=]𝑝𝑝𝑔
270° 90° 𝛼1 𝑀𝐷
𝑤 = 2𝜋𝑁[=] 𝑟𝑎𝑑 Τ𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑞 = flow rate[=] 𝑔𝑎𝑙 Τmin 𝜀
Depth

Intermediate Casing 1 𝑓𝑠 = fraction of total solids

𝑁 = rotary speed[=]𝑟𝑝𝑚 𝑃𝑑 = discharge pressure[=]𝑝𝑠𝑖 𝐶[=] 𝑏𝑏𝑙 Τ𝑓𝑡 𝑉[=]𝑏𝑏𝑙 𝐼𝐷, 𝑂𝐷[=]𝑖𝑛 𝐿[=]𝑓𝑡 180° 𝜀 = azimuth 𝛼 = inclination 𝑓𝑜 = oil fraction
TVD
𝑇 = rotary torque[=]𝑓𝑡 ⋅ 𝑙𝑏𝑓 𝜂 = overall pump efficiency 𝐼𝐷2 𝐿 𝑂𝐷2 − 𝐼𝐷2 𝐿 𝜌𝑙𝑔 = drilled low gravity solids
KOP = Kick-Off Point 𝛼2
𝑃𝑇 = torque horespower normally 𝜂 = 0.9 𝑉𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 = 𝑉𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 =
1029.4 1029.4 𝛽 = Dog Leg Angle 𝑀𝐷2 𝜏𝑦,𝑚𝑎𝑥 , 𝜏𝑦,𝑚𝑖𝑛 [=] 𝑙𝑏𝑓 Τ100 𝑓𝑡 2

Production Casing
Pumps Using Pipe Weight OD 𝑅𝑐 Rig Power Requirements
ID KOP 𝛽 𝑤 = angular velocity
Pore Pressure Gradient Single Acting Pumps 𝑂𝐷2 𝑊𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 𝑅𝑐
THD
”Bottom-Up” Casing Selection 𝐶𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 = − THD = Departure
Pore Pressure + Trip Margin Well Trajectory
Fracture Gradient
can also do
𝑞 = 0.0034 𝑑𝑝2 𝑁𝑝 𝐿𝑠 𝑁𝜂𝑣 [=] 𝑔𝑎𝑙 Τ𝑚𝑖𝑛 1029.4 5.615𝜌𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒
“Top-Down” Casing Selection N
Frac Gradient – Kick Margin 5729.6 deg. BHL 𝑅𝑐 = radius of curvature

Annular Space
Annular Space
𝑑𝑝 = plunger diameter[=]𝑖𝑛 𝑁𝑝 = number of plungers 𝑙𝑏𝑓 𝑙𝑏𝑚
𝑊𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 [=] 𝜌𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 [=] 3 𝐷𝐿𝑆 = [=] 𝑇𝑉𝐷 = true vertical depth
Common Bit Sizes Conventional Casing Strings 𝑓𝑡 𝑓𝑡 𝑅𝑐 100 𝑓𝑡
𝑁 = pump speed[=] 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑘𝑒𝑠Τ𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐿𝑠 = stroke length[=]𝑖𝑛 𝑀𝐷 = measured depth
Casing Size Common Bit CSG BIT 2
𝐷𝐿𝑆 = Dog Leg Severity DF Departure
(OD in.) Sizes (in.) in. in. 𝜂𝑣 = volumetric efficiency which is usually between 0.8 − 0.9 𝑂𝐷 𝑊𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 𝑇𝐻𝐷 = total horizontal distance
𝐼𝐷 = 24 − 𝛼2 − 𝛼1 𝜀2 − 𝜀1
24 𝜋𝜌𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 𝛽 = 2arcsin sin2 + sin𝛼1 sin𝛼2 sin2 𝐵𝐻𝐿 = bottom hole location
4 12 6,6 18 ,6 14 5 5 12 Down Hole Motors 2 2
5 6 12 ,6 3 4 Routine Pipe Calculations
6 12 7 78 Output Shaft Torque Cement 𝑊𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 = pipe air weight
5 12 7 7 8 ,8 38 𝑞𝜂𝑣 𝛥𝑃
𝑇 = 3.064 [=]𝑓𝑡 ⋅ 𝑙𝑏𝑓 Leak-Off Test – Good Cement Common Properties 24 Hour Compressive Strength (psi) Pumps
6 7 7 8 ,8 38 ,8 12 7 58 8 58 9 58 𝑁 API Class A H Curing Temperature and Pressure (psi) 𝑞 = flow rate under load 𝛥𝑃
6 58 8 12 ,8 58 ,8 34 𝛥𝑃 = 𝛥𝑃 through motor 𝑁[=]𝑟𝑝𝑚 𝜂𝑣 = volumetric efficiency Desired Pressure
12 Reached Water (%) by
9 78 11 1
46 38 60°F 80°F 95°F 110°F 140°F Down Hole Motors
Drill Pipe Pressure

7 8 58 ,8 34 ,9 12 4
Key Notes on Motors Cement Weight Class A 0 0 800 1600 3000
7 58 9 78 ,10 58 ,11 Cement 𝑁 = shaft speed
10 3 4 13 38 - Motor provides torque at the bit depending on 𝑞 and 𝛥𝑃 Water
5.19 4.29 3000 4050 5500 6700 8400
8 58 11,12 14 (gal/sack) Drill String Considerations
- A motor is a speed multiplier, adding to top drive or rotary speed
15 17 12 Slurry Density 95°F 110°F 140°F 170°F 200°F 𝐹𝐷 = drag due to friction
9 58 12 14 ,14 3 4 - Torque from the motor helps the bit drill in highly deviated 15.6 16.4 Class H 800 1600 3000 3000 3000
sections where it’s difficult to apply WOB (ppg) 𝑊𝑇𝐸 = traveling equipment
10 3 4 15
20
Cement
16 Slurry Yield 615 1905 2085 2925 5050 𝑊𝐵,𝐷𝑆 = buoyed drill string
13 38 17 12 - 𝑞, 𝛥𝑃, and 𝑁 are interrelated and depend on how motor is made Pumping Shut-in & Bleed-off
ft 3Τsack
1.18 1.06
16 20 20 26 - If motor cannot supply the required torque to break rock, the 0 Time (mins) 20 𝛼 = hole inclination[=]deg
20 24,26 motor will stall and motor damage can occur 𝑇 = rotating torque
Casing Loads
Drill String Considerations Collapse Pressure Burst Pressure Worst Case Scenario for Collapse and Burst
𝑊𝑐𝑟 = critical weight on bit

Weight Indicator Buoyed Pipe Weight Casing Loads

𝑃𝑐 = 𝑆𝐹 𝑃𝑒 − 𝑃𝑖 + 𝑃𝑇 𝑃𝑏 = 𝑆𝐹 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑒 + 𝑃𝑇 Collapse: Lost Circulation During Drilling
𝑃𝑒 = external pressure
𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑 = 𝑊𝐵,𝐷𝑆 + 𝐹𝐷 + 𝑊𝑇𝐸 [=]𝑙𝑏𝑓 𝑊𝐵 = 𝑊 − 𝑊𝑓 [=] 𝑙𝑏𝑓 Τ𝑓𝑡 𝑊𝐵 = 𝑊 1 − 𝜌𝑚 Τ𝜌𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 𝑃𝑐 = 𝑆𝐹 0.052𝜌𝑚 𝐷 𝐷 = csg shoe depth = 𝑓𝑡
𝑆𝐹 = 1.125 𝑃𝐵𝑅 = burst resistance 𝑃𝑖 = internal pressure
𝐹𝐷 − value moving down 𝐹𝐷 + value moving up Collapse resistance
𝑊 = pipe air weight 𝑊𝑓 = fluid weight 𝑊𝐵 = 𝑊 1 − 0.0153𝜌𝑚 determined by four 2𝜎𝑦 𝑡 Burst: Gas Kick Fills Casing 𝑃𝑇 = 𝑃 due to temp change
Required Drill Collar Length different eqns based
𝑃𝐵𝑅 = 𝐷𝐹 Pressure high enough to fracture rock at shoe of the casing 𝐹𝑡 = tensile load
𝑊𝐵 = buoyed pipe weight 𝜌𝑚 [=]𝑝𝑝𝑔 𝜌𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 65.5 𝑝𝑝𝑔 𝑂𝐷
𝑆𝐹 ⋅ 𝑊𝑂𝐵 on the 𝑂𝐷Τ𝑡 ratio 𝑃𝑖𝑆 = 𝑃𝑖𝐷 − 𝑃𝑔 𝑃𝑖𝑆 = 𝑃 inside casing at the surface 𝑊 = casing air weight
𝐿𝐷𝐶 = [=]𝑓𝑡 𝐷𝐹 = 0.875 𝑂𝐷, 𝑡 = 𝑖𝑛
𝑊𝐵,𝐷𝐶 cos𝛼 Buckling – Vertical Hole (more info: API Bulletin 5C3)
𝑃𝑖𝐷 = 𝑃𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐 + 𝛥𝑃𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑃𝑖𝐷 = pressure inside casing at D 𝐷𝑏 = depth below bend
𝑊𝐵,𝐷𝐶 = buoyed drill collar 𝑊𝑂𝐵 = weight on bit 𝑊𝑐𝑟,1 = 1st order buckle = 1.94𝑚𝑊𝐵,𝐷𝐶 [=]𝑙𝑏𝑓
Casing in Tension
3 𝐸𝐼 𝑃𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐 = fracture pressure at D 𝐹𝑇 = force due to temp change
𝛥𝑃𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐 ≈ 0.015𝐷
𝑚= 𝐹𝑡 = 𝑆𝐹 𝑊 𝐷𝑏 + 𝐹𝑇 + 𝐹𝐵 [=]𝑙𝑏𝑓 𝑆𝐹 = 1.8 𝐹𝐵 = force due to bending
Linear Pipe Drag 𝑊𝑐𝑟,2 = 2nd order buckle = 3.75𝑚𝑊𝐵,𝐷𝐶 [=]𝑙𝑏𝑓 𝑊𝐵,𝐷𝐶
𝑃𝑖𝐷 𝛾𝑔 𝑃𝑔 = estimated 𝐶𝐻4 gas column 𝑃
6𝐾𝐿𝑗 𝐿𝑗 = 𝑓𝑡 𝑃𝑔 = 0.0187𝐷 𝐷𝐿𝑆 = dogleg severity
𝐹𝐷 = 𝜇𝑁 = 𝜇𝐹sin𝛼 𝐹 = 𝐹𝑎𝑥 − 𝑊𝐵 𝜋 𝐹𝐵 = 64(𝐷𝐿𝑆)(𝑂𝐷)𝑊 𝑇𝐷 𝑇𝐷 = temperature at D[=]𝑅
Critical WOB for deviated hole usually outside tanh 6𝐾𝐿𝑗 𝐾 = bending constant
𝐹𝑎𝑥 = axial force
𝐼= 𝑂𝐷4 − 𝐼𝐷4 𝐾[=]𝑖𝑛−1
𝑁 = normal force recommended range for effective drilling 64 𝐾 = 𝑊𝐷𝑏Τ 𝐸𝐼 𝑇𝐷 = 𝐷𝛼 𝑇 + 𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝛼𝑇 = local temperature gradient 𝐿𝑗 = joint length
𝜇 = friction coefficient and is usually 0.15 − 0.6
Maximum Pull on Pipe Depth to Stuck Point Well Control 𝛥𝑃𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐 = 𝑃 to overcome friction
Rotational Pipe Drag 𝜎𝑦 𝛾𝑔 = gas specific gravity
𝐹max = 𝐴[=]𝑙𝑏𝑓 𝛥𝑙 Pressure Balance Kick Indicators Kick Control Methods
𝑂𝐷 𝑆𝐹 𝐿=𝐸 𝐴[=]𝑓𝑡
𝑇=𝜇 𝐹sin𝛼[=]𝑖𝑛 ⋅ 𝑙𝑏𝑓 𝛥𝐹 - Flow rate/pit volume increase Driller’s Method Well Control
2 𝑃𝐵𝐻 = 𝑃𝑑𝑝 + 0.052𝜌𝑚 𝑇𝑉𝐷 𝑙𝑏𝑚
𝜎𝑦 = pipe min. yield strength[=]𝑝𝑠𝑖 𝛥𝑙 = drill pipe stretch[=]𝑓𝑡 𝜌𝑚 [=] - Pump pressure decrease along - Two circulations 𝑃𝐵𝐻 = 𝑃 at depth TVD = 𝑝𝑠𝑖
When rotating pipe up or down while 𝑔𝑎𝑙 with pump stroke increase 1. Circulate out kick
𝑃𝐵𝐻 = 𝑃𝑐𝑠𝑔 + 0.052𝜌𝑚 𝑇𝑉𝐷 𝑃𝑑𝑝 = shut−in drill pipe 𝑃
circulating mud, the overall drag is 𝜋 𝛥𝐹 = incremental force pulled 2. Kill the well
𝐴= 𝑂𝐷2 − 𝐼𝐷2 [=]𝑖𝑛2 against stuck drill pipe[=]𝑙𝑏𝑓
- Improper hole fill-up on trips
Weight & Wait 𝑃𝑐𝑠𝑔 = shut−in casing 𝑃
normally reduced and not additive 4 Post-Kick Calculations - Change in drill string weight - One circulation
𝐶𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑏𝑏𝑙 - Unexpected drilling rate increase 𝛼 = average inclination angle
Von Mises Effective Stress Criterion ℎ𝑘𝑖𝑐𝑘 = = 𝑓𝑡 𝐶𝑎𝑛𝑛 [=] 1. Circulate out kick and kill well
𝑉𝑝𝑖𝑡 𝑓𝑡 𝑇𝑉𝐷 = true vertical depth
𝜋 2
𝜋 2 2
Circulating Pressures Equivalent Circulating Density
𝐹𝑎𝑥 + 𝛥𝑃 4 𝐼𝐷2 𝐹𝑎𝑥 + 𝛥𝑃 4 𝐼𝐷2 𝑉𝑝𝑖𝑡 = mud pit gain[=]𝑏𝑏𝑙 𝑚𝐵𝑎 = Barite mass to add
𝛥𝑃 𝑂𝐷 𝛥𝑃 𝑂𝐷 𝑇 𝑂𝐷
𝜎𝑒 < 0.8𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑒 = 𝜋 − 𝜋 + +3 ′
𝑃𝑖𝑐 = 𝑃𝑑𝑝 + 𝑃𝑐𝑠𝑟 𝛻𝑃 ⋅ 𝑇𝑉𝐷 + 𝛥𝑃𝐴𝑛𝑛 𝑃𝑟𝑠𝑣𝑟 = formation 𝑃 = 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝑂𝐷 2 − 𝐼𝐷 2 2𝑡 𝑂𝐷 2 − 𝐼𝐷 2 2𝑡 2𝐽 ℎ𝑘𝑖𝑐𝑘 = ℎ𝑘𝑖𝑐𝑘 cos𝛼 𝐸𝐶𝐷 = [=]𝑝𝑝𝑔
4 4 𝑃𝑓𝑐 = 𝑃𝑐𝑠𝑟 𝜌𝑘𝑖𝑙𝑙 Τ𝜌𝑚 0.052𝑇𝑉𝐷 𝜌𝑘𝑖𝑙𝑙 = kill mud density
′
𝛥𝑃 = pump pressure to overcome pipe friction and bit nozzle losses[=]𝑝𝑠𝑖 𝐽 = 2𝐼[=]𝑖𝑛 4 ℎ𝑘𝑖𝑐𝑘 = true vertical height of kick
𝑃𝑐𝑠𝑟 = circulating pressure  Effective mud weight during 𝑉𝑖𝑛𝑐 = volume increase
dynamic circulating conditions
Hydraulics 𝜌𝑘𝑖𝑐𝑘 = 𝜌𝑚 +
𝑃𝑑𝑝 − 𝑃𝑐𝑠𝑔
[=]𝑝𝑝𝑔
at slow pump rate 𝑃𝑖𝑐 = initial circulating 𝑃
′
Pump Pressure Viscosity Hole Cleaning 0.052ℎ𝑘𝑖𝑐𝑘 Number of Pump Strokes 𝑃𝑓𝑐 = final circulating pressure

If fluid is a Bingham Plastic, This eqn estimates the added mass of rock 𝑃𝑟𝑠𝑣𝑟 = 𝑃𝑑𝑝 + 0.052𝜌𝑚 𝑇𝑉𝐷 𝑉𝑑𝑝 + 𝑉𝑑𝑐 𝑉[=]𝑏𝑏𝑙 𝑉𝑑𝑝,𝑎𝑛𝑛 + 𝑉𝑑𝑐,𝑎𝑛𝑛 𝛻𝑃 = mud pressure gradient
2 2 𝑆𝑇𝐾𝑑𝑝 = 𝑆𝑇𝐾𝑎𝑛𝑛 =
𝜌 𝑞 𝑣ҧ 𝐿 calculate apparent viscosity 𝛥𝑃𝐴𝑛𝑛 = frictional 𝑃 loss in
𝑃𝑝 = +෎ 𝑓𝜌 [=]𝑝𝑠𝑖 𝑚𝑟 = 𝑅𝑂𝑃 𝐴𝑏 𝜌𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑘 1 − 𝜙 42𝑞𝑝 𝑞𝑝 [=] 𝑔𝑎𝑙 Τ𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑘𝑒 42𝑞𝑝
6704 𝑑𝑒4 25.8 𝐷 𝜏𝑦 𝐷 𝑃𝑟𝑠𝑣𝑟 annulus above point of interest
𝜇𝑎 = 𝜇𝑝 + 6.66 𝑚𝑟 [=]rock mass per time 𝜌𝑘𝑖𝑙𝑙 ≥ [=]𝑝𝑝𝑔
𝑛 1ൗ
2 𝑣ҧ 0.052𝑇𝑉𝐷 Pressures During Driller’s Method 𝑉𝑑𝑝 = drill pipe volume
𝑅𝑂𝑃 = rate of penetration[=] 𝑓𝑡 Τℎ𝑟 Gas Kick circulated
𝑑𝑒 = equivalent nozzle diameter = ෍ 𝑑𝑖2 across choke 𝑉𝑑𝑐 = drill collar volume
Reynold’s Number 2
𝑉𝑚 𝜌𝐵𝑎 𝜌𝑘𝑖𝑙𝑙 − 𝜌𝑚 Drillstring
𝑖=1 𝐴𝑏 = bit area[=]𝑓𝑡 𝜌𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑘 [=] 𝑙𝑏𝑚 Τ𝑓𝑡 3 𝑚𝐵𝑎 = [=]𝑙𝑏𝑚 Volume 𝑞𝑝 = pump output
𝐷𝑣𝜌 𝜌𝐵𝑎 − 𝜌𝑘𝑖𝑙𝑙 Annulus Volume
𝑑𝑖 = bit nozzle diameter[=]𝑖𝑛 𝑃𝑖𝑐
𝑁Re = 928 If cuttings from shaker cleaned and 𝑆𝑇𝐾𝑑𝑝 = strokes to fill drill pipe
𝜌[=]𝑝𝑝𝑔 𝑞[=] 𝑔𝑎𝑙 Τ𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑣[=]
ҧ 𝑓𝑡 Τ𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝐿[=]𝑓𝑡 𝐷[=]𝑖𝑛 𝜇 weighed as a function of time, a rough idea 𝑉𝑚 = total system mud volume = 𝑔𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑐𝑠𝑟 𝑉𝑑𝑐,𝑎𝑛𝑛 = drill collar annular 𝑉
*units same as Pump Pressure of the state of cleaning can be obtained
Optimizing Bit Hydraulics 𝑉𝑚 𝜌𝑘𝑖𝑙𝑙 − 𝜌𝑚 𝑃𝑐𝑠𝑔 𝑉𝑑𝑐,𝑎𝑛𝑛 = drill collar annular 𝑉
- Normally it’s only possible to optimize bit hydraulics 𝑁Re < 2100 : Laminar Flow Factors Influencing Deviated Hole Cleaning 𝑉𝑖𝑛𝑐 = [=]𝑏𝑏𝑙
42 𝜌𝐵𝑎 − 𝜌𝑘𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑆𝑇𝐾𝑎𝑛𝑛 = strokes to fill annulus
if drilling without a motor Pipe Flow Rate
𝑃𝑑𝑝
𝑁Re > 2100 : Turbulent Flow
Influence on Hole Cleaning

Eccentricity Hole 𝑃𝑓𝑐 Hydraulics

- Adjust bit nozzle diameters to consume 64% of total Deviation Pipe Post-Kick Important Actions Kick circulated
Pressure

Mud Density Rotation

𝑃𝑝 across the bit to maximize hydraulic power Friction Factor 𝑣ҧ = avg. fluid velocity in pipe
- Record shut-in drill pipe pressure out of the well
Cuttings Hole Size Fluid
- Adjust bit nozzles to consume 46% of total pump −𝑏 Density 𝑓 = friction factor
pressure across bit to maximize jet impact force
𝑓 = 𝑎𝑁Re Rheology - Record shut-in casing pressure 𝑃𝑓𝑐
Annulus Volume 𝐿 = pipe segment length
Laminar Turbulent - Record mud pit volume gain
𝛥𝑃𝑏𝑖𝑡 𝑞 1.273𝐻𝑃𝑏𝑖𝑡 ℎ𝑝 ROP/Cuttings
𝐷 = flow conduit diameter
𝐻𝑃𝑏𝑖𝑡 = 𝐻𝑆𝐼 = [=] 2 Generation Rate
- If shut-in pressures increase over time,
1714 𝑑𝑒2 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 = 16 𝑎 = 0.0791 Cuttings Size
Sweeps 𝜇𝑎 = apparent viscosity[=]𝑐𝑝
reservoir fluid is gas First Circulation Phase 2nd Circulation 2nd Circulation
𝑞[=] 𝑔𝑎𝑙 Τ𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐻𝑃𝑏𝑖𝑡 = bit hydraulic horsepower 𝑏=1 𝑏 = 0.25 Active Control in Field Practice (SPE 132372, 2010) - If not, kick is liquid Phase 1 Phase 2 𝜌𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑘 = rock grain density

Created by James Riddle with guidance from Dr. Paul Bommer and Dr. Matthew T. Balhoff Contact balhoff@mail.utexas.edu with comments/suggestions
 Fundamentals of Production Engineering
Nomenclature Flow in Pipes Corrosion
Corrosion Mechanical Energy Balance Friction Factor Reduces metal thickness which leads to a reduction in collapse, burst, and tensile forces
𝛥𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 = mass lost Moody correlations based
Liquid Flow
on Reynolds Number
Corrosion Influences 1000
Approximate Material Selection Monitoring – Corrosion Coupon
𝛥𝑡 = test duration Consistent Units Corrosion Rate
In general, hard metal Max Temp 392°𝐹Max Temp 25Cr-
8𝑞2 1 𝑞𝜌

CO2 partial pressure (𝑎𝑡𝑚)

𝜌𝑐 = coupon density 1 𝑔 𝐿 𝑁Re = 1.478 with large 𝜎𝑦 will corrode 100 482°𝐹
− + 𝑔𝐿sin𝜃 + 𝑃 − 𝑃1 + 2𝑣ҧ 2 𝑓 = 0 𝐼𝐷𝜇 25 Cr 25Cr-35Ni-3Mo
50Ni-6Mo 𝛥𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑙 𝑚𝑖𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ
𝐴𝑠 = coupon surface area 𝜋 2 𝐼𝐷24 𝐼𝐷14 𝜌 2 𝐼𝐷 quicker than softer metal 10 13 Cr Max Temp 𝐶𝑅 = [=] =
25 Cr 20Cr-35Ni-5Mo 572°𝐹
𝜌𝑐 𝐴𝑠 𝛥𝑡 𝑦𝑟 𝑦𝑟 1000 𝑦𝑟
Flow in Pipes 𝛾𝑔 𝑞𝑠𝑐 with a smaller 𝜎𝑦 13 Cr duplex duplex
𝑁Re = 20.09 1
Kinetic energy Potential energy Expansion or Energy of 22Cr-42Ni-3Mo 𝐶𝑅[=] 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠Τ𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝑓 = friction factor vertical flow 𝜃 = 90° Compression friction 𝐼𝐷𝜇
Increases Corrosion Rate 0.1 J-55 Pitting Rate
𝐼𝐷 = internal diameter[=]𝑖𝑛 Gas Flow L-80
Laminar Flow - Following variables increase 0.01 N-80
Cr Max Temp
𝐿 = pipeline length[=]𝑓𝑡 Consistent Units C-90 𝑃𝑅 = 𝑑 Τ𝛥𝑡 [=] 𝑚𝑖𝑙Τ𝑦𝑟
𝑃2 - Salt concentration P-110 Cr-Mo 300°𝐹 if
2 𝑁Re ≤ 2100 1E−3 T-95 not noted 𝑑 = deepest pit depth 𝛥𝑡 = test duration
𝛾𝑔 = gas specific gravity 𝑧𝑅𝑇 32𝑓𝐿 𝑞𝑠𝑐 𝑧𝑇𝑃𝑠𝑐 - Dissolved gas Q-125
Flow in pipes
𝑀𝑊𝑎𝑖𝑟 = molar mass of air ඲ 𝑑𝑃 + 𝑔𝐿sin𝜃 + 2 5 =0 16 - Dissolved CO2 CR 𝑚𝑖𝑙 Τ𝑦𝑟 PR 𝑚𝑖𝑙 Τ𝑦𝑟 Severity
𝛾𝑔 𝑀𝑊𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑃 𝜋 𝐼𝐷 𝑃𝑇𝑠𝑐 𝛥𝐾𝐸 negligible 𝑓= 1E−4 1E−3 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
- Dissolved H2 S
𝜇 = fluid viscosity[=]𝑐𝑝 horizontal 𝑁Re H2 S partial pressure (𝑎𝑡𝑚) <1.0 <5.0 Low
𝑃1 𝜃 = 0° - Temperature
′ 1.0−4.9 5.0−7.9 Moderate
𝑁Re = Reynold s number 𝑃𝐶𝑂2 = 𝑧𝐶𝑂2 𝑃𝐵𝐻 𝑃𝐻2𝑆 = 𝑃𝐵𝐻 𝐻2 𝑆 𝑝𝑝𝑚Τ1𝑥106
Horizontal ҧ ത 𝑠𝑐
𝛾𝑔 𝑧𝑇𝑞 2
Turbulent Flow 5.0−10.0 8.0−15.0 Severe
𝑃1 = inlet pressure[=]𝑝𝑠𝑖
Gas Flow
𝑃22 − 𝑃12 = 1.0068𝑥10−4 𝑓𝐿 + 𝐼𝐷ln 𝑃1 Τ𝑃2 (in a smooth tube)
- Decrease in pH
𝑧𝐶𝑂2 = CO2 fraction 𝑃𝐵𝐻 = static bottom hole 𝑃[=]𝑎𝑡𝑚 >10.0 >15.0 Very Severe
𝐼𝐷5
𝑃2 = outlet pressure[=]𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝑞 = liquid rate[=] 𝑏𝑏𝑙Τ𝑑𝑎𝑦 Inclined Gas Flow
𝑁Re > 2100 Scale
𝑞𝑠𝑐 = gas rate[=] 𝑀𝑠𝑐𝑓 Τ𝑑𝑎𝑦 ҧ ത 𝑠𝑐
𝑓 𝑧𝑇𝑞 −0.0375𝛾𝑔 𝐿sin𝜃 0.0791
𝑃22 = 𝑒 𝑠 𝑃12 + 2.685𝑥10−3 𝑒𝑠 − 1 𝑠= 𝑓= Calcium Carbonate Scale Sulfate Scale Tendencies
0.25
𝜌 = fluid density[=] 𝑙𝑏𝑚 Τ𝑓𝑡 3 𝐼𝐷5 sin𝜃 ҧത
𝑧𝑇 𝑁Re Calculate the Langelier Saturation Index (LSI) to predict scale Calculate the solubility (S) of the ion to predict scale
𝑇ത = avg. flowing temp[=]𝑅
Flow Control at the Surface 𝑝𝐻𝑠 = pH at saturation 𝐿𝑆𝐼 = 𝑝𝐻 − 𝑝𝐻𝑠 𝑝𝐻 = actual pH 𝑆= 𝑋 2 + 4𝐾𝑠𝑝 − 𝑋 𝑋 = 𝐶 − 𝐴 [=] 𝑚𝑜𝑙 Τ𝐿
𝑣ҧ = avg. velocity[=] 𝑓𝑡 Τsec
𝑧ҧ = avg. z-factor Liquid Flow – Choke Gas Flow Through a Choke
Isothermal, steady-state 𝛾𝐻 𝑝𝐻𝑠 = 0.1log10 𝑇𝐷𝑆 − 13.12log10 𝑇 − log10 𝐻𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝐴𝑙𝑘 + 44.15 𝑆 = ion solubility[=] 𝑚𝑜𝑙 Τ𝐿 𝐶 = cation molarity
Flow Control 𝐶𝑝 𝑀𝑊𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝛾𝑔 መ 2 𝛾𝐻 − 1

𝐷c = choke diameter[=]𝑖𝑛
mechanical energy balance specific
𝛾 ≈
heat ratio 𝐻 𝐶መ𝑃 𝑀𝑊𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝛾𝑔 − 1.99
→ critical
value
CV =
𝛾𝐻 + 1
𝑇𝐷𝑆 = total dissolved solids[=] 𝑚𝑔Τ𝐿 𝑇 = temperature[=]𝐾 𝐾𝑠𝑝 = equilibrium coefficient 𝐴 = anion molarity
1 2 𝑃1 − 𝑃2 Compute equivalents per liter for cation and anion
𝐼𝐷𝑝 = upstream diameter[=]𝑖𝑛 𝑣 − 𝑣12 = 𝑔 𝐻𝑎𝑟𝑑 = hardness = 1000 𝑀𝑊𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 𝐶𝑎 + 𝑀𝑔 [=] 𝑚𝑔Τ𝐿
2 2 𝜌 𝑃2 Compare solubility to minimum value
𝛥𝑃 = 𝛥𝑃 across choke[=]𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎 𝑃2 uses measured 𝑃2
≤ CV 𝑃1 pressures from well > CV 𝐴𝑙𝑘 = alkalinity[=] 𝑚𝑔Τ𝐿 𝑀𝑊𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 = 100.09 𝑔Τ𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑖𝑜𝑛 [=] 𝑚𝑜𝑙 Τ𝐿
𝐶መ𝑃 = constant pressure specific 8081.7𝐶 𝐷𝑐2 𝛥𝑃 𝑃1 𝑚 𝑚 𝑃1 𝑚 𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑚𝑔Τ𝐿 𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑒𝑞
heat capacity[=] 𝐵𝑇𝑈Τ𝑙𝑏𝑚 °𝐹 𝑞= [=]
4 𝜌 Critical flow 𝑃1 = upstream pressure Critical flow 𝐴𝑙𝑘 = 500 𝑀𝑊𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 𝐻𝐶𝑂3 + 2 𝐶𝑂3 + 𝑂𝐻 + 𝐻 𝐻 is negligible 1000(𝑀𝑊𝑖𝑜𝑛 ) 𝐿
𝐷64 = 64 𝐷𝑐 [=] 𝑖𝑛 Τ64 𝐷𝑐 achieved NOT achieved
1− 𝑃2 = downstream pressure
𝑇1 = upstream temp[=]𝑅
𝐼𝐷𝑝 Scale is likely to form if 𝐿𝑆𝐼 ≥ 0 Scale is likely to form if 𝑆 ≤ 𝑒𝑞 Τ𝐿

Pipeline Design Discharge Coefficient 𝐶

𝛾𝐻 CV − CV
2
𝛾𝐻
𝛾𝐻 + 1
𝛾𝐻 Pipeline Design
2
𝜎𝑦 = min. yield strength[=]𝑝𝑠𝑖 actual flow rate 𝑞 = 0.238𝐶𝐷64 𝑃1 General Design Steps
𝐶= 𝛾𝑔 𝑇1 𝛾𝐻 − 1
𝑡 = wall thickness[=]𝑖𝑛 theoretical rate 1. Determine proper regulatory policy 5. Calculate 𝑃𝑖 and 𝑃𝑀𝑇 6. Determine test pressure 7. Final burst rating check
𝑂𝐷 = outer diameter[=]𝑖𝑛 Critical Flow Not Achieved
Empirical Estimate - Do not proceed until established 2𝜎𝑦 𝑡 - As specified by correct
𝑃𝑖 = internal pressure[=]𝑝𝑠𝑖 2 𝑆𝐹 𝜎𝑦 𝑡
2 𝛾𝐻 +1 - Design engineer’s responsibility 𝑃𝑖 = 𝑆𝐹 = 0.875 𝑃𝑑 = 𝐹𝐸𝑇 regulatory policy
𝑃𝑀𝑇 = mill test pressure[=]𝑝𝑠𝑖 𝐷𝑐 𝛾𝐻 𝑃2 𝛾𝐻 𝑃2 𝛾𝐻 𝑂𝐷 𝑂𝐷
𝐶 = 𝐶1 − 6.53 2
𝑞 = 0.238𝐶𝐷64 𝑃1 − 𝑃𝑑 and 𝑃𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 < 0.85𝑃𝑀𝑇
𝑃𝑏 = burst pressure[=]𝑝𝑠𝑖 𝐼𝐷𝑝 𝑁Re 2. Determine pipe diameter 𝑃𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 = 1.5𝑀𝐴𝑂𝑃 𝑜𝑟 1.25𝑃𝑑
𝛾𝑔 𝑇1 𝛾𝐻 − 1 𝑃1 𝑃1 𝑃𝑀𝑇 ≅ 0.8𝑃𝑖 𝑃𝑖 [=] 𝑃𝑏
Example using ASME B31.8
𝑚 𝑚 - Based on flow rate and exit pressure whichever is greater
𝑃𝑑 = design pressure[=]𝑝𝑠𝑖 𝐶1 = 0.9975
Construction Type F Joint Type E Flowing Temp T
IPR Inflow Performance Relation (IPR) 3. Determine 𝑀𝐴𝑂𝑃 for pipeline
Private right of way (PROW) 0.72 < 250 °F 1.0
𝑞𝑜𝑠𝑐 = oil rate[=] 𝑆𝑇𝐵 Τ𝑑𝑎𝑦 - Maximum allowed operating pressure Threaded seamless 1.0
Oil Productivity Index Single-Phase Oil IPR Gas Productivity Index PROW on fringe of populated areas 0.6 Threaded ERW 1.0
250 − 300 °F 0.967
𝑃𝑒 = boundary pressure[=]𝑝𝑠𝑖 4. Estimate pipe 𝜎𝑦 and 𝑡
Decreasing 300 − 350 °F 0.933
𝑃𝑤𝑓 = flowing wellbore[=]𝑝𝑠𝑖 𝑞𝑜𝑠𝑐 𝑆𝑇𝐵 𝑞𝑔𝑠𝑐 𝑀𝑠𝑐𝑓 Sparsely populated residential areas 0.5 Furnace lap welded 0.8
𝑃𝑒 over time 𝐽𝑔 =
𝐽𝑜 = [=] 2 [=] 𝑝𝑠𝑖 2 ⋅ 𝑑𝑎𝑦 2𝜎𝑦 𝑡 350 − 400 °F 0.900
𝑘𝑜 = oil permeability[=]𝑚𝐷 𝑃𝑒 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 𝑝𝑠𝑖 ⋅ 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑃𝑒2 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 1.5 𝑀𝐴𝑂𝑃 = 𝐹𝐸𝑇 Populated areas and public roads 0.4 Furnace butt welded 0.6
𝑂𝐷 400 − 450 °F 0.867
𝑃𝑤𝑓 𝑝𝑠𝑖

𝑡1 1
ℎ = reservoir thickness[=]𝑓𝑡 − Apply steady-state & radial flow
Steady-state & radial flow
𝐵𝑜 = oil FVF[=] 𝑅𝐵 Τ𝑆𝑇𝐵 𝑡3
𝐽𝑜 Predicting Gas Production Flow Assurance
0.00708𝑘𝑜 ℎ 7.0225𝑥10−4 𝑘𝑔 ℎ
𝜇𝑜 = oil viscosity[=]𝑐𝑝 𝐽𝑜 = 0 𝐽𝑔 = - Gas decline curves are harder to predict due to the Common Issues
𝑟 1 𝑟 1
𝑟𝑒 = drainage radius[=]𝑓𝑡 𝐵𝑜 𝜇𝑜 ln 𝑟𝑒 − 2 + 𝑠 0
𝑞𝑜𝑠𝑐 𝑆𝑇𝐵Τ𝑑𝑎𝑦 ҧ ln 𝑟𝑒 − 2 + 𝑠
𝜇ҧ𝑔 𝑧𝑇 high expansivity of gas Damage Type Detection Methods Prevention Methods Removal Methods
𝑤 𝑤
If 𝐵𝑜 , 𝜇𝑜 , 𝑘𝑜 relatively constant, - Can lead to an overestimation of total recovery
𝑟𝑤 = wellbore radius[=]𝑓𝑡 Calcium Water analysis Scale inhibitor
Only good for single phase flow 𝐽𝑜 is a constant Gas properties evaluated at 𝑃ത HCl acid job
𝑠 = skin factor - Can use a P/z plot as another predictor Carbonate Scale Physical sample Scale squeeze
𝑃ത = avg. reservoir 𝑃[=]𝑝𝑠𝑖 Two-Phase IPR 𝑃 < 𝑃𝐵𝑃 Gas IPR Curves - Developed from the Real Gas Law Barium Water analysis Mechanical removal
Decreasing 𝑃𝑒 over time Scale inhibitor
𝑘𝑔 = gas permeability[=]𝑚𝐷 Empirical correlation (Vogel, 1968) Sulfate Scale Physical sample Re-perforation
Decreasing 𝑃ത over time P/z Plot – OGIP Estimation
𝑞𝑔𝑠𝑐 = gas rate[=] 𝑀𝑠𝑐𝑓 Τ𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑃𝑤𝑓 𝑝𝑠𝑖

𝑞𝑜 ത Sodium Water analysis Reduce pressure drop Fresh H2 O circulation

= 1 − 0.2𝛸 − 0.8𝛸 2 P
𝑃𝑤𝑓 𝑝𝑠𝑖

𝑡1 Absolute
𝜇ҧ 𝑔 = avg. gas viscosity[=]𝑐𝑝 Water influx Chloride Physical sample to reduce gas cooling Re-perforation
𝑞𝑜,𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑡1 𝑡2 Open Flow
𝑇 = reservoir temp[=]𝑅 𝛸 = 𝑃𝑤𝑓 Τ𝑃ത 𝑡2 𝑡3 z i No water influx Emulsions Physical sample Emulsion Emulsion breaker
𝑡3
Predicting Gas Production 0 0 and Sludge Lab analysis breaker Mutual Solvent
Can replace 𝑃ത with 𝑃𝑒 0 0
𝐺𝑃 = cumulative gas produced 𝑞𝑜𝑠𝑐 𝑆𝑇𝐵Τ𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑞𝑔𝑠𝑐 𝑀𝑠𝑐𝑓Τ𝑑𝑎𝑦 ഥ
𝐏 Liquid Block Well history Limit pressure
Mutual solvents
𝐺𝑟 = recoverable gas Vertical Lift Performance Decline Curve Analysis 𝐳
Gas Well Lab analysis drop at wellbore

𝐺 = original gas in place - Vertical lift performance can be developed 1000 Physical sample Inhibitors Inhibitors
Hyperbolic Decline 𝑏=0 𝑏 = 0.5 𝑏=1 Gab = Gr
Asphaltenes
Oil analysis Application of heat Application of heat
Production Rate (q)

Decline Curve Analysis by using the mechanical energy balance (Arps, 1940) ഥ
P
𝑏 = hyperbolic exponent - VLP displays bottom hole pressure required 100 Physical sample Inhibitors Inhibitors
to flow to surface at varying flow rates 0<𝑏<1 z G = OGIP Paraffin
Oil analysis Application of heat Application of heat
𝑞 = future rate [=] 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑 Τ𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 ab
𝑞𝑖 = initial rate[=] 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑 Τ𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 VLP & IPR 𝑞𝑖 10 Formation Limit production rate Re-perforation
𝑞= 𝐆𝐏 Physical sample
2.375” tbg 2.875” tbg 3.5” tbg IPR 1 Τ𝑏 Fines Gravel/frac pack Small frac job
𝑡 = time 1 + 𝑏𝐷𝑖 𝑡 As b-factor increases, well’s
5 economic life increases
𝐷 = decline rate[=] 1Τ𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 Smaller 𝐼𝐷 requires Clay Lab analysis Don’t introduce Re-perforation
𝑏 1
𝑃ത 𝑃ത 𝑃ത 1 𝐺𝑟
more pressure 1 𝑞𝑖 0 Time 𝑅𝐹 = Swelling Production rate drop incompatible water Small frac job
𝑃𝑤𝑓 𝑝𝑠𝑖Τ1000

𝐷𝑖 = initial decline[=] 1Τ𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 4 = − 𝐺

𝑡= −1 𝐺
𝐷𝑖 𝑏 𝑞 𝑧 𝑧 𝑖
ถ 𝑧 𝐺 𝑃 Physical sample Don’t introduce
𝑁𝑝 = cumulative production 3 𝑖 Recovery Bacteria Bacteriacides
factor Lab culture bacteria laden water
Recovery 𝑁𝑝

intercept slope
Artificial Lift 2
Need more 𝑃𝑤𝑓 𝑞𝑖 − 𝑞𝑖𝑏 𝑞1−𝑏
𝑃𝐼𝑃 = pump intake 𝑃
1 than well provides 𝑁𝑝 =
𝐷𝑖 (1 − 𝑏) EL
Artificial Lift
𝑃𝐷𝑃 = pump discharge 𝑃 Common Issue Rod Pump ESP Gas Lift
0
Beam Lift
𝛥𝑃𝑆𝑉 = 𝛥𝑃 thru standing valve 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 𝑏 EL Sand Fair Fair Excellent
𝑞 𝑏=0 𝑏 = 0.5 𝑏=1 Pressure Differential Across Plunger Rod Loads
𝑃𝑠,𝑡𝑏𝑔 = tbg surface pressure 𝑞𝑜𝑠𝑐 𝑆𝑇𝐵Τ𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝐷 = 𝐷𝑖 0 Paraffin Poor Good Poor
IPR < VLP need artificial lift to flow to surface 𝑞𝑖 0 Time 𝛥𝑃 = 𝑃𝐷𝑃 − 𝑃𝐼𝑃 + 𝛥𝑃𝑆𝑉 𝑃𝐼𝑃 = 𝑃𝑤𝑓 𝑃𝑃𝑅𝐿 = 𝑊𝑟𝑓 + 𝐹𝑜 + 𝑊𝐷,𝑢𝑝
𝛻𝑃𝑡𝑏𝑔 = tbg fluid 𝑃 gradient High GOR Fair Fair Excellent

𝑆 = surface stroke length = 𝑖𝑛 Packer Forces Deviated Hole Poor Fair Good 𝑃𝐷𝑃 = 𝛻𝑃𝑡𝑏𝑔 𝐷𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 + 𝑃𝑠,𝑡𝑏𝑔 + 𝑃𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑀𝑃𝑅𝐿 = 𝑊𝑟𝑓 − 𝑊𝐷,𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛
Corrosion Good Fair Fair
𝑠𝑡𝑏𝑔 = tubing stretch = 𝑖𝑛 Tubing Movement Piston Forces Pump Displacement 𝜌𝑓 𝑊𝑟𝑓 = buoyed
High Volume Poor Excellent Good 𝑊𝑟𝑓 = 𝑊𝑟𝑜𝑑 1 −
𝑠𝑟𝑜𝑑 = rod stretch = 𝑖𝑛 If tbg free to 𝜋 𝑞 = 0.1166𝑁𝑑𝑝2 𝑆𝑝 𝜂𝑝 [=] 𝑏𝑏𝑙 Τ𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝜌𝑟𝑜𝑑 rod weight
move, need to
𝐹𝑎 = 𝐹𝑆𝑂 + 𝑃𝑎 𝑂𝐷𝑏2 − 𝑂𝐷𝑠2 Depth Fair Fair Good
𝑀𝑃𝑅𝐿 = min. polish road load 4
make sure pkr Simple Design Yes Yes No 𝑁 = pump speed[=]𝑠𝑝𝑚 𝜂𝑝 = pump efficiency 𝑆𝑉𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝑊𝑟𝑓 𝑇𝑉𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝐹𝑜 + 𝑆𝑉𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝑃𝑃𝑅𝐿 = peak polish rod load stays sealed 𝑃𝑎 = 𝑃𝑠,𝑎𝑛𝑛 + 𝐷𝑝𝑘𝑟 𝛻𝑃𝑎𝑛𝑛 Casing Size Fair Good Good 𝑑𝑝 = plunger diameter[=]𝑖𝑛 Pump Slippage (Patterson, et al, 2007)
𝐹𝑜 = fluid weight[=]𝑙𝑏𝑓 Flexibility Fair Poor Good
𝐹𝑆𝑂 = slacked off tubing weight
𝑊𝐷 = dynamic load[=]𝑙𝑏𝑓 Effective Stroke Length 𝑑𝑝 𝛥𝑃𝑐𝑝1.52 𝑏𝑏𝑙
Total Production Scale Good Poor Fair
𝛥𝐿 Movement 𝑂𝐷𝑏 = packer bore diameter[=]𝑖𝑛 𝑞𝑠 = 1 + 0.14𝑁 453
𝐿𝑝 𝜇𝑓
[=]
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝐿𝑝 = plunger seal length[=]𝑖𝑛 𝑂𝐷𝑠 = metal seal tube 𝑂𝐷[=]𝑖𝑛
𝑆𝑝 = 𝑆 + 𝑠𝑝𝑜 − 𝑠𝑡𝑏𝑔 − 𝑠𝑟𝑜𝑑 = 𝑖𝑛
Onshore Usage 84% 2% 11%
Packer Forces 𝐷𝑝𝑘𝑟 = packer true vertical depth Gas Lift much higher % offshore 𝑠𝑝𝑜 = plunger overtravel 𝑠𝑡𝑏𝑔 = 0 tbg anchored 𝑐𝑝 = plunger clearance = 𝑖𝑛 𝜇𝑓 [=]𝑐𝑝
𝑃𝑎 = 𝑃 above the packer 𝑃𝑠,𝑎𝑛𝑛 = surface pressure in annulus
Resource Economics
𝑃𝑏 = 𝑃 below the packer 𝛻𝑃𝑎𝑛𝑛 = annulus fluid pressure gradient
𝜋 Reserve Classification – Common Acronyms Time Value of Money
𝐼𝐷𝑠 = seals 𝐼𝐷[=]𝑖𝑛
Landed Piston Buckling Ballooning Temp 𝐹𝑏 = −𝑃𝑏 𝑂𝐷𝑏2 − 𝐼𝐷𝑠2 1. PDP: Proved Developed Producing – well is online and producing 𝑃𝑉 = present value 𝐷𝑅 = discount rate
𝐴𝑝𝑘𝑟 = cross sectional area length 4 𝑃𝑉 = 𝐹𝑉 𝐷𝐹
2. PDNP: Proved Dev. Non-Producing – reserves are behind pipe, well is 𝐹𝑉 = future value 𝐷𝑅[=] 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑙 Τ𝑦𝑟
𝛥𝑃𝑎𝑛𝑛 = avg. 𝛥𝑃 in annulus 𝛴𝐹 𝑀𝐷 𝑃𝑏 = 𝑃𝑠,𝑡𝑏𝑔 + 𝐷𝑝𝑘𝑟 𝛻𝑃𝑡𝑏𝑔 shut-in, or waiting on necessary equipment installation to produce 𝐷𝑅 −𝑡𝑛
𝛴𝐹 = 𝐹𝑏 + 𝐹𝑎 + 𝐹𝑏𝑢 + 𝐹𝑏𝑎 + 𝐹𝑇 𝛥𝐿 = [=]𝑓𝑡 𝐷𝐹 = 1 +
𝛥𝑃𝑡𝑏𝑔 = avg. 𝛥𝑃 in the tubing 𝐴𝑡𝑏𝑔 𝐸 𝐷𝐹 = discount factor 𝑛 𝑡 = time in years
Permanent Buckling 3. PUD: Proved Undeveloped – offsetting wells or existing wells that
𝛿 = linear thermal expansion 𝐹𝑎 = force acting on seals from above 𝑀𝐷 = pkr measured depth would require a major recompletion 𝑛 = discounting periods per year
𝐹𝑏𝑢 = 𝐴𝑝𝑘𝑟 𝛥𝑃𝑎𝑛𝑛 − 𝛥𝑃𝑡𝑏𝑔
Resource Economics 𝐹𝑏 = force acting on seals from below 𝐴𝑡𝑏𝑔 = cross sectional area Economic Limit Converting Production into Cash Flow
𝐷𝑝𝑘𝑟 𝛻𝑃𝑎𝑛𝑛 Net Revenue Tax Cash Flow Disc. Cash Flow
𝑁𝑅𝐼 = net revenue interest 𝛥𝑃𝑎𝑛𝑛 = 𝛥𝑃𝑠,𝑎𝑛𝑛 + 𝑂𝑃𝐸𝑋[=] $Τ𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
- If tbg cannot move, need to check tensile strength of pkr and tbg 𝑂𝑃𝐸𝑋 𝑊𝐼 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑
𝑂𝑃 = oil price 2 𝐺𝑅 𝑁𝑅𝐼 𝑁𝑅 𝑆𝑇 + 𝐴𝑉𝑇 𝑁𝑅 − 𝑂𝑃𝐸𝑋 − 𝑇𝐴𝑋 𝐶𝐹 𝐷𝐹
𝑊𝐼 = working interest 𝐸𝐿 = [=]
𝐹𝑡𝑜𝑝 = 𝑀𝐷 𝑊𝐵 − 𝐹𝑇 − 𝐹𝑏𝑎 − 𝐹𝑆𝑂 𝐷𝑝𝑘𝑟 𝛻𝑃𝑡𝑏𝑔 𝑁𝑃 𝑁𝑅𝐼 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝐺𝑅 = gross revenue = production gross price
𝐴𝑉𝑇 = ad valorem tax 𝑁𝑃 = net price
𝐹𝑡𝑜𝑝 = force at top of tubing 𝑊𝐵 = buoyed tbg weigh𝑡[=] 𝑙𝑏𝑓 Τ𝑓𝑡 𝛥𝑃𝑡𝑏𝑔 = 𝛥𝑃𝑠,𝑡𝑏𝑔 +
𝐺𝑃 = gas price 2 Evaluating Potential Investments
𝑁𝑃𝑜 = 𝑂𝑃 1 − 𝑆𝑇𝑜 − 𝐴𝑉𝑇 + 𝐺𝑃 𝐺𝑂𝑅 1 − 𝑆𝑇𝑔 − 𝐴𝑉𝑇
𝐺𝑂𝑅 = gas−oil ratio Temperature Change (for steel) Tubing Ballooning Disc. Return on Investment Disc. Rate of Return Undiscounted Payout
𝑁𝑃𝑔 = 𝐺𝑃 1 − 𝑆𝑇𝑔 − 𝐴𝑉𝑇 + 𝑂𝑃 𝑂𝑌 1 − 𝑆𝑇𝑜 − 𝐴𝑉𝑇 𝐷𝐶𝐹 Discount rate that Time required to return
𝑁𝑃𝑔 = net gas price 𝐸 = 30 𝑥 106 𝑝𝑠𝑖 𝜋 2 2 𝐷𝑅𝑂𝐼 = yields a net present initial investment using
𝐹𝑇 = 𝐴𝑡𝑏𝑔 𝛥𝑇 𝐸𝛿 = 207𝐴𝑡𝑏𝑔 𝛥𝑇 𝐹𝑏𝑎 = 0.6 𝛥𝑃𝑎𝑛𝑛 𝑂𝐷𝑡𝑏𝑔 − 𝛥𝑃𝑡𝑏𝑔 𝐼𝐷𝑡𝑏𝑔 𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝐷𝐶𝐹 = discounted cash flow 𝛿 = 6.9 𝑥 10−6 °𝐹 −1 4 𝑁𝑃𝑜 = net oil price 𝑆𝑇 = severance tax 𝑂𝑌 = oil yield value of zero undiscounted cash flow

Created by James Riddle with guidance from Dr. Paul Bommer and Dr. Matthew T. Balhoff Contact balhoff@mail.utexas.edu with comments/suggestions