The conditions of

Europe, America, Spain

and the Philippines in
the 19 century
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 THE CONDITIONS
OF EUROPE AMERICA
AND SPAIN

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 Rizal’s Century: The 19th Century
✘ The age of enlightenment reached its zenith in France
(French Revolution of 1789) which toppled the monarchy of
King Louis XVI and gave birth to the new French Republic.
Though France slid back to monarchy with the
establishment of Bonaparte’s French Empire and the
restoration of the Bourbon Dynasty.
✘ In other parts of Europe: Tsar Alexander II emancipated
Russian and Italians (headed by Giuseppe Garibaldi) threw
out the Austrians and took over papal states.
✘ In Italy, nationalism ended Church domination.

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✘ In the US, Pres. Abraham Lincoln emancipated the black
slaves but also triggered the American Civil War (1861-’65).
✘ Mexico suffered a defeat from the US which resulted to the
US annexation of Texas.
✘ In France, the monarchy was once again overthrown and a
republic was established.
✘ Most colonies of Spain particularly those in Central and
Latin America gained independence from Spain.
✘ Spain’s remaining colonies at that time include Cuba,
Puerto Rico, Spanish Sahara and the Philippines.

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 The Need For Reforms
✘ When the Spanish-French alliance faltered, Napoleon
invade Spain in 1808 and installed his brother (Joseph) as
king.
✘ Spaniards resisted the French and pledged their
allegiance to their crown prince Ferdinand. They gathered
in Cadiz and crafted a constitution which allows
representation of colonies in the parliament (Spanish
Cortes).
✘ In the Cortes, the Philippines was represented by Ventura
delos Reyes.
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✘ However, after Napoleon’s defeat, King Ferdinand VII
himself abolished the Cortes saying “it encroached powers
that should solely belong to him”.
✘ The Spaniards hostage King Ferdinand VII and restores the
Cortes. This was shortlived, however, because French
forces restored Ferdinand VII.
✘ After Ferdinand VII’s death, the Cortes was restored but
the Philippines was denied representation. Queen Isabella
II ruled afterwards with characterized by decadence and
mismanagement.
✘ Representation in the Cortes was the one demanded by
reformists like Rizal.
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 Conditions in Asia
✘ Spain and Portugal lost its control in Asia with the rise of
Great Britain and France.
✘ China was defeated in the Opium War which resulted to
Great Britain gaining Hong Kong and force the former to
open its five ports to British traders.
✘ China was again defeated in the Arrow War by French-
British troops which forced the former to open the whole of
China to foreigners.
✘ Japan was also forced open by the Americans under
Commodore Matthew Perry in 1854 .
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✘ In India, The Sepoy Mutiny was suppressed in 1857 which
resulted to India becoming a British crown colony in 1858.
✘ Burma also became a British colony following series of
Burmese wars.
✘ Indo-China became a French protectorate after the
Kingdoms of Annam and Cochin were suppressed.
✘ Malaysia became a protectorate of and eventually a
colony of Great Britain while Indonesia was conquered by
The Netherlands.

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 THE CONDITIONS
IN THE PHILIPPINES IN
THE 19th CENTURY

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✘ Kailanes, the leading citizens of Ilocos revolted but was
crushed by troops from other provinces.
✘ In 1826, mexican soldiers (led by Lt. Andres Novales)
mutinied for unfair treatment and discrimination.
✘ Confradia de San Jose was founded by Apolinario dela
Cruz, a priest-aspirant but was denied priesthood because
of his race.
✘ Tayabas Regiment of the Spanish Army (who are
province-mates of Dela Cruz) mutinied and almost took
over Imperial Manila but was defeated by native
reinforcements

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 PENINSULARES ILLUSTRADOS
*Full-blooded *Middle-class
Spaniards born in Filipinos educated in
mainland Spain INDIO Europe
*Native Filipinos
INSULARES MESTIZO
*Full-blooded *Half-blooded
Spaniards born Spaniards
outside Spain

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 TAKE NOTE
SANGLEY/s - an archaic term to mean people of Chinese
ancestry, commonly used during the Spanish occupation of
the Philippines.

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 thanks!
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