Lecture Note

Chapter 5 Logarithmic, Exponential,

and Other Transcendental Functions
5.1 The Natural Logarithmic Function: Differentiation
5.2 The Natural Logarithmic Function: Integration
5.3 Inverse Functions
5.4 Exponential Functions: Differentiation and Integration
5.5 Bases Other than 𝒆𝒆 and Applications
5.6 Indeterminate Forms and L’Hopital’s Rule
5.7 Inverse Trigonometric Functions: Differentiation
5.8 Inverse Trigonometric Functions: Integration
5.9 Hyperbolic Functions
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5.7. Inverse Trigonometric Functions: Differentiation

Objectives:
• Develop properties of the six inverse trigonometric functions.
• Differentiate an inverse trigonometric function.
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5.7. Inverse Trigonometric Functions: Differentiation
Definitions of Inverse Trigonometric Functions Review
Function Domain Range
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
𝑦𝑦 = arcsin 𝑥𝑥 = sin−1 𝑥𝑥 iff sin 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 −1 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 1 − ≤ 𝑦𝑦 ≤
2 2

𝑦𝑦 = arccos 𝑥𝑥 = cos−1 𝑥𝑥 iff cos 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 −1 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 1 0 ≤ 𝑦𝑦 ≤ 𝜋𝜋

𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
𝑦𝑦 = arctan 𝑥𝑥 = tan−1 𝑥𝑥 iff tan 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 −∞ < 𝑥𝑥 < ∞ − < 𝑦𝑦 <
2 2

𝑦𝑦 = arccot 𝑥𝑥 = cot −1 𝑥𝑥 iff cot 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 −∞ < 𝑥𝑥 < ∞ 0 < 𝑦𝑦 < 𝜋𝜋

𝜋𝜋
𝑦𝑦 = arcsec 𝑥𝑥 = sec −1 𝑥𝑥 iff sec 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 ≥ 1 0 ≤ 𝑦𝑦 ≤ 𝜋𝜋, 𝑦𝑦 ≠
2
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
𝑦𝑦 = arccsc 𝑥𝑥 = csc −1 𝑥𝑥 iff csc 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 ≥ 1 − ≤ 𝑦𝑦 ≤ , 𝑦𝑦 ≠ 0
2 2
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5.7. Inverse Trigonometric Functions: Differentiation
Graphs of Inverse Trigonometric Functions Review
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5.7. Inverse Trigonometric Functions: Differentiation
Example 1. Evaluate each value.
1
(a) arcsin − (b) arccos 0 (c) arctan 3 (d) arcsin(0.3)
2

Solution. Solution. Solution. Solution.

By definition, By definition, By definition, Since 0.3 is not a special
1
𝑦𝑦 = arcsin − 𝑦𝑦 = arccos 0 𝑦𝑦 = arctan 3 angle value, we use a
2
implies that implies that implies that calculator.
1 cos 𝑦𝑦 = 0. tan 𝑦𝑦 = 3. Using a calculator set in
sin 𝑦𝑦 = − . radian mode produces.
2 𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 In the interval 0, 𝜋𝜋 , the In the interval − 2 , 2 , arcsin(0.3) ≈ 0.305
In the interval − , ,
2 2 𝜋𝜋
correct value of 𝑦𝑦 is . the correct value of 𝑦𝑦 is
the correct value of 𝑦𝑦 is 2 𝜋𝜋
.
𝜋𝜋 3
− . 𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
6
1 𝜋𝜋 arccos 0 = arctan 3 =
2 3
arcsin − =−
2 6
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5.7. Inverse Trigonometric Functions: Differentiation
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5.7. Inverse Trigonometric Functions: Differentiation
Example 2. Solve the equation.
𝜋𝜋
arctan(2𝑥𝑥 − 3) =
4
Solution.
𝜋𝜋
arctan(2𝑥𝑥 − 3) =
4
𝜋𝜋
tan arctan 2𝑥𝑥 − 3 = tan Take tangent of each side
4
2𝑥𝑥 − 3 = 1 tan arctan 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥

𝑥𝑥 = 2 Solve for 𝑥𝑥
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5.7. Inverse Trigonometric Functions: Differentiation
Example 3.
(a) Given 𝑦𝑦 = arcsin 𝑥𝑥, where 0 < 𝑦𝑦 < 𝜋𝜋/2, find cos 𝑦𝑦.
(b) Given 𝑦𝑦 = arcsec( 5/2), find tan 𝑦𝑦.
Solution.
(a) Because 𝑦𝑦 = arcsin 𝑥𝑥, we know that sin 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥. This relationship between 𝑥𝑥 and 𝑦𝑦 can
be represented by a right triangle. So,
adj. 1
cos 𝑦𝑦 = cos(arcsin 𝑥𝑥) = = 1 − 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑥𝑥
hyp.
𝑦𝑦
1 − 𝑥𝑥 2

(b) Use the right triangle shown in the figure at the right
opp.
tan 𝑦𝑦 = tan(arcsec 𝑥𝑥) = = 1 − 𝑥𝑥 2 5
adj. 1
𝑦𝑦
2
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5.7. Inverse Trigonometric Functions: Differentiation
Theorem 5.18 Derivatives of Inverse Trigonometric Functions.
Let 𝑢𝑢 be a differentiable function of 𝑥𝑥.
𝑑𝑑 𝑢𝑢′ 𝑑𝑑 −𝑢𝑢′
arcsin 𝑢𝑢 = arccos 𝑢𝑢 =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 − 𝑢𝑢2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 − 𝑢𝑢2
𝑑𝑑 𝑢𝑢′ 𝑑𝑑 −𝑢𝑢′
arctan 𝑢𝑢 = arccot 𝑢𝑢 =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 + 𝑢𝑢2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 + 𝑢𝑢2
𝑑𝑑 𝑢𝑢′ 𝑑𝑑 −𝑢𝑢′
arcsec 𝑢𝑢 = arccsc 𝑢𝑢 =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑢𝑢 𝑢𝑢2 − 1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑢𝑢 𝑢𝑢2 − 1

Idea of Proof. Let 𝑦𝑦 = arcsin 𝑥𝑥. Then, by definition, sin 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥.

By differentiating each side of the equation with respect to 𝑥𝑥, we have
𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑 ′ ′
1
sin 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 ⇒ cos 𝑦𝑦 𝑦𝑦 = 1 ⇒ 𝑦𝑦 =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 cos 𝑦𝑦
Since sin 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥, cos 𝑦𝑦 = 1 − 𝑥𝑥 2 . So, we obtain
′
𝑑𝑑 1 1
y = [arcsin 𝑥𝑥] = =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 cos 𝑦𝑦 1 − 𝑥𝑥 2
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5.7. Inverse Trigonometric Functions: Differentiation
𝑑𝑑 𝑢𝑢′ 𝑑𝑑 −𝑢𝑢′
arcsin 𝑢𝑢 = arccos 𝑢𝑢 =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 − 𝑢𝑢2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 − 𝑢𝑢2
𝑑𝑑 𝑢𝑢′ 𝑑𝑑 −𝑢𝑢′
arctan 𝑢𝑢 = arccot 𝑢𝑢 =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 + 𝑢𝑢2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 + 𝑢𝑢2
𝑑𝑑 𝑢𝑢′ 𝑑𝑑 −𝑢𝑢′
Example 4. Find each derivative arcsec 𝑢𝑢 = arccsc 𝑢𝑢 =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑢𝑢 𝑢𝑢2 − 1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑢𝑢 𝑢𝑢2 − 1

(a)
𝑑𝑑
[arcsin 2𝑥𝑥 ] = 2 2
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 =
1 − 2𝑥𝑥 2 1 − 4𝑥𝑥 2

𝑑𝑑 3 3
(b) arctan(3𝑥𝑥) = =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2
1 + 3𝑥𝑥 1 + 9𝑥𝑥 2
1
𝑑𝑑 2 𝑥𝑥 1 1
(c) arcsin 𝑥𝑥 = = =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2 2 𝑥𝑥 1 − 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥 2
1− 𝑥𝑥

𝑑𝑑 2𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 2
(d) arcsec(𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 ) = =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 2 −1 𝑒𝑒 4𝑥𝑥 − 1
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5.7. Inverse Trigonometric Functions: Differentiation
Example 5. Differentiate the following function and simplify the answer.
𝑦𝑦 = arcsin 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑥𝑥 1 − 𝑥𝑥 2

Solution.
1 −2𝑥𝑥
𝑦𝑦 ′ = + 1 − 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑥
1 − 𝑥𝑥 2 2 1 − 𝑥𝑥 2
1 𝑥𝑥 2
= + 1− 𝑥𝑥 2 −
1− 𝑥𝑥 2 1 − 𝑥𝑥 2
1 − 𝑥𝑥 2
= + 1 − 𝑥𝑥 2
1 − 𝑥𝑥 2

= 2 1 − 𝑥𝑥 2
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5.7. Inverse Trigonometric Functions: Differentiation
Example 6. Analyze the graph of the function.
𝑦𝑦 = arctan 𝑥𝑥 2 .
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5.7. Inverse Trigonometric Functions: Differentiation
Example 7. A photographer is taking a picture of a painting hung in an art gallery.
The height of the painting is 4 feet. The camera lens is 1 foot below the lower
edge of the painting, as shown in the figure. How far should the camera be from
the painting to maximize the angle subtended by the camera lens?

End of 5.7