TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

CAVITE CAMPUS
Carlos Trinidad Ave, Salawag, Dasmariñas, Cavite

DEPARTMENT OF MATH AND SCIENCE

A RESEARCH PROJECT FOR CHEMISTRY FOR

ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGISTS

CHEMISTRY OF WATER
SUBMITTED BY:
LATRELL D. CASTRO
KYLE DECSON DEPOSITARIO
SCENT M’CADISH BAYLOSIS
CAREN VENERANDA
GWEN ALANO
NATANIEL MTSCHECK
KENSIE KYLE KAPAWAN
BET-CT-C-1B-C

SUBMITTED TO:
MR. RON KELVIN T. MIRANDA

1|Page
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. INTRODUCTION --------------------------------------------------------------- 3
II. STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF WATER ------------------------ 4
III. WATER CYCLE ---------------------------------------------------------------- 10
IV. WATER POLLUTION --------------------------------------------------------- 17
V. PHIL. WATER QUALITY STANDARD ----------------------------------- 21
VI. WATER TREATMENT PROCESS ----------------------------------------- 25
VII. REFERENCES ------------------------------------------------------------------- 30

2|Page
 I. Introduction
Water is one in every of the foremost basic necessities for all living organisms on Earth. It takes up a substantial
proportion of our planet's space, accounting for roughly 71 percent of the planet's total expanse. The study of the
availability, distribution, consumption, and movement of water is referred as hydrology. Water consists of three
states: solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (vapor), emphasizing the requirement of understanding water's structure,
composition, science behind. It is a transparent, colorless matter made from one oxygen atom covalently link
to two hydrogen atoms. Transpiration, evaporation, precipitation, condensation, and other processes continuously
perform water cycle within the Earth. Consumption and use of water is defined as water that's spontaneously
pulled from the ground or surface of the Earth and accustomed the continuous used until there are no enough
supply. Many industrial operations, like irrigation, electricity generation, bleaching, mining, and paper
production, are examples.
Based on the discovery of satellites, water seems to be a unique substance in the universe we have found. The
presence of water on Earth is noteworthy in itself, given that the Earth has few natural liquids. Water is the most
important household and industrial tool for humans and the most important food source. But perhaps most
importantly, water is an important part of all living things, accounting for two-thirds of the human body. After
the air we breathe, water is the most important substance in the world. We'll study the unique and distinct
chemistry of the water molecule in this research discussion. The chemistry of water presents it the capabilities
that make it so crucial - each to residing beings and to sculpting the earth's herbal ecosystems. We'll start by
discussing the structure and properties of water, then it’s cycle, after that, various pollutions that may occur within
the water, then the water quality standard of Philippines, and lastly the water treatment process

3|Page
 II. Structure and Properties of Water
Water a substance composed of the chemical element's hydrogen and oxygen and existing in gaseous, liquid, and
solid states. A tasteless and odorless liquid at room temperature, it has the important ability to dissolve many
other substances. Water is a compound because it is made up of water molecules. Water is a molecule compound
consists of polar molecules that have bent shape
• The scientific name for water is H2O. It is called H2O because it has two atoms of hydrogen (H) and one
atom of oxygen (O)

Because of their higher electronegativity of the oxygen atom, the bonds are polar covalent. The oxygen atom
attracts the shared electrons of the covalent bonds to a significantly greater extent than the hydrogen atoms. As a
result, the oxygen atom acquires a partial negative charge, while the hydrogen atoms each acquire a partial
positive charge.

4|Page
Polar molecules attract one another by dipole-dipole forces, as the positive end of one molecule is attracted to the
negative end of the nearby molecule. In the case of water, the highly polar. bonds results in very little electron
density around the hydrogen atoms. Each hydrogen atom is strongly attracted to the lone-pair electrons on an
adjacent oxygen atom. These are called hydrogen bonds and are stronger than conventional dipole-dipole forces.

Because each oxygen atom has two lone pairs, it can make hydrogen bonds to the hydrogen atoms of two separate
other molecules. The figure below shows the result—an approximately tetrahedral geometry around each oxygen
atom, consisting of two covalent bonds and two hydrogen bonds.

Properties of Water
Water is undoubtedly one of the essential compounds on planet earth. It is very important because it is one of the
things we need in our lives. many things we need water like it we use for drinking, bathing etc.
Properties of water
• Water is universal solvent - Water is a universal solvent because most substances dissolve in it. This is
one of the special properties of water, and it is made possible because of its polar characteristics

5|Page
• Water is polar – water is polar because oxygen and hydrogen have different electronegativity values.
Oxygen has two electrons pairs that repel each other and the electrons bonded to the hydrogen atoms

• Water has high surface tension – water has high surface tension because the hydrogen bonds pull the
molecules together into the smallest possible area.

6|Page
• Water can exist in solid, liquid or gaseous state – the solid state of water is ice, like when you put it in
cold place or in refrigerator the water will become solid. The liquid part of water is also water. And the
gaseous state of water is vapor.

• Water is less dense as a solid than as liquid – water in a liquid state keeps rebinding and changing its
shape while water in a solid state has a fixed shape with space between making its less dense

7|Page
• Boiling and freezing point – water boiling point is 100 and freezing & melting point of water is 0

• Cohesive and adhesive properties - water molecules attracted to each other and that is what we called
cohesion or cohesive and the adhesive is water is attracted also in other substances

• Capillary action - cohesion and adhesion cause water to crawl up narrow tubes. The narrower the tube
the higher the same mass of water can climb

8|Page
 Selected Physical Properties of Water
Molar Mass
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Maximum Density (At 3.98 °C)
Density (25 °C)
Vapour Pressure (25 °C)
Heat Of Fusion (0 °C)
Heat Of Vaporization (100 °C)
Heat Of Formation (25 °C)
Entropy Of Vaporization (25
°C)
Viscosity
Surface Tension (25 °C)
18.0151 grams per mole
0.00 °C
100.00 °C
1.0000 grams per cubic centimeter
0.99701 grams per cubic
centimeter
23.75 torr
6.010 kilojoules per mole
40.65 kilojoules per mole
−285.85 kilojoules per mole
118.8 joules per °C mole
0.8903 centipoise
71.97 dynes per centimeter
9|Page
 III. Water Cycle
The water cycle, sometimes referred to as the hydrologic or hydrological cycle, is a biogeochemical
cycle that depicts the continuous movement of water on, above, and beneath the Earth's surface. The mass of
water on Earth remains relatively constant over time, but the partitioning of water into the principal reservoirs of
ice, fresh water, saline water (Salt Water), and atmospheric water varies based on a variety of climate conditions.
The physical processes of evaporation, condensation, precipitation, infiltration, surface runoff, and subsurface
movement transport water from one reservoir to another, such as from a river to the ocean or from the ocean to
the atmosphere. Water takes in various forms during this process, including liquid, solid (ice), and vapor. The
water cycle involves energy exchange, which results in temperature shifts. Water absorbs energy from its
surroundings and cools the environment as it evaporates. It releases energy and heats the environment when it
condenses. These heat transfers have an impact on the climate.
Water is purified during the evaporative phase of the cycle, which subsequently replaces the land with
freshwater. Minerals are transported around the world by the passage of liquid water and ice. It also plays a role
in changing the Earth's geological characteristics through processes like as erosion and sedimentation. The water
cycle is also necessary for the survival of most living things and ecosystems on Earth

Summary:
The water cycle is the process through which water flows from the ground to the atmosphere, then back
to the ground and ocean. Evaporation, condensation, and precipitation are the three components of water cycle.
The sun is responsible for the water cycle.

10 | P a g e
Process:
Water in the oceans and seas is heated by the sun, which drives the water cycle. Water evaporates into
the air as water vapor. Some ice and snow sublimates into water vapor right away. Water transpired by plants and
evaporated from the soil is referred to as evapotranspiration. H2O has a lower molecular mass than the primary
components of the atmosphere, nitrogen (N2) and oxygen (O2), and hence is less dense. Buoyancy causes humid
air to rise due to the large difference in density. As you climb higher in height, the air pressure reduces and the
temperature drops (see Gas laws). Water vapor condenses as the temperature drops, forming small liquid water
droplets that are heavier than air and fall unless supported by an updraft. Cloud is formed when a significant
number of these droplets condense over a large area in the atmosphere, whereas fog is formed when condensation
occurs near ground level.

Cloud particles collide, grow, and fall out of the upper atmospheric layers as precipitation as a result of
atmospheric circulation. Snow, hail, and sleet can accumulate in ice caps and glaciers, which can store frozen
water for thousands of years. The majority of the water falls as rain, either into the ocean or onto land, where it
runs off as surface runoff. A portion of this runoff reaches rivers, where it is carried downstream by streamflow
to the oceans. Runoff and groundwater that emerges from the ground can be stored as freshwater in lakes. The
majority of runoff does not flow into rivers; instead, it soaks into the earth as infiltration. Some water seeps down
into the ground, replenishing aquifers, which can hold water for extended periods of time. Some infiltration occurs
near the surface of the land and can leak back into surface-water bodies (and the ocean) as groundwater discharge.
Some groundwater seeps through cracks in the land surface, forming freshwater springs. In the hyporheic zone of
river valleys and floodplains, there is frequently continuous water exchange between surface and subsurface
water. The water eventually returns to the ocean, completing the water cycle.

11 | P a g e
❖ Precipitation
Water vapor that has condensed and fallen on the Earth's surface. The majority of precipitation falls
as rain, but it also includes snow, hail, fog drip, graupel, and sleet. Each year, approximately 505,000 km3
(121,000 cu mi) of water falls as precipitation, with 398,000 km3 (95,000 cu mi) falling over the oceans.
The rain on land contains 107,000 km3 (26,000 cu mi) of water per year, while snowing contains only
1,000 km3 (240 cu mi).

❖ Subduction & Mineral Hydration

Seawater seeps into the oceanic lithosphere via cracks and pores, where it combines with minerals in the crust
and mantle to generate hydrous minerals (such as serpentine), which store water in their crystal structures.
Subducting slabs transfer water into the deep mantle via hydrous minerals. During subduction, a succession
of minerals in these slabs, such as serpentine, can stay stable at various pressures inside the slab geotherms,
allowing considerable amounts of water to be transported into the Earth's interior. Released fluids can cause
seismicity and melt inside the subducted plate and the overlying mantle wedge when plates descend and heat
up. This method of melting concentrates volatiles and delivers them into the overlaying plate in a controlled
manner. If an eruption occurs, the volatiles are released into the oceans and atmosphere through the cycle.

❖ Canopy Interception
Instead of falling to the earth, precipitation caught by plant leaf evaporates and returns to the
atmosphere.

❖ Snow Melt
Snowmelt runoff is a type of runoff that occurs when snow melts.

❖ Runoff

12 | P a g e
 Water travels through the earth in a variety of ways. This refers to both surface and channel runoff.
Water may seep into the earth, evaporate into the atmosphere, be stored in lakes or reservoirs, or be
exploited for agricultural or other human purposes as it flows

❖ Infiltration
The movement of water into the earth from the ground surface. The water becomes soil moisture or
groundwater once it has been infiltrated. However, a recent global study using water stable isotopes found
that not all soil moisture is equally available for groundwater recharge or plant transpiration.

❖ Subsurface Flow
The subsurface flow of water in the vadose zone and aquifers. Subsurface water may eventually leak into
the oceans or return to the surface (e.g., as a spring or by being pumped). Under the pull of gravity or
gravity-induced forces, water returns to the land surface at a lower elevation than where it penetrated.
Because groundwater moves slowly and is replenished slowly, it can last for thousands of years in aquifers.

13 | P a g e
❖ Evaporation
As water flows from the ground or bodies of water into the surrounding atmosphere, it changes from
a liquid to a gas. Solar radiation is the primary source of energy for evaporation. Evaporation frequently
involves plant transpiration, though the two are referred to as evapotranspiration when they are combined.
The total annual evapotranspiration is around 505,000 km3 (121,000 cu mi) of water, with 434,000 km3
(104,000 cu mi) evaporating from the oceans. Over the ocean, 86 percent of worldwide evaporation
occurs.

❖ Sublimation
By going through the liquid state, the state changes from solid water (snow or ice) to water vapor.

❖ Deposition
This refers to the transformation of water vapor into ice.

❖ Advection
Water's passage through the atmosphere. Water that evaporated over the oceans could not precipitate
over land without advection.

❖ Condensation
Clouds and fog are formed when water vapor condenses into liquid water droplets in the air.
❖ Transpiration
The release of water vapor into the atmosphere by plants and soil.

14 | P a g e
❖ Percolation
Under the effect of gravity, water travels vertically through the soil and rocks.

❖ Plate Tectonics
Subduction of oceanic crust allows water to enter the mantle. Volcanism brings water to the surface.

15 | P a g e
Effect of Water Cycle in Climate
Solar energy is used to power the water cycle. Evaporation from the ocean’s accounts for 86 percent of
worldwide evaporation, lowering ocean temperatures through evaporative cooling. The influence of evaporation
on the greenhouse effect would result in a much higher surface temperature of 67 °C (153 °F) and a warmer planet
without the cooling.
The pumping of fossil water and aquifer draining or over drafting increase the overall volume of water
in the hydrosphere, which has been suggested as a contributor to sea-level rise.

16 | P a g e
 IV. Water Pollution
Water is one of the most important commodities which man has exploited than any other resource for
sustenance of his life. Pure water is an animating fluid while polluted water is a real curse for living beings. Water
is uniquely vulnerable to pollution. Known as a “universal solvent,” water is able to dissolve more substances
than any other liquid on earth. It’s the reason we have Kool-Aid and brilliant blue waterfalls. It’s also why water
is so easily polluted. Toxic substances from farms, towns, and factories readily dissolve into and mix with it,
causing water pollution. when this harmful substance often chemicals or microorganism contaminate a stream,
river, lake, ocean, aquifer, or other body of water, degrading water quality and rendering it toxic to humans or the
environment
Polluted and unpotable water due to poor environmental sanitation has been the major cause of diseases
like diarrhea, dysentery, typhoid, fever, intestinal helminth, jaundice, cholera, etc. A lot of countries all over the
world especially in this generation has experiencing water pollution, one of these is Philippines, it is a developing
country that is also undergoing rapid urbanization and industrialization. This widespread problem of water
pollution is jeopardizing our health. Unsafe water kills more people each year than war and all other forms of
violence combined. Out of more than one hundred million Filipinos, nine million rely on unsafe water supplies.
In fact, water pollution in the Philippines and a lack of proper sewage kills 55 people every day. Due to water
pollution in the Philippines, the country is likely to face a shortage of water for sanitation, drinking, agriculture
and industrial purposes in the next ten years.

In an Asia Development Bank report, the Philippines’ regional group which includes Cambodia,
Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam have made gains in improving water security.
However, the region is home to a sixth of the global population and the poorest people in the world. With
agriculture consuming a staggering 80 percent of the region’s water, the region is a global hotspot for water
insecurity.

Major Causes of Water Pollution

• Rapid Urban Development.
• Improper Sewage Disposal
• Oil Spills.
• Chemical Waste Dumping

17 | P a g e
Impact of Water Pollution

The Environment
The main source of freshwater pollution can be attributed to the discharge of untreated waste, dumping of
industrial effluent, and run-off from agricultural fields. Industrial growth and urbanization are increasing the use
of synthetic substances that have a serious impact on our freshwater bodies. The main problem caused by water
pollution is the effect it has on aquatic life. Dead fish, birds, dolphins, and many other animals often wind up on
beaches, killed by pollutants in their habitat. Pollution disrupts the natural food chain as well. Pollutants such as
lead and cadmium are eaten by tiny animals. The tiny animals are consumed by fish and shellfish which continue
to disrupt higher levels of the food chain. Eventually, humans are affected by this process when they consume
seafood that has been poisoned. These bodies of water are highly polluted by humans and in result come right
back to hurt us.

Dead Fish

Human Heath

Dead Plants

Impact to Environment

18 | P a g e
The Wildlife

While we humans only feel the harmful consequences of water pollution when we consume contaminated
water, go swimming in polluted water sites or make aquatic life forms from polluted water bodies part of our diet,
animals are easier victims of the harmful effects of water pollution. While we have the option of treating polluted
water to make it safe and drinkable and we can always choose not to bathe in polluted waters or refrain from
eating aquatic animals, animals are not capable of resorting to any of these alternatives to escape the toxicity of
water that has been contaminated by human and industrial waste.

▪ Chemical contaminants carried by industrial wastes kill a lot of smaller aquatic organisms, such as frogs,
fish, tadpoles, etc. This, in turn, causes a loss of food source for bigger aquatic creatures, leading them to
either consume poisoned, dead fish and perish, or leave their natural habitat to go in search of food in
other aquatic quarters. Often, this leads to sickness and death of these animals due to the inability to adapt
to changed water temperatures, unfavorable tides, as well as exposure to new predators.
▪ An excess of nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus in the water, leads to an increased growth of toxic
algae and aquatic plants, that cause poisoning and death in fish and other animals who feed on them.

▪ Presence of huge quantities of mercury in water has led to a lot of undesirable changes in aquatic species.
Too much mercury leads to hormonal imbalances and glandular damage, leading to abnormal behavioral
shifts. Also, mercury is a toxic metallic chemical that gives a huge blow to the reproductive functions,
growth and development of animals, that are continuously exposed to high doses of it.
▪ Oil spills that introduce unhealthy amounts of oil into the marine environment also make marine animals
sick and lead to their unnatural deaths.

▪ Dumping solid trash such as plastic, metallic scrap, garbage, etc., may block aquatic channels, and can
also cause small animals to get trapped in the debris. Most water-dwelling animals tend to suffocate or
drown on being trapped and unable to swim.
▪ Polluted water used for irrigation also contaminates the soil and the agricultural produce. This may lead
to health issues in herbivorous animals who feed on agricultural plants and leftovers.

19 | P a g e
 Cycle of Wildlife in a Polluted Water

Water Hanger/
Pollution Death
H2o Toxicity

Human

Water pollution has such a diverse range of sources but all

have a major impact on the health and wellbeing of humans. Drinking
or using polluted water can result in health problems, such as
digestive issues, toxicity and death, or chronic toxicity and
neurological issues from more serious chemical pollution.

Waterborne pathogens are the most common cause of illness

in humans from polluted water. Diseases from the consumption of
contaminated water include giardia, typhoid, and cholera. Accidental
and illegal leaks from sewage facilities and runoff from urban areas
and agriculture farms occur even in wealthy nations, affecting
everyone’s water quality.

In fact, every year, the United Nations reports that 85,700

children die from diarrhea caused by contaminated water.

20 | P a g e
 V. Philippine Water Quality Standard

Administrative Order No. 2017 – 0010 | Philippines National Standards for Drinking Water 2017 (PNSDW)

Drinking water must be clear and free of unpleasant taste, odor, and color. It must be pleasant to drink and free
of all unwanted organisms, toxic compounds, and radionuclides in quantities that could endanger the consumer's
health.

Scope and Coverage

All drinking-water service providers, including government and corporate developers and operators, water
refilling station operators, and ice manufacturers, are subject to the 2017 PNSDW. It also applies to all food
places, residential, commercial, industrial, and institutional structures that use, supply or serve drinking water.

Guidelines
The general guidelines adhere to established standards for drinking-water quality, water sampling, and
examination of results. These standards are made up of three major elements: health-based targets defined by the
authority, properly managed water systems (implementation of a water safety plan), and an independent
surveillance system.

Republic Act 9275 – The Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004

The goal of the Philippine Clean Water Act is to preserve the country's water bodies from pollution caused by
land-based sources (industries and commercial facilities, agriculture, and community/household activities). It
establishes a comprehensive and integrated strategy for pollution prevention and reduction through a multi-
sectoral and participatory approach including all stakeholders.

Discharge of wastewater
All owners or operators of facilities that discharge wastewater are required to get a permit to discharge from the
DENR or the Laguna Lake Development Authority.

Domestic wastewater
The Department of Health (DOH) will create regulations and guidelines for sewage collection, treatment, and
disposal, as well as guidelines for establishing and operating a centralized sewage treatment system. The MWSS
(Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System) and other agencies responsible for providing water supply and
sewerage services must link existing sewage lines.

Fine and penalties

Anyone who commits prohibited acts such as discharging untreated wastewater into any water body will be fined
for every day of violation, the amount of not less than Php 10,000 but not more than Php 200,000.

21 | P a g e
Failure to undertake clean-up operations willfully shall be punished by imprisonment of not less than two years
and not more than four years. This also includes a fine of not less than Php 50,000 and not more than Php 100,000
per day of violation. Failure or refusal to clean up which results in serious injury or loss of life or lead to
irreversible water contamination of surface, ground, coastal and marine water shall be punished with
imprisonment of not less than 6 years and not more than 12 years and a fine of Php 500,000/day for each day the
contamination or omission continues.

22 | P a g e
23 | P a g e
24 | P a g e
 VI. Water Treatment Process
Water treatment is applied to enhance the quality of water. Microorganisms that are present within the
water has to be eliminate through disinfection in order to improve its quality. Studies proved that water treatment
is valuable in preserving the health of human life. Usually, the addition of chlorine or chlorine dioxide, as well as
the other methods such as ozonation, and ultraviolet irradiation, are used in water treatment process. For water
supply comes from the surface, such as lake, river, or dam, the removal of suspend particles are prioritized.
A common water treatment plant includes the following methods: (1) pretreatment to eliminate large
objects found in the pipelines which transports water from the supply to the plant, (2) softening/coagulation and
flocculation to remove the hardness of particles and the suspended particles, (3) filtering that removes tiny
particles that remains in the water stream, (4) activated carbon filter or air/water jet to sorb or oxidize any
dissolved organic matter, (5) disinfection to eliminate any traces of pathogens, and (6) storing of disinfected water
before dispensing to the consumers.

Standard Water Treatment Process

Water treatment plants usually uses a combination of coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, and
disinfection. These methods are the most used water treatment application in worldwide since early 20th century.

25 | P a g e
 1. SCREENING
Water supply from the surface usually consist of large objects, such as leaves, trash, fish, and logs. These are
removed to avoid clogging in the water treatment system. As the water pass through the tunnels of water treatment
plants, large screens are placed in the tunnels that covers the flow of the water, then the large debris remains and
further removed. These screens, must be cleaned from time to time in in order to avoid clogging of large number
of debris and cause disfunction in screening system.
2. COAGULATION AND FLOCCULATION
Coagulation and flocculation are generally the first stages in water treatment. Coagulation is the process of
adding aluminum or iron salts, such as ferric sulphate, ferric chloride or polymers, and aluminum sulphate, to the
water. Coagulants is the other terms for these chemicals, they contain positive charge, they neutralize the negative
charge of suspend and dissolve particles in the water. After the reaction happens, the water is mixed rapidly by
means of hydraulic and mechanical, then becomes slowly as the process continues. The hydraulic mixing allows
the particles to bind and clump together with the chemicals, known as coagulate. As the particles agglomerate
together through continues mixing, the particles become larger or known as the flocculation, as the bigger particles
become heavier and continues to flocculate, they set aside at the bottom part. In addition, coagulation can
eliminate some dissolve organic materials known as Natural Organic Matter or Dissolve Organic Carbon. The
water will now proceed in the next method.
3. SEDIMENTATION
As flocculate particles continue to get larger, they settle at the bottom part where water treatment occurs. This
process is known as sedimentation. Sedimentation allows to remove particles that are heavier than the water, and
reduced the particle being filtered in filtration process. The water continues to flow and placed in sedimentation
tanks, where sedimentation happens. In this process, the water speed decreases and flows slowly, allowing the
heavy particles or floc to sink at the bottom. The sludge located at the bottom part of the tanks collects the floc
26 | P a g e
particles, then piped to drying lagoons. The water with free suspend impurities will know flow without the
sediments. If direct filtration is applied, the sedimentation process is not included, and the floc is eliminated
through filtration only. The sedimentation eliminates almost 90% of suspended solids in the water. The
sedimented water flows through the filter tanks, where remaining percent of solids are removed.
4. FILTRATION
After sedimentation process, water moves through a filter used to remove small particles that were not removed
in sedimentation, this process is known as filtration. In filtration, water flows through a porous medium of filter,
the filtration system are composed of rapid rate multi-media gravity filter beds, which are layers of sand,
anthracite, gravel, or other granular material that can remove small scale of impurities. The layer arrangement of
filtration materials is usually; first is top layer of anthracite, layer of filter sand is placed in the middle, then garnet
sand or gravel is layered at the bottom part, and an underdrain system the stores the filtered water. These materials
act like a strainer that traps excess particles. The filtration system is cleaned through the process of backwashing,
water flows backwards in the filtration material which removes the trapped particles within it.
5. DISINFECTION
After the filtration process, water will now proceed in disinfection stage, where in a disinfectant is added in
order to eliminate disease -causing microorganisms, and as well as pathogenic organisms, such as bacteria,
parasites, virus present in the water. Pathogenic organisms are also known microbial bugs present in the water
which cause waterborne-diseases such as cholera, amoeba, giardiasis, typhoid, and dysentery. Chlorine is one of
the types of disinfectant used in disinfection process, it is also one of most effective disinfectant, and provides
protection against microbial contamination in the water distribution system.

WATER TREATMENT FACILITIES IN THE PHILIPPINES

MAYNILAD WATER TREATMENT SYSTEM

27 | P a g e
 PURE WATER CORPORATION

BULACAN WATER TREATMENT SYSTEM

EAST LA MESA WATER TREATMENT SYSTEM

EXAMPLES OF WATER TREATMENT EQUIPMENTS

28 | P a g e
29 | P a g e
Chlorine And Fluoride
Chlorine is dispersed in water for second time as a post-disinfection before it leaves the tunnel within
the water treatment plant. The post-disinfection of chlorine is applied to make sure that the water is safe to drink
or used when it flows toward the distribution system. Fluoride is also added in some water treatment plants,
researchers proved the fluoridated water aids in tooth development, strengthens the teeth, and as well as
prevents tooth decay

The Laboratory Process

For every water treatment plant, there are process laboratory to assure that the water treatments applied are
optimized and the resulting water is safe to consume. Water plant operators conducts daily testing on water
through continuous on-line monitoring of specific instrument. The tested and monitored water quality parameters
are for turbidity, hardness, conductivity, chlorine, alkalinity, dissolve oxygen, and pH level

References:
Structure and Properties of Water
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/introchem/chapter/the-structure-and-properties-of-water/
https://www.britannica.com/science/water

Water Cycle
https://www.nationalgeographic.org/photo/800px-water-cycle/
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Dehydration-and-melting-in-a-subduction-zone-In-subduction-zone-
settings-similar-to_fig1_232755650
https://brazos.org/About-Us/Education/Water-School/ArticleID/250
https://qsstudy.com/geology/subsurface-flow
https://www.sciencefacts.net/transpiration.html
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/percolation
https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/plate-tectonics
https://studiousguy.com/sublimation-examples/
Water Pollution

https://helpsavenature.com/effects-of-water-pollution-on-animals

30 | P a g e
Philippine Water Quality Standard
A DOH Document
RA 9275 – The Philippine Clean Water Act | EMB XII
https://emb.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/DAO-2016-08_WATER-QUALITY-GUIDELINES-AND-
GENERAL-EFFLUENT-STANDARDS.pdf
Water Treatment System
https://mwss.gov.ph/learn/how-water-is-being-processed/
https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/drinking/public/water_treatment.html
https://www.canoncity.org/180/Water-Treatment-Plant-Process

31 | P a g e