Classification, Types

and Utilities

Dr Ratnadip R Joshi
 Energy

Energy is the ability to do work.

The word ‘work’ means transferring energy from
one place to another.
Energy is neither destroyed nor created. It can
only be changed.
 Thermal Electromagnetic
Sound

Types of
Radiant Energy Nuclear

Mechanical Electrical Chemical

Any object in motion has
mechanical energy. For
example a ball flying
through the air.
Energy caused by
the movement of
electrons.

Easily transported
through power lines
and converted into
other forms of energy.
• Comes from bonds between atoms in
molecules
• Chemical change = energy released

• Examples:
•Gasoline burning in a car
•Food we eat
Comes from reactions between
atomic nuclei.

Fission splits

Fusion combines

HUGE amounts of energy

 Includes energy
from gamma rays, x-
rays, ultraviolet rays,
visible light, infrared
rays, microwave and
radio bands.
The Thermal energy is the
internal kinetic energy and it
considers the motion of every
constitutive particle of the
system (molecules, atoms,
electrons, etc.).
•Vibration of molecules
in surrounding medium
(usually air).
Flows through empty space
Examples:
Sunlight
Radio waves
X-rays
 Among all energy forms, which one has
become prominent
in Modern World ?

Obviously we can say,

Electrical energy.
Because,

Electricity has become very useful and has changed everyone's life
since the day it was discovered. Of course, it couldn't be invented
for it is a natural phenomenon.

Individuals have become accustomed using the daily utilization of

electricity for electricity illuminates houses, switch on our
televisions, energy our laptops, cooks our food and then any other
electrical products. Consider considering our everyday activity.
Doesn't the majority of our actions involves electricity? Yes, it is...
Every little single factor on the planet involves electricity. Now,
are you able to imagine existence without electricity?
According to 'Law of Conservation of Energy',
Energy can neither be created nor destroyed.
But can be changed from one form to another.

So energy is inter-convertible.
Non-renewable Renewable
 Non-renewable Energy
(Conventional Sources of Energy)
Those sources of energy which have been produced in
nature over a very, very long time and cannot be
quickly replaced when exhausted, are called
non renewable sources of energy.
COAL : Non- Renewable Energy

Coal is the most abundant fossil

fuel in the world. During the
formation of coal, carbonaceous
matter was first compressed into a
spongy material called "peat,"
which is about 90% water. As the
peat became more deeply buried,
the increased pressure and
temperature turned it into coal.
COAL : Non- Renewable Energy

Curtesy: Eastern Coalfields Ltd.

 COAL : Non- Renewable Energy

Coal and Lignite

Coal deposits are mainly confined to eastern and

south central parts of the country. The states of
Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, West Bengal,
Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra
account for more than 99% of the total coal
reserves in the country.
COAL : Non- Renewable Energy
The State of Jharkhand had the maximum
share (26.81%) in the overall reserves of coal
in the country as on 31st March 2019
followed by the State of Odisha(24.94%).
As on 31.03.19 the estimated reserves of
coal was 301.05 billion tons, an addition of
2.11 billion over the last year. There has
been an increase of 0.7% in the estimated
coal reserves during the year 2019 with
Odisha accounting for the maximum increase
of 1.85%
COAL : Non- Renewable Energy
COAL : Non- Renewable Energy
OIL

Crude oil or liquid petroleum, is a

fossil fuel that is refined into
many different energy products
(e.g., gasoline, diesel fuel, jet
fuel, heating oil). Oil forms
underground in rock such as
shale, which is rich in organic
materials.
Petroleum and Natural gas
The estimated reserves of crude oil in India as
on 31.03.2019 stood at 762.74 million tons (MT)

❖ Geographical distribution of Crude oil

indicates that the maximum reserves are in the
Western Offshore (42.91%) followed by Assam
(22.69%), whereas the maximum reserves of
Natural Gas are in the Eastern Offshore (37.24%)
followed by Western offshore (30.17%).
 Natural gas

Natural gas production is often a by-product of oil

recovery, as the two commonly share underground
reservoirs. Natural gas is a mixture of gases, the
most common being Methane (CH4). It also
contains some Ethane (C2H6), Propane (C3H8), and
Butane (C4H10). Natural gas is usually not
contaminated with sulfur and is therefore the
cleanest burning fossil fuel.
Natural gas
 Natural gas
The estimated reserves of natural gas in India as on
31.03.2019 is at 1427.15 billion cubic meters (BCM) .
 Nuclear power
In most electric power plants, water is
heated and converted into steam,
which drives a turbine-generator to
produce electricity. Fossil-fueled power
plants produce heat by burning coal,
oil, or natural gas. In a nuclear power
plant, the fission of uranium atoms in
the reactor provides the heat to
produce steam for generating
electricity.
• So, the reserves of Non Renewable
sources are very limited.
• They may extinct very soon.
• At this time, we may face 'energy
crisis'. So that we have to search for the
alternative sources on war-foot.
• Alternate sources are renewable :

1. Hydel energy
2. Wind energy

3. Solar energy
4. Biomass energy

5. Geothermal energy
 Renewable Energy
Those sources of energy which are being produced
continuously in nature and will never be exhausted, are
called renewable sources of energy.
Renewable energy sources
There is high potential for generation of renewable energy
from various sources- wind, solar, biomass, small hydro and
cogeneration bagasse.
The total potential for renewable power generation in the
country as on 31.03.19 is estimated at 147615 MW .
This includes wind power potential of 102772 MW (69.6%),
SHP (small-hydro power) potential of 19749 MW (13.38%),
Biomass power potential of 17,538 MW (11.88%) and 5000
MW (3.39%) from bagasse-based cogeneration in sugar mills.
 Biomass
Biomass is a renewable energy resource derived from the
carbonaceous waste of various human and natural
activities. It is derived from numerous sources, including
the by-products from the timber industry, agricultural
crops, raw material from the forest, major parts of
household waste and wood.
 Hydel Energy
The energy in the flowing water can be used to produce
electricity. Waves result from the interaction of the wind
with the surface of the sea and represent a transfer of energy
from the wind to the sea. Energy can be extracted from tides
by creating a reservoir or basin behind a barrage and then
passing tidal waters through turbines in the barrage to
generate electricity.
Hydel Energy
 Wind Energy
Wind energy is the kinetic energy
associated with the movement of
atmospheric air. It has been used for
hundreds of years for sailing, grinding
grain, and for irrigation. Wind energy
systems convert this kinetic energy to more
useful forms of power. Wind energy
systems for irrigation and milling have been
in use since ancient times and since the
beginning of the 20th century it is being
used to generate electric power. Windmills
for water pumping have been installed in
many countries particularly in the rural
areas.
 Geothermal Energy
We live between two great sources
of energy, the hot rocks beneath the
surface of the earth and the sun in
the sky. Our ancestors knew the
value of geothermal energy; they
bathed and cooked in hot springs.
Today we have recognized that this
resource has potential for much
broader application.
Geothermal Energy
 Renewable sources Energy
Solar energy

Solar energy is the most readily

available source of energy. It does not
belong to anybody and is, therefore,
free. It is also the most important of the
non-conventional sources of energy
because it is non-polluting and,
therefore, helps in lessening the
greenhouse effect.
Renewable sources Energy
Solar energy
 Renewable sources Energy
Tidal Energy

Tidal power, also called tidal energy, is a form of hydropower that

converts the energy of tides into useful forms of power, mainly
electricity.

Although not yet widely used, tidal power has potential for future
electricity generation. Tides are more predictable than wind energy
and solar power. Among sources of renewable energy, tidal power
has traditionally suffered from relatively high cost and limited
availability of sites with sufficiently high tidal ranges or flow
velocities, thus constricting its total availability.
Renewable sources Energy
Tidal energy
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
(OTEC)
 Renewable sources Energy
Ocean thermal energy conversion
(OTEC)
Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) uses the temperature
difference between cooler deep and warmer shallow or surface ocean
waters to run a heat engine and produce useful work, usually in the
form of electricity.

OTEC is a base load electricity generation system, i.e. 24hrs/day all

year long. However, since the temperature differential is small, the
efficiency is low, decreasing the economic feasibility of ocean thermal
energy for electricity generation.
 POWER
GENERATION
DIFFERENT FORMS OF ENERGIES CAN BE
CONVERTED INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY

Now this Electrical Energy can be utilized by an

Electrical Appliances for its work over a time
So Electrical energy can be called as ' Electric Power'
(or) simply ' Power '.
Electrical power is the rate at which electrical energy is converted to
another form, such as motion, heat, or an electromagnetic field. The
common symbol for power is the uppercase letter P. The standard unit
is the watt,symbolized by W. In utility circuits, the kilowatt (kW) is
often specified instead;1 kW = 1000 W.