MEPP 557-Chapter 01-Introduction and Overview

MEPP 457 Hydrogen Technologies
Chapter 01
Introduction and Overview
Biraj Singh Thapa, PhD

Asst. Prof & Team Leader
Green Hydrogen Lab
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Kathmandu University
Dhulikhel, Nepal
bst@ku.edu.np
March 2021
Kathmandu University Green Hydrogen Lab www.ghlab.ku.edu.np
Hydrogen Technologies- Course Background
Credit Hours: 3 Cr.
Course Design: Problem-based learning (PBL) methods will be used to drive students to
identify and solve a unique problem. The project will be assigned as the learning medium.
Learning Methods and activities: Lectures, Assignments, Laboratory exercises, and Mini-
project work.
Evaluation: 50% Internal (15% internal exam, 15% laboratory, 10% Learning objectives and
10% mini-project work) and 50% Final.
Goals: This course is intended to provide the student with a broad background in the
fundamentals of Hydrogen Technologies. After this course, the student should have a
system-level perspective on analyzing and processing real-time problems relating to
Hydrogen Technologies through critical thinking.
Kathmandu University Green Hydrogen Lab www.ghlab.ku.edu.np 2




Steps to a Problem-Based Learning Approach
Step 1: Explore the issue.
Gather necessary information; learn new concepts, Step 6: Present and support the chosen solution.
principles, and skills about the proposed topic. Clearly state and support conclusion with
relevant information and evidence.
Step 2: State what is known. Step 7: Review your performance.
Individual students and groups list what they Often forgotten, this is a crucial step in
already know about the scenario and list what areas they are improving the problem-solving skills.
lacking information. Students must evaluate their performance and
plan improvements.
Step 3: Define the issues.
Frame the problem in a context of what is already
known and information the students expect to learn.
Step 4: Research the knowledge.

Find resources and information that will help
create a compelling argument.
Step 5: Investigate solutions.

List possible actions and solutions to the problem,
formulate and test potential hypotheses
Global Ambient Levels of PM2.5 in 2018
Ref: State of global air/2018, IHHME
In Just 50 Years, Earth's Wildlife Populations

Have Plummeted More Than Two-Thirds
News from 10 September 2020
Energy use patterns, emissions and economy
World primary energy demand, 2000–2100, in the

central 2°C scenario
Ref: Energy Outlook 2035: Focus on North America, BP, 2015 Ref: Global Energy and Climate Outlook 2018: Sectoral mitigation options towards a
low-emissions economy, EU, 2018

Stake of Hydrogen Energy in Future
Hydrogen import from India (2009-2019)
Source: Export Import data bank, Trade and Export Promotion Center,
Pulchwok, Lalitpur Nepal; http://www.efourcore.com.np/tepcdatabank/

Hydropower in Nepal: Supply vs Demand scenario
Ref: NEA Engineering Company, 2020

Energy mix during surplus hydropower era
Ref: Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19,
Ref: WES, Vision 2050, 2016 12953–12973, 2019
Consumption of energy in Nepal at high economic growth National energy consumption estimated for 2011
Ref: WES Vision 2050, 2016

Ref: WES, Vision 2050, 2016
National energy consumption estimated for 2030 National energy consumption estimated for 2050
Some Challenges of Our Generation
$
World Average $18 381
Trade deficit 11.24 billion
Nepal - GDP Per Capita Farmers stand in queue to buy Fertilizer
Spillage of hydropower energy Grid Quality and Reliability

200 MW 2020 monsoon for Power Trading
400 MW 2021 monsoon
Micro hydro sector in
14+ IPP’s close to be verse of collapse
sick projects
Environmental impacts of growing transport sector in Nepal
Total no.of Vehicles registered in Nepal till

2075 B.S
3221042
2530722
NUMBER
690320
237658
143962
90411
55973
49318
45672
26466
25595
7658
7607
Commitments for Net Zero Carbon Goal
Country Target Status Date Germany 2050 In law Dec 2019
Austria 2040 Policy position Jan 2020 Hungary 2050 In law June 2020
Iceland 2040 Policy position 2018
Bhutan Carbon Paris Agreement 2017
Ireland 2050 Coalition agreement June 2019
negative
California 2045 Executive order Sept 2018 Japan earliest Policy position June 2019
Marshall Islands 2050 Paris Agreement Sept 2018
Canada 2050 Policy position Oct 2019 New Zealand 2050 In law Nov 2019
Chile 2050 Policy position Jun 2019 Norway 2050 Policy position 2015
China 2060 Statement of Sept 2020 Portugal 2050 Policy position Dec 2018
intent Singapore earliest Submission to UN March 2020
Costa Rica 2050 Submission to UN Feb 2019
Slovakia 2050 Policy position Dec 2019
Denmark 2050 In law June 2019
EU 2050 Submission to UN Dec 2019 South Africa 2050 Policy position Sept 2020
Fiji 2050 Submission to UN 2018 South Korea 2050 Policy position April 2020
Spain 2050 Draft law May 2020
Finland 2035 Coalition June 2019
Sweden 2045 In law Feb 2017
agreement
France 2050 In law June 2019 Switzerland 2050 Policy position Aug 2019
United Kingdom 2050 In law June 2019
https://www.climatechangenews.com/2020/09/17/countries-net-zero-climate-goal/ Uruguay 2030 Paris Agreement
Updated on 17/09/2020
Overview H2 Strategies and activities

World’s Hydrogen policy and investment scenario
• IPHE was established in

2003 with objective to
accelerate transition to
clean energy and
hydrogen technology.
• It invests nearly $1
billion every year for
R&D, information
sharing and
collaboration in clean
energy.
• By 2050 this partnership
aims to generate $2.5
trillion in revenue,
annually.

Hydrogen opportunities for Nepal
Fertilizer
Plants
Chemical
Industries
Iron and Steel

industries
Mining
Industries
Carbon
Trading

Hydropower induced benefits in Nepal
Nepal: Status of Hydropower Development Some major hydropower projects that are in
advanced stage of development in Nepal
Summary status of No. of Capacity
S.N. Capacity
hydropower development projects (MW) S.N. Projects CoD
(MW)
1 Completed projects 80 937.31 1 Tamakosi V 227 2022
2 Upper Karnali/Arun III 305 2023
2 Projects under construction 57 4935
3 Upper Arun 335 2023
148 4322.59 4 Dudhkosi 228 2025
Issued construction licenses
3 5 Budigandaki 1,200 2025
for generation
6 Nalsing Gad 410 2025
4 Issued survey licenses 289 13397.85 7 West Seti 750 2025
8 Tamakosi III 650 2025
Application received for 23 2084.16
5 9 Upper Trisuli 216 2025
survey licenses
9 Pancheshwar 3,360 2030
Total (2-5) 24,739.56 Total 7, 681
Ref: Department of Electricity Development, Government of Nepal, 2019 Ref: Energy Demand Projection 2030, Investment Board of Nepal, 2020

Hydropower in Nepal: Supply vs Demand scenario
Build-up of Power Generation Capacity in Nepal
Electricity Demand Forecast

Ref: WES, Vision 2050, 2016
Ref: Energy Demand Projection 2030, Investment Board of Nepal, 2020

Status of large hydropower plants
Demand below BEP and thus under utilization

Current Status of Micro-HPP
30,000kW of installed capacity for 35,000 houses Waste of surplus energy
Grid isolation Opportunities to cash the ongoing situations
Waste of energy
Lack of load
Opportunities
Produce hydrogen from surplus energy

Use hydrogen as an alternative fuel or a feedstock
Energy security
Improve country’s import/export balance
Lessen environmental pollution and carbon emissions

Need of New Momentum for Power Storage and re-distribution
Challenges: Solutions:
Demand Variability and Uncertainty Electrolysis Operation as Power Control

Need of New Momentum for Power Storage and re-distribution
Challenges: Solutions:
Power Plant and grid contingencies De-centralized Hydrogen Production
On-site
Small Scale
PEM Electrolysis Storage GH2@700 bar

Compression Pre-Cooling
GH2 @30 bar GH2 @700 – 950 bar
Figure
Kathmandu University 1 Small Scale on-siteGreen
supply chain
Hydrogen Labwith production, processing, storage and end use requirements.
www.ghlab.ku.edu.np 24
Potential Value Chain of Green Hydrogen in Nepal
Potential Value Chain of Green Hydrogen in Nepal
PRODUCTION STORAGE DISTRIBUTION END USE
Aviation
Electrolysis
FCEV
Hydrogen Tankers
Fuel Cell trains
Pressure Smart Home Industries Export

By product Bio mass Re -electrification
Imported H2 Cylinders
from industries based

GHLab Proposed Research Facility

2020 Beirut explosions
• On the afternoon of 4 August 2020, two explosions
occurred at the port of the city of Beirut
• About 2,750 tons Ammonium Nitrate in
Warehouse, next to the port's huge grain silos.
• Preceded by a large fire at the Port of Beirut Ref: Business Insider
• At 6:07 P.M (15:07 GMT), there was a large initial
explosion, followed by a series of smaller blasts that
sounded like fireworks going off.
• About 30 seconds later, there was a colossal
explosion that sent a mushroom cloud into the air and
a supersonic blast wave radiating through the city.
• Crater - roughly 124 meters (405 feet) in diameter
Ref: The Indian Express

• United States Geological Survey registered as a

seismic event of magnitude 3.3,
• Felt in Turkey, Syria, Israel, and parts of Europe,
and was heard in Cyprus more than 250 km
(160 mi) away.
• Beirut blast was the equivalent of 1-2 kilotons of

TNT.
• Hiroshima bomb in August 1945 exploded with

an energy equivalent to 12-15 kilotons.
• Among the most powerful non-nuclear explosions

Ref: EURO News
in history.
Causes
• Huge Safety Negligence
Fire (30 to 40 nylon bags of fireworks)
inside warehouse 12 triggered
ammonium nitrate that was
confiscated from Rhosus
• On 21 November 2013,
the Moldovan-flagged cargo
ship MV Rhosus, set sail
from Georgia, to Mozambique,
carrying 2,750 tons of ammonium
nitrate -Beirut's accidental cargo Ref: usatodaynews.live
Ref: EBENE Magazine 31

Casualties
• At least 220 people were confirmed dead and more
than 6,000 injured
Damage
• Overturned cars and stripped steel-framed buildings
of their cladding.
• Destroyed a section of shoreline and left a crater
nearly 124 meters (390 ft) in diameter.
• Buildings as far as 10 kilometers (6 miles) away
were damaged and up to 300,000 people were left
homeless.
• The grain elevator, the city's second-largest, was
destroyed
• About 15,000 tons of grain were destroyed
Hydrogen Explosion
• Hydrogen can readily ignite in a much broader range of
fuel-to-air concentrations than other gases.
• 12 times less energy to ignite than gasoline vapor, so heat
sources or the smallest of sparks can turn hydrogen into a
bomb.
• An invisible spark or a static spark from a person can cause
ignition
• keeping air or oxygen from mixing with hydrogen inside
confined spaces is very important.
Challenges Photo: Wikipedia

Hindenburg disaster 1937
• Ease of leaking, low-energy ignition, wide range of • 35 deaths
• zeppelin ‘Hindenburg’ burst into fire while landing
combustible fuel-air mixtures, buoyancy, and its ability • a fire detonated one of the aft hydrogen cells
to embrittle metals rupturing neighboring cells and causing the airship
to fall to the ground.
• Wide media coverage –popular
• Cause of initial fire never known

Norway Hydrogen explosion (6/11/2019)
• On Monday, 6/11/2019 at 5:40 pm local
• Uno-X hydrogen station in Sandvika in Bærum,
Norway, exploded
• Two people who received minor injuries when the
airbags in their cars deployed – possibly triggered by
the explosion pressure.
• The fire department had to evacuate an area 500
meters around the station and the fire was contained
within three hours.
• An incredibly loud bang when the explosion occurred.
• Electrolyzer manufacturer, Nel, stated that leaked
hydrogen gas caught fire in the open air, causing a
shock wave.
• The fueling company Uno-X promptly closed all three of
its stations, and Norway's remaining seven stations
were closed a day after until the investigation
concluded.
Photos: EDI Weekly

Impacts on Hydrogen FCVs
 For safety reasons, several H2 stations in

some countries were closed as a precaution
to avoid further incidents of this type until
the cause of the leakage and ignition could
be identified.
 Toyota and Hyundai both halted sales of

fuel-cell vehicles (FCVs) in Norway
Cause
• On 27 June, Nel reported that a fault in  The explosion has left fuel-cell vehicle (FCV)
the assembly of a connector in a high- owners few options to refuel as Uno-X, is the
pressure hydrogen tank as the cause. As a leading supplier in the country.
result, hydrogen had escaped which had
mixed with air and ignited.

Other Accidents of Hydrogen explosions
Country Location Date Notes
USA New Jersey May 6th, 1937. Hindenburg disaster: As the zeppelin Hindenburg was approaching landing at Naval Air Station
Lakehurst, a fire detonated one of the aft hydrogen cells rupturing neighboring cells and causing the
airship to fall to the ground. The cause of the initial fire was never conclusively determined.
Japan Fukushima 2011 Three reactor buildings were damaged by hydrogen explosions. Exposed Zircaloy cladded fuel rods
nuclear reactor became very hot and reacted with steam, releasing hydrogen. The hydrogen leaked from the
containment to the reactor building where it mixed with air and exploded.
USA Los Angeles February 2018 On the way to an FCV hydrogen station, a truck carrying about 24 compressed hydrogen tanks caught
fire.
USA California August 2018 A delivery truck carrying liquid hydrogen caught fire .
USA Illinois May 2019 Leaking hydrogen led to an explosion, that killed four workers
South Gangneung May 2019 A hydrogen tank exploded killing 2 and injuring 6 at the Gangwon Techno park.
Korea
USA Santa Clara CA June 2019 The hydrogen trans-fill facility had an explosion during the loading of a tanker truck that was being
fuelled. This resulted in the temporary shutdown of multiple hydrogen fueling stations in the San
Francisco area.
USA Wisconsin December Gas explosion at an Airgas facility in Waukesha, Wisconsin injured one worker and caused 2 hydrogen
2019 storage tanks to leak.
USA North View 7 April 2020 An explosion at the OneH2 Hydrogen Fuel plant, caused significant damage to surrounding buildings.
The blast was felt several miles away, damaging about 60 homes. No injuries from the explosion were
reported.
USA Texas 11 June 2020 There was an explosion at the Praxair Inc., St. Texas City, Texas, a hydrogen production plant.

Other Accidents of Hydrogen explosions
Source: ABC7 News

Source: ABC30 Fresno Santa Clara CA, June 2019 Source: The Korea Herald
Los Angeles, February 2018 Gangneung, South Korea, May
• During the loading of a tanker truck
• On the way to an FCV hydrogen that was being fuelled. 2019
station, a truck carrying about 24 • Temporary shutdown of multiple • A hydrogen tank exploded
compressed hydrogen tanks hydrogen fueling stations in the San killing 2 and injuring 6 at the
caught fire. Francisco area. Gangwon Techno park.
Findings: Major causes of H-explosion Recommendations
Equipment failure recorded in hydrogen • Storage region of hydrogen should have
accidents mainly results from: good ventilation and preferably be designed
• Failure of joints, valves, etc. leading to to have a roof that can be safely blown away
leaks • Flash arrestors and strong ignition
• Corrosion problems suppression systems
• Instrumentation failures • Hydrogen sensors, tracers and new odorant
• Embrittlement of tanks leading to technology allow for rapid detection of
cracking hydrogen leaks
Others • While hydrogen flames can be hard to see
• Fire triggering hydrogen explosion with the naked eye, they show up readily on
UV/IR flame detectors.
• Appropriate storage tank and pressure

Introduction
• Hydrogen, chemical element that exists as a gas at room temperature. When hydrogen gas burns in air, it forms
water. French chemist Antoine Lavoisier named hydrogen from the Greek words for “water former.”
• Hydro (water) and gen (generate)
• Discovered by Henry Cavendish in 1766, London.
• The simplest and most abundant element in the universe.
• About 90% of the visible universe is composed of hydrogen.
• The most versatile energy carrier

• Can be made from any source and used for any service.
• Readily stored in large amounts.
• It resembles both alkali metals and halogens and therefore its position is anomalous, In modern periodic table it
is located separately.
Hydrogen was observed and collected long before it was recognized as a unique gas by Robert Boyle in 1671, who dissolved iron in diluted hydrochloric acid.

Hydrogen Technologies Timeline

Hydrogen Technologies Timeline
2013 The first commercial 2 megawatt power to gas installation in
Falkenhagen comes online for 360 cubic meters of hydrogen per
hour hydrogen storage into the natural gas grid.
2014 The Japanese fuel cell micro combined heat and power (mCHP)
ENE FARM project passes 100,000 sold systems.
2016 Toyota releases its first hydrogen fuel cell car, the Mirai
2017 Hydrogen Council formed to expedite development and
commercialization of hydrogen and fuel cell technologies
2019 Researchers at the Leuven university, Belgium, have
developed a solar hydrogen panel that is able to produce 250l of
H2 / d directly from sunlight and water vapor utilizing photocatalytic
water splitting and they are reporting a conversion efficiency of
15%. According to IEEE Spectrum this is a gain of +14,900% from
the efficiency figure 10 years back (0.1%).

Properties
Physical Properties:
• Colorless, Odorless and Tasteless
• Slightly soluble in water (about 2%)
• Highly Combustible
• Lightest substance. The weight of one litre hydrogen at
NTP is only 0.0899 g.
• Atomic Number: 1
• Atomic Weight: 1.0079
• Melting point: -259°C
• Boiling point: -253°C
• Vapor Density: 0.08376 kg/m3( at 20°C,1atm)
• Specific gravity: 0.0696
• Flashpoint: –253 °C
• Valence: 1

Energy Content
• Hydrogen has the highest

combustion energy release of any
commonly occurring material
making it an ideal fuel.
• Hydrogen possesses the highest

energy content per unit of weight
(120.7 kJ/g) compared with any of
the known fuels.

Uses
• Mostly used in petroleum refining and petrochemical production (93%)
• Metal Processing (2.7%)
• Manufacture of electronics components (1.5%)
• Food processing (.7%)
• Manufacture of glass (.3%)
• Utility Power generation (.2%)

Hydrogen as Energy Carrier
The first fuel cells were invented by Sir William Grove in 1838
The first commercial use of fuel cells came more than a century later
following the invention of the hydrogen–oxygen fuel cell by Francis
Thomas Bacon in 1932
Ref: Internet Open Source

Hydrogen Fueled Automobiles
Tata Starbus fuel cell bus - India
Ref: The Indian Express [P] Ltd.
Ref: Bloomberg
• Hyundai Motor shipped the first 10

units of XCIENT Fuel Cell, the world’s
first fuel cell heavy-duty truck, to
Switzerland in July 2020
• Hyundai to develop tractor unit with

driving range of 1,000 kilometers on a
single charge World’s first hydrogen-powered
double decker - Switzerland
Other Hydrogen Fueled Transportation
Hydrail Maritime Propulsion Liquefied H2 carrier
Ref: Fiskerstrand Holding Ref: Financial Times report

Ref: railway-news.com
• French transit • Norwegian partnership tests 3.2 • Kawasaki (Japan) launched

company Alstom unveiled MW fuel cells for the first liquid hydrogen carrier ship
the world’s first hydrogen- conversion of hydrogen hybrid (8,000-ton vessel), called the
powered passenger train ferry Hydrogen Frontier in 2019
• Underwent successful test • Motivating for realization of • 1,250m3 of liquid hydrogen in
runs in several countries – dream to sail state owned ships a single tank shipped from
UK, Germany, Austria. within Nepal and beyond. Australia to Japan
Netherlands etc.
Hydrogen in Aviation Sector
Zero emission Aviation Hydrogen in Space
Ref: motorbeatonline.com
• Toyota and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency

(JAXA) to develop a six wheeled hydrogen
Ref: airbus.com
powered lunar rover -Lunar Cruiser.
• Airbus to develop the world’s first zero- • The goal is to take two astronauts on a 6,200-mile
emission commercial aircraft by 2035 - named lunar exploration trip.
as ZERO • Test flights would begin in 2027 and two
• Good news for Nepal- Most Probable Aviation production examples of the Lunar Cruiser would
fuel refueling hub in the region in future. be launched for the moon in 2029.

Terminologies & Instruments
• Electrolysis
Electrolysis is defined as a chemical decomposition
produced by passing an electric current through a liquid or
solution containing ions. An electrolyser is a device which
splits water into hydrogen and oxygen using electrical
energy.
Electrolysis was discovered in 1800 by the English

Nicholson and Carlisle, continuous electrolysis, which
comes from Greek words (ἤλεκτρον [electron] “amber” and
λύσις [lýsis] “dissolution”)
Alkaline
electrolysers
in 1927
• Fuel Cell
A fuel cell is an electrochemical cell that converts the
chemical energy of a fuel (often hydrogen) and an oxidizing
agent (often oxygen) into electricity through a pair of redox
reactions.
Fuel cells are different from most batteries in requiring a

continuous source of fuel and oxygen (usually from air) to
sustain the chemical reaction, whereas in a battery the
chemical energy usually comes from metals and their ions or
oxides that are commonly already present in the battery,
except in flow batteries. Fuel cells can produce electricity
continuously for as long as fuel and oxygen are supplied.
The first fuel cells were invented by Sir William Grove in 1838.
The first commercial use of fuel cells came more than a
century later following the invention of the hydrogen–oxygen
fuel cell by Francis Thomas Bacon in 1932.
• Coalescer
Coalescer is a vessel or stage
which causes small drops of a
liquid to come together and form a
stream or form elements with a
larger volume which eventually
dropdown.

• Flash Arrestors
A flashback arrestor or flash arrestor is a gas
safety device most commonly used in oxy-fuel
welding and cutting to stop the flame or reverse
flow of gas back up into the equipment or
supply line. It protects the user and equipment
from damage or explosions.
In former times wet flashback arrestors (use a
liquid to extinguish the fire) were also used.
Today the industry standard is to use dry Reference Video: https://bit.ly/3al4bl5
flashback arrestors with at least two safety Fig: Dry Flash Back Arrestor
elements.

• Ohmic Loss
The ohmic loss is the linear
resistance to the flow of electrons
through the electrode material
and the various interconnections,
as well as the resistance to the
flow of ions through membrane
and the electrolyte.


• Balance of Plant
Balance of plant (BOP) is a term
generally used in the context of
power engineering to refer to all
the supporting components and
auxiliary systems of a power
plant needed to deliver the
energy, other than the
generating unit itself. These
may include transformers,
inverters, supporting structures
etc., depending on the type of
plant.

Thank You!
Next:
Chapter 02 Renewable Energy Perspectives

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MEPP 457 Hydrogen Technologies

Biraj Singh Thapa, PhD

Kathmandu University Green Hydrogen Lab www.ghlab.ku.edu.np 2

Kathmandu University Green Hydrogen Lab www.ghlab.ku.edu.np 3

Kathmandu University Green Hydrogen Lab www.ghlab.ku.edu.np 4

Kathmandu University Green Hydrogen Lab www.ghlab.ku.edu.np 5

Step 4: Research the knowledge.

Step 5: Investigate solutions.

Ref: State of global air/2018, IHHME

In Just 50 Years, Earth's Wildlife Populations

World primary energy demand, 2000–2100, in the

Kathmandu University Green Hydrogen Lab www.ghlab.ku.edu.np 8

Hydrogen import from India (2009-2019)

Kathmandu University Green Hydrogen Lab www.ghlab.ku.edu.np 9

Ref: NEA Engineering Company, 2020

Ref: WES Vision 2050, 2016

World Average $18 381

Trade deficit 11.24 billion

Nepal - GDP Per Capita Farmers stand in queue to buy Fertilizer

Spillage of hydropower energy Grid Quality and Reliability

Total no.of Vehicles registered in Nepal till

Kathmandu University Green Hydrogen Lab www.ghlab.ku.edu.np 15

• IPHE was established in

Kathmandu University Green Hydrogen Lab www.ghlab.ku.edu.np 16

Iron and Steel

Kathmandu University Green Hydrogen Lab www.ghlab.ku.edu.np 19

Kathmandu University Green Hydrogen Lab www.ghlab.ku.edu.np 20

Build-up of Power Generation Capacity in Nepal

Electricity Demand Forecast

Kathmandu University Green Hydrogen Lab www.ghlab.ku.edu.np 21

Demand below BEP and thus under utilization

30,000kW of installed capacity for 35,000 houses Waste of surplus energy

Grid isolation Opportunities to cash the ongoing situations

Produce hydrogen from surplus energy

Improve country’s import/export balance

Lessen environmental pollution and carbon emissions

Demand Variability and Uncertainty Electrolysis Operation as Power Control

Kathmandu University Green Hydrogen Lab www.ghlab.ku.edu.np 23

PEM Electrolysis Storage GH2@700 bar

Fuel Cell trains

Pressure Smart Home Industries Export

Kathmandu University Green Hydrogen Lab www.ghlab.ku.edu.np 26

Kathmandu University Green Hydrogen Lab www.ghlab.ku.edu.np 27

Kathmandu University Green Hydrogen Lab www.ghlab.ku.edu.np 29

• United States Geological Survey registered as a

• Beirut blast was the equivalent of 1-2 kilotons of

• Hiroshima bomb in August 1945 exploded with

• Among the most powerful non-nuclear explosions

Ref: EBENE Magazine 31

Challenges Photo: Wikipedia

Kathmandu University Green Hydrogen Lab www.ghlab.ku.edu.np 33

Kathmandu University Green Hydrogen Lab www.ghlab.ku.edu.np 34

 For safety reasons, several H2 stations in

 Toyota and Hyundai both halted sales of

Kathmandu University Green Hydrogen Lab www.ghlab.ku.edu.np 35

Kathmandu University Green Hydrogen Lab www.ghlab.ku.edu.np 36

Source: ABC7 News

Kathmandu University Green Hydrogen Lab www.ghlab.ku.edu.np 38

• Discovered by Henry Cavendish in 1766, London.

• The simplest and most abundant element in the universe.

• About 90% of the visible universe is composed of hydrogen.

• The most versatile energy carrier

Kathmandu University Green Hydrogen Lab www.ghlab.ku.edu.np 39

Kathmandu University Green Hydrogen Lab www.ghlab.ku.edu.np 40