Lecture Note

Chapter 5 Logarithmic, Exponential,

and Other Transcendental Functions
5.1 The Natural Logarithmic Function: Differentiation
5.2 The Natural Logarithmic Function: Integration
5.3 Inverse Functions
5.4 Exponential Functions: Differentiation and Integration
5.5 Bases Other than 𝒆𝒆 and Applications
5.6 Indeterminate Forms and L’Hopital’s Rule
5.7 Inverse Trigonometric Functions: Differentiation
5.8 Inverse Trigonometric Functions: Integration
5.9 Hyperbolic Functions
 Lecture Note
5.9. Hyperbolic Functions
Objectives:
• Develop properties of hyperbolic functions.
• Differentiate and integrate hyperbolic functions.
• Develop properties of inverse hyperbolic functions.
• Differentiate and integrate functions involving inverse hyperbolic functions.
 Lecture Note
5.9. Hyperbolic Functions
In this section, we will look briefly at a special class of exponential functions called hyperbolic
functions. The name hyperbolic function arose from comparison of the area of a semicircular region,
as shown in the figure, with the are of a region under a hyperbola, as shown in the figure.

The integral for the semicircular region involves an inverse

trigonometric function
1
1 1 𝜋𝜋
� 1 − 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑥𝑥 1 − 𝑥𝑥 2 + arcsin 𝑥𝑥 = ≈ 1.571
−1 2 −1 2

The integral for the hyperbolic region involves an inverse hyperbolic

function
1
1 1
� 1 ∓ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑥𝑥 1 + 𝑥𝑥 2 + sinh−1 𝑥𝑥 ≈ 2.296
−1 2 −1

This is only one of many ways in which the hyperbolic functions are similar to the trigonometric
functions.
 Lecture Note
5.9. Hyperbolic Functions
Definitions of the Hyperbolic Functions
𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑒𝑒 −𝑥𝑥 1
sinh 𝑥𝑥 = csch 𝑥𝑥 = , 𝑥𝑥 ≠ 0
2 sinh 𝑥𝑥
𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑒𝑒 −𝑥𝑥 1
cosh 𝑥𝑥 = sech 𝑥𝑥 =
2 cosh 𝑥𝑥
sinh 𝑥𝑥 1
tanh 𝑥𝑥 = coth 𝑥𝑥 = , 𝑥𝑥 ≠ 0
cosh 𝑥𝑥 tanh 𝑥𝑥
Remark. The notation sinh 𝑥𝑥 is read as “the hyperbolic sine of 𝑥𝑥,” cosh 𝑥𝑥 as “the
hyperbolic cosine of 𝑥𝑥,” and so on.
 Lecture Note
5.9. Hyperbolic Functions

Note that Hyperbolic functions are not periodic

 Lecture Note
5.9. Hyperbolic Functions
Hyperbolic Identities

cosh2 𝑥𝑥 − sinh2 𝑥𝑥 = 1 sinh(𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦) = sinh 𝑥𝑥 cosh 𝑦𝑦 + cosh 𝑥𝑥 sinh 𝑦𝑦

tanh2 𝑥𝑥 + sech2 𝑥𝑥 = 1 sinh(𝑥𝑥 − 𝑦𝑦) = sinh 𝑥𝑥 cosh 𝑦𝑦 − cosh 𝑥𝑥 sinh 𝑦𝑦
coth2 𝑥𝑥 − csch2 𝑥𝑥 = 1 cosh(𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦) = cosh 𝑥𝑥 cosh 𝑦𝑦 + sinh 𝑥𝑥 sinh 𝑦𝑦
cosh(𝑥𝑥 − 𝑦𝑦) = cosh 𝑥𝑥 cosh 𝑦𝑦 − sinh 𝑥𝑥 sinh 𝑦𝑦
−1 + cosh 2𝑥𝑥 1 + cosh 2𝑥𝑥
sinh2 𝑥𝑥 = cosh2 𝑥𝑥 =
2 2
sinh 2𝑥𝑥 = 2 sinh 𝑥𝑥 cosh 𝑥𝑥 cosh 2𝑥𝑥 = cosh2 𝑥𝑥 + sinh2 𝑥𝑥

Proof) For example, why cosh2 𝑥𝑥 − sinh2 𝑥𝑥 = 1?

𝑥𝑥 −𝑥𝑥 2 𝑥𝑥 −𝑥𝑥 2
𝑒𝑒 + 𝑒𝑒 𝑒𝑒 − 𝑒𝑒
cosh2 𝑥𝑥 − sinh2 𝑥𝑥 = −
2 2
𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 + 2 + 𝑒𝑒 −2𝑥𝑥 𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 − 2 + 𝑒𝑒 −2𝑥𝑥
= −
4 4
4
= =1
4
 Lecture Note
5.9. Hyperbolic Functions
Theorem 5.20 Differentiation and Integration of Hyperbolic Functions
Let 𝑢𝑢 be a differentiable function of 𝑥𝑥..
𝑑𝑑
sinh 𝑢𝑢 = cosh 𝑢𝑢 𝑢𝑢′ �cosh 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = sinh 𝑢𝑢 + 𝐶𝐶
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑
cosh 𝑢𝑢 = sinh 𝑢𝑢 𝑢𝑢𝑢 �sinh 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = cosh 𝑢𝑢 + 𝐶𝐶
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑
tanh 𝑢𝑢 = sech2 𝑢𝑢 𝑢𝑢𝑢 �sech2 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = tanh 𝑢𝑢 + 𝐶𝐶
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑 �csch2 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = − coth 𝑢𝑢 + 𝐶𝐶
coth 𝑢𝑢 = − csch2 𝑢𝑢 𝑢𝑢𝑢
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑 �sech 𝑢𝑢 tanh 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = − sech 𝑢𝑢 + 𝐶𝐶
sech 𝑢𝑢 = − sech 𝑢𝑢 tanh 𝑢𝑢 𝑢𝑢𝑢
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑
csch 𝑢𝑢 = − csch 𝑢𝑢 coth 𝑢𝑢 𝑢𝑢 �csch 𝑢𝑢 coth 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = − csch 𝑢𝑢 + 𝐶𝐶
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Proof) For example, why the derivative of sinh 𝑥𝑥 is cosh 𝑥𝑥 ?
𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑒𝑒 −𝑥𝑥 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑒𝑒 −𝑥𝑥
sinh 𝑥𝑥 = = = cosh 𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2 2
 Lecture Note
5.9. Hyperbolic Functions

Example 1. Find

𝑑𝑑
a sinh 𝑥𝑥 2 − 3 = 2𝑥𝑥 cosh(𝑥𝑥 2 − 3)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

𝑑𝑑 sinh 𝑥𝑥
b ln cosh 𝑥𝑥 = = tanh 𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 cosh 𝑥𝑥

𝑑𝑑
c 𝑥𝑥 sinh 𝑥𝑥 − cosh 𝑥𝑥 = sinh 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑥𝑥 cosh 𝑥𝑥 − sinh 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 cosh 𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

𝑑𝑑
d [ 𝑥𝑥 − 1 cosh 𝑥𝑥 − sinh 𝑥𝑥] = cosh 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑥𝑥 − 1 sinh 𝑥𝑥 − cosh 𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= 𝑥𝑥 − 1 sinh 𝑥𝑥
 Lecture Note
5.9. Hyperbolic Functions
Example 2. Find the relative extrema of
𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 − 1 cosh 𝑥𝑥 − sinh 𝑥𝑥 .
Sketch the graph as well.
Solution. We begin by finding the derivative of 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)
𝑓𝑓 ′ 𝑥𝑥 = cosh 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑥𝑥 − 1 sinh 𝑥𝑥 − cosh 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 − 1 sinh 𝑥𝑥

Since 𝑓𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is defined for all 𝑥𝑥, we find the critical numbers by solving
𝑓𝑓 ′ 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 − 1 sinh 𝑥𝑥 = 0
Which gives
𝑥𝑥 − 1 = 0 and sinh 𝑥𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥𝑥 = 0.

Now using the second derivative test with

𝑓𝑓 ′′ 𝑥𝑥 = sinh 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑥𝑥 − 1 cosh 𝑥𝑥 ,
we can verify that
the function has a relative maximum at (0, −1)
and a relative minimum at (1, − sinh 1)
 Lecture Note
5.9. Hyperbolic Functions
Example 3. Power cables are suspended between two towers, forming the catenary
shown in the Figure. The equation for this catenary is
𝑥𝑥
𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑎𝑎 cosh .
𝑎𝑎
The distance between the two towers is 2𝑏𝑏. Find the slope of the catenary at the point
where the cable meets the right-hand tower.
Solution. Differentiating the function produces
1 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥
𝑓𝑓 ′ 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑎𝑎 sinh = sinh
𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎

𝑏𝑏
At the point 𝑏𝑏, 𝑎𝑎 cosh , the slope (from the left) is
𝑎𝑎
𝑏𝑏
𝑚𝑚 = 𝑓𝑓 ′ 𝑏𝑏 = sinh
𝑎𝑎
 Lecture Note
5.9. Hyperbolic Functions
Example 4. Find

�cosh 2𝑥𝑥 sinh2 2𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑.

Solution.
Using the substitution 𝑢𝑢 = sinh 2𝑥𝑥 gives 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 2 cosh 2𝑥𝑥 and

1
�cosh 2𝑥𝑥 sinh2 2𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � sinh 𝑥𝑥 2 (2 cosh 𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2
1
= �𝑢𝑢2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2

1 1 3
= 𝑢𝑢 + 𝐶𝐶
2 3
1
= sinh3 (2𝑥𝑥) + 𝐶𝐶
6
 Lecture Note
5.9. Hyperbolic Functions
Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
Note that four (sinh 𝑥𝑥 , tanh 𝑥𝑥 , csch 𝑥𝑥 , coth 𝑥𝑥) of the six hyperbolic functions
are one-to-one, but cosh 𝑥𝑥 and sech 𝑥𝑥 are not one-to-one. By restricting the
domain we can make cosh 𝑥𝑥 and sech 𝑥𝑥 one-to-one.
 Lecture Note
5.9. Hyperbolic Functions
Theorem 5.21 Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
Inverse Function Domain
sinh−1 𝑥𝑥 = ln(𝑥𝑥 + 𝑥𝑥 2 + 1) (−∞, ∞)

cosh−1 𝑥𝑥 = ln(𝑥𝑥 + 𝑥𝑥 2 − 1) [1, ∞)

1 1 + 𝑥𝑥
tanh−1 𝑥𝑥 = ln (−1,1)
2 1 − 𝑥𝑥
−1
1 𝑥𝑥 + 1
coth 𝑥𝑥 = ln −∞, −1 ∪ (1, ∞)
2 𝑥𝑥 − 1
1 + 1 − 𝑥𝑥 2
sech−1 𝑥𝑥 = ln (0, 1]
𝑥𝑥
−1
1 1 + 𝑥𝑥 2
csch 𝑥𝑥 = ln + −∞, 0 ∪ (0, ∞)
𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥
 Lecture Note
5.9. Hyperbolic Functions
Graphs of Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
 Lecture Note
5.9. Hyperbolic Functions
Theorem 5.22 Differentiation and Integration Involving Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
Let 𝑢𝑢 be a differentiable function of 𝑥𝑥.
′ ′
𝑑𝑑 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑 𝑢𝑢
sinh−1 𝑢𝑢 = cosh−1 𝑢𝑢 =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑢𝑢2 + 1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑢𝑢2 − 1
′ ′
𝑑𝑑 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑 𝑢𝑢
tanh−1 𝑢𝑢 = cosh−1 𝑢𝑢 =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 − 𝑢𝑢2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 − 𝑢𝑢2
′ ′
𝑑𝑑 −𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑 −𝑢𝑢
sech−1 𝑥𝑥 = csch−1 𝑥𝑥 =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑢𝑢 1 − 𝑢𝑢2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 |𝑢𝑢| 1 + 𝑢𝑢2
1
� 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ln 𝑢𝑢 + 𝑢𝑢2 ± 𝑎𝑎2 + 𝐶𝐶
𝑢𝑢2 ± 𝑎𝑎2
1 1 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑢𝑢
� 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ln + 𝐶𝐶
𝑎𝑎 − 𝑢𝑢2 2𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎 − 𝑢𝑢
1 1 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑎𝑎2 ± 𝑢𝑢2
� 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = − ln + 𝐶𝐶
2
𝑢𝑢 𝑎𝑎 ± 𝑢𝑢 2 𝑎𝑎 𝑢𝑢
 Lecture Note
5.9. Hyperbolic Functions
Example 6. Find
𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑
sinh−1 2𝑥𝑥 [tanh−1 𝑥𝑥 3 ].
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

Solution. Solution.

𝑑𝑑 2 𝑑𝑑 3𝑥𝑥 2
sinh−1 2𝑥𝑥 = tanh−1 𝑥𝑥 3 =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2𝑥𝑥 2 + 1) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 − 𝑥𝑥 3 2
2 3𝑥𝑥 2
= =
4𝑥𝑥 2 + 1 1 − 𝑥𝑥 6

′
𝑑𝑑 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑 𝑢𝑢′
sinh−1 𝑢𝑢 = −1
tanh 𝑢𝑢 =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑢𝑢2 + 1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 − 𝑢𝑢2
 Lecture Note
5.9. Hyperbolic Functions
Example 7. Find
1 1
� 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 � 2
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑥𝑥 4 − 9𝑥𝑥 2 5 − 4𝑥𝑥
Solution. Solution.
1 1
� 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑥𝑥 4 − 9𝑥𝑥 2 5 − 4𝑥𝑥 2
3 1 2
=� 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
3𝑥𝑥 2 − 3𝑥𝑥 2 2 2 5 − 2𝑥𝑥 2
1 2 + 4 − 9𝑥𝑥 2 1 1 5 + 2𝑥𝑥
= − ln + 𝐶𝐶 = ln + 𝐶𝐶
2 3𝑥𝑥 2 2 5 5 − 2𝑥𝑥
1 5 + 2𝑥𝑥
= ln +C
1 1 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑎𝑎2 ± 𝑢𝑢2 4 5 5 − 2𝑥𝑥
� 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = − ln + 𝐶𝐶
𝑢𝑢 𝑎𝑎2 ± 𝑢𝑢2 𝑎𝑎 𝑢𝑢
1 1 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑢𝑢
� 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ln + 𝐶𝐶
𝑎𝑎2 − 𝑢𝑢2 2𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎 − 𝑢𝑢

End of 5.9