Lecture Note

Chapter 5 Logarithmic, Exponential,

and Other Transcendental Functions
5.1 The Natural Logarithmic Function: Differentiation
5.2 The Natural Logarithmic Function: Integration
5.3 Inverse Functions
5.4 Exponential Functions: Differentiation and Integration
5.5 Bases Other than 𝒆𝒆 and Applications
5.6 Indeterminate Forms and L’Hopital’s Rule
5.7 Inverse Trigonometric Functions: Differentiation
5.8 Inverse Trigonometric Functions: Integration
5.9 Hyperbolic Functions
 Lecture Note
5.8. Inverse Trigonometric Functions: Integration

Objectives:
• Integrate functions whose antiderivatives involve inverse trigonometric
functions.
• Use the method of completing the square to integrate a function.
 Lecture Note
5.8. Inverse Trigonometric Functions: Integration
Theorem 5.18 Let 𝑢𝑢 be a Theorem 5.19 Let 𝑢𝑢 be a differentiable
differentiable function of 𝑥𝑥. function of 𝑥𝑥, and let 𝑎𝑎 > 0.
𝑑𝑑 𝑢𝑢′ 1 𝑢𝑢
arcsin 𝑢𝑢 = � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = arcsin + 𝐶𝐶
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 − 𝑢𝑢2
2
𝑎𝑎 − 𝑢𝑢 2 𝑎𝑎
𝑑𝑑 𝑢𝑢′ 1 1 𝑢𝑢
arctan 𝑢𝑢 = � 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = arctan + 𝐶𝐶
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 + 𝑢𝑢2 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑢𝑢2 𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎
𝑑𝑑 𝑢𝑢′ 1 1 |𝑢𝑢|
arcsec 𝑢𝑢 = � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = arcsec + 𝐶𝐶
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑢𝑢 𝑢𝑢2 − 1 2
𝑢𝑢 𝑢𝑢 − 𝑎𝑎 2 𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎
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5.8. Inverse Trigonometric Functions: Integration
1 𝑢𝑢
� 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = arcsin + 𝐶𝐶,
𝑎𝑎2 − 𝑢𝑢2 𝑎𝑎
1 1 𝑢𝑢
� 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = arctan + 𝐶𝐶,
𝑎𝑎 + 𝑢𝑢2 𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎
1 1 |𝑢𝑢|
� 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = arcsec + 𝐶𝐶
Example 1. Integrate each indefinite integral. 𝑢𝑢 𝑢𝑢2 − 𝑎𝑎2 𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎
1 𝑥𝑥
a � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = arcsin + 𝐶𝐶
4 − 𝑥𝑥 2 2

1 1 1 3
b � 2
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 =
3
� 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2 + 9𝑥𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑥 2 2 + 3𝑥𝑥 2

1 3𝑥𝑥
= arctan + 𝐶𝐶
3 2 2

1 1 2
c � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑥𝑥 4𝑥𝑥 2 −9 𝑥𝑥 2𝑥𝑥 2 − 3 2 2𝑥𝑥 2𝑥𝑥 2 − 3 2

1 2𝑥𝑥
= arcsec + 𝐶𝐶
3 3
 Lecture Note
5.8. Inverse Trigonometric Functions: Integration
1
Example 2. Find � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 .
𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 −1

Solution. As it stands, this integral does not fit any of the three inverse trigonometric
formulas. Using the substitution 𝑢𝑢 = 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 , however, produces
1 1
𝑢𝑢 = 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 ⇒ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ⇒ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑒𝑒 𝑢𝑢
With this substitution, we can integrate as shown.
1 1
� 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2𝑥𝑥
𝑒𝑒 − 1 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 2 −1
11 1
=� 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2
𝑢𝑢 − 1 𝑢𝑢 2
𝑢𝑢 𝑢𝑢 − 1
𝑢𝑢
= arcsec + 𝐶𝐶 = arcsec 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 + 𝐶𝐶
1
 Lecture Note
5.8. Inverse Trigonometric Functions: Integration
Example 3. Find
𝑥𝑥 + 2
� 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 .
4− 𝑥𝑥 2
Solution. This integral does not appear to fit any of the basic integration formulas. By
splitting the integrand into two parts, however, we can see that the first part can be
found with the Power Rule and the second part yields an inverse sine function.
𝑥𝑥 + 2 𝑥𝑥 2
� 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
4− 𝑥𝑥 2 4− 𝑥𝑥 2 4− 𝑥𝑥 2
1 −2𝑥𝑥 1
=− � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 2 � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2 4 − 𝑥𝑥 2 2 2 − 𝑥𝑥 2
1 1 𝑥𝑥
=− � 𝑑𝑑𝑢𝑢 + 2 arcsin + 𝐶𝐶, where 𝑢𝑢 = 4 − 𝑥𝑥 2
2 𝑢𝑢 2
1 𝑢𝑢 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥
=− + 2 arcsin + 𝐶𝐶 = − 4 − 𝑥𝑥 2 + 2 arcsin + 𝐶𝐶
2 1/2 2 2
 Lecture Note
5.8. Inverse Trigonometric Functions: Integration
Example 4. Find
1
� 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 .
𝑥𝑥 − 4𝑥𝑥 + 7
Solution. We can write the denominator as the sum of two squares using the
completing the square.
𝑥𝑥 2 − 4𝑥𝑥 + 7 = 𝑥𝑥 2 − 4𝑥𝑥 + 4 − 4 + 7 = 𝑥𝑥 − 2 2 + 3 = 𝑢𝑢2 + 𝑎𝑎2
1 1 1
� 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑥𝑥 2 − 4𝑥𝑥 + 7 𝑥𝑥 − 2 2 + 3 𝑥𝑥 − 2 2 + 3
1
=� 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑, where 𝑢𝑢 = 𝑥𝑥 − 2
2
𝑢𝑢 + 3
1 𝑢𝑢
= arctan + 𝐶𝐶
3 3

1 𝑥𝑥 − 2
= arctan + 𝐶𝐶
3 3
 Lecture Note
5.8. Inverse Trigonometric Functions: Integration
Example 5. Then find the area of the region bounded by the graph of
1
𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 =
3𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥 2
3 9
The 𝑥𝑥-axis, and the lines 𝑥𝑥 = and 𝑥𝑥 = .
2 4
Solution. We can write the radicand as the sum of two squares using the completing
the square.
2 2
3 3
3𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥 2 = − 𝑥𝑥 2 − 3𝑥𝑥 = − 𝑥𝑥 2 − 3𝑥𝑥 + +
2 2
2 2
3 3
= − 𝑥𝑥 − +
2 2
9/4 9/4
1 1
� 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
3/2 3𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥 2 3/2 3/2 2 − 𝑥𝑥 − 3/2 2

9/4
𝑥𝑥 − 3/2
= arcsin
3/2 3/2
1 𝜋𝜋
= arcsin − arcsin 0 ==
2 6
 Lecture Note
5.8. Inverse Trigonometric Functions: Integration

Example 6. Find as many of the following integrals as we can using the formulas
and techniques we have studied so far in the text.
1
a � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = arcsec |𝑥𝑥| + 𝐶𝐶
𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 2 − 1

𝑥𝑥 1 2𝑥𝑥 1 𝑥𝑥 2 − 1 1/2
b � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = + 𝐶𝐶 = 𝑥𝑥 2 − 1 + 𝐶𝐶
2
𝑥𝑥 − 1 2 2
𝑥𝑥 − 1 2 1/2

1
c � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ⇐ We cannot find this integral using the techniques we have
𝑥𝑥 2 −1 studied so far.
 Lecture Note
5.8. Inverse Trigonometric Functions: Integration

Example 7. Find as many of the following integrals as we can using the formulas
and techniques we have studied so far in the text.
1 1/𝑥𝑥
a � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ln ln 𝑥𝑥 + 𝐶𝐶
𝑥𝑥 ln 𝑥𝑥 ln 𝑥𝑥

ln 𝑥𝑥 1 ln 𝑥𝑥 2
b � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � ln 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = + 𝐶𝐶
𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 2

c �ln 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ⇐ We cannot find this integral using the techniques we have studied
so far.

End of 5.8