Chemistry Ch.

1: Keywords and End of Chapter Questions

1. Atmospheric pressure: the pressure of the atmosphere. The pressure evaporated gas particles
create over a heating liquid.
2. Boiling point: the point where a heated liquid stops stays in the same temperature as all the
heat goes toward creating energy in the particles to overcome the attractive forces and break
free from the liquid. The liquid at this stage has gas bubbles forming in bulk on the liquid as the
particles are quickly trying to escape.
3. Condensation: the process in which water vapor turns into liquid water as it touches a cool
surface/ gets cooled. The gas particles lose energy, get closer together and build attractive
forces, turning into liquid droplets.
4. Diffusion: the process by which liquid or gas particles spread randomly and haphazardly
throughout an area to reach an equilibrium (be spread equally).
5. Evaporation: the process by which particles at the surface of the liquid break free after
overcoming attractive forces and escaping.
6. Kinetic theory: theory that all matter consists of tiny particles that cannot be seen with the
naked eye and which differ from substance to substance (i.e being an atom, molecule or ion)
and that particles have energy within them causing them to move differently based on their
state of matter and the movement can change based on temperature change.
7. Matter: all substances and materials that the physical universe is composed of.
8. Melting point: as a solid is heated, it’s temperature increases and the particles gain kinetic
energy and vibrate within their positions faster and faster. However, at one point the
temperature of the solid stops increasing and all the heat gained is used for the particles to build
energy to move further apart and overcome attractive forces to turn into a liquid. This point is
called the melting point and after the solid turns into a liquid, the temperature of the liquid
increases very quickly within a short amount of time (steep increase in temperature)
9. Solids, Liquids, Gases: the three states of matter. Solids are not compressible. Liquids are
relatively compressible and gases are highly compressible. Solids have a fixed shape and volume,
liquids have a fixed volume but they take the shape of the container they’re placed in and gases
have neither a fixed volume or shape but they take the shape of the container.
10. Sublimation: the direct change of matter of solids into gases without passing through the liquid
state. Dry ice is solid carbon dioxide which siblimes into a gas at any temperature above -78
degrees Celsius.

Questions: (correct with notebook when its returned)

1.c- Oxygen gas particles loose their energy as they cool down and the attractive forces between them
start to form as they get closer together.
4.a- When taken out of the fridge, the block of butter’s temperature is very cool and when left for 15
minutes it starts to lose it’s cool, gaining energy and the particles vibrate faster and faster pushing each
other away and weakening the attractive forces. This causes the butter to lose its firm structure.
4.c- The air particles in the football loose their heat by the evening, causing them to lose their energy
and move less inside the ball, thus it becomes softer. When they’re moving fast, the particles collide
with the surface of the wall so now that they’re moving with less energy, they don’t collide with the wall
as much.
5.a- The gas particles of the hydrochloric acid and ammonia solution diffused and reacted on the
position where they met.
6.e-
i. input of heat energy: melting (B)
ii. output of heat energy: freezing (A)
7. The particles of the nickel (II) sulfate solution take a while to diffuse throughout the liquid because the
particles of the liquid move more slowly as they collide more often and slow each other down.