Water
- Human bodies contain High surface tension
approximately 60% of water
- Earth’s surface is made about 70%
water
- The closer the atoms are, the more
attracted the atoms are; and the
more rigid the material is
Unique Composition of Water
1. Water is a liquid at standard
temperature and pressure (25c and
1atm)
2. Water has a high boiling point
3. When water freezes, it expands
- Boiling point of hydrogen sulfide is
-60C
- Most liquids contract when they
freeze
- Partial Negative: Oxygen
- Partial Positive (Bond Dipole):
Hydrogen polar covalent bonds and
bent shape
Polar Covalent Bonds: electrons are not
equally shared, rather displaced toward the
more electronegative atom
Nonpolar Covalent Bonds: found between
two atoms of the same element, such as
Cl2, N2
Arrows point toward the more
electronegative atom giving it a partial
negative charge and its partner a partial
positive charge, which is referred to a bond
dipole
Hydrogen Bond- electrostatic attraction
between a hydrogen atom and a highly
electronegative atom such as oxygen,
nitrogen or fluorine (intermolecular bonds)
Covalent Bonds (intramolecular bonds)
Nonpolar bonds: diatomic molecules
(oxygen)
The partial negative charge of oxygen will
try and form a hydrogen bond with the
partial positive charge of a hydrogen of
another water molecule
Hydrogen bond are not as strong a
Why ice floats on water
Liquid is denser than ice
Sulfur is not a highly electronegative atom, it
cannot form hydrogen bonds with other
molecules of HS
What keeps aquatic animals alive during
winter
Video 2
- 97% of the available water are from
the ocean; 3% freshwater
- 400 billion gallons of water are
withdrawn daily in the US (86%
freshwater, 14% saltwater) 1.5 trillion
liters of water; used for
thermoelectric water for agriculture
Water Footprint- amount of water used for
these products
Almost a billion people do not have access
to safe water
Safe- dissolved calcium and magnesium
ions from the minerals found in aquifers
Bacterial and viral arsenic lead mercury
Solute: impurities of water mines farms
landfills septic systems concern about the
concentration
Salt is ionic
Sugar is molecular compound
Ions have the ability to conduct electricity
Partial charges are not real charges they’re
just dipole
Electrolytes substances that carry charges
PCB in fat in our body because both are
nonpolar
Surfactants: soap and detergent contain
Hydrophobic tail will stick to the oil
hydrophilic to water

Acids and Bases are also aqueous solutions

Hydrogen Ions are too reactive and cannot

find them in solution in real life will react
with other water molecules and form
Hydronium ion (actual acid in the solution)

.1 lower of ph is 26% increase

Base-

In 40 years the ocean will be so acidic that it

will melt the shells of sea creatures near the
ocean’s surface

Instead of carbonate going to corals it is

being used to neutralize the acidity

Coral reefs cannot protect the coastline

from harsh ocean waves
House of fishes

If acid is below