12/20/2016

ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
Dr. Lien Nguyen
School of Electrical Engineering
C3 - 106, tel. 3869 2511
email:lien.nguyenbich@hust.edu.vn

LESSON 7
Induction Machines

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1. Induction machines
• AC machine based on electromagnetic induction

• Rotor speed defers from rotating field speed (asynchronous)

• Hence 2 names: induction & asynchronous

2. Applications
• Both motor and generator mode; primarily used as induction motors

• General purpose motor of choice

• Cheap

• Robust

Induction motors consuming up to 70% of all electrical energy generated

• We only focus on induction motors

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3. Construction
3.1. Stator

• Cylindrical core

• Staked laminations
Stator & Rotor
• Evenly spaced slots for stator winding

Stator
Stator winding Evenly spaced slots

3.2. Rotor

• Staked laminations

• Slots for rotor winding

• Squirrel-cage windings

• Windings made of insulated wires

Stator & Rotor
2 types of motor: - squirrel-cage induction motor
- wound-rotor induction motor

Lamination of stator & rotor Rotor core & windings

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Squirrel-cage induction motor

• Squirrel-cage rotor
• Bare copper bars
• Bar ends welded to 2 end-rings (short-circuited)

Bare copper bar

Wound-rotor (slip-ring) induction motor

• Uniformly distributed in slots
• 3-phase windings like stator
• Usually connected in 3-wire wye
• Terminals connected to 3 slip rings
 3 brushes connected to external resistors
Windings To windings
Brushes

Three-phase sources
Brushes
Slip rings

Rotor Disadvantages, advantages

• Costly
Slip rings
Stator • Less reliable
Starting rheostat
• Reduced locked-rotor current
• Variable speed
• Suitable for accelerating high-inertia loads

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4. Rotating field in Induction Machines

A,B,C : Starting terminal
Connecting to a 3-phase source
X,Y,Z : Ending terminal
AX : i A  I m sin t
BY : iB  I m sin(t  120o )
Z B
CZ : iC  I m sin(t  120o ) 
X
A 
iA iB iC
1
 C
Y
0.5

Combined magnetic field

-0.5

-1
 Rotating field
0 1 2 3 4 5 6

* At t1 = 90o :

iA  I m  0 () at A () at X Z B

Im X
iB   0 () at Y () at B A 
2
 C
I Y
iC   m  0 () at Z () at C
2 
 1  1
C  m B  m total at t1 = 90o
2 2


A m

 3
total  m
2

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
* At t2 = 90o + 120o total at t2 = 90o + 120o
Z B

iB  I m  0 () at B () at Y 
 X
A
Im
iA   0 () at X () at A
2 Y C

Im
iC   0 () at Z () at C
2 
total at t2 = 90o + 240o
* At t3 = 90o + 240o Z B

 X
A
* At t4 = 90o + 360o
 
Y C


total at t3 = 90o + 360o

Conclusion: When applying a three-phase source Rotating magnetic field

* Features of the rotating field

- Rotating speed :

60f1 p: number of pole-pairs

n1 
p

- Rotating direction:

Phase order A-B-C  field rotating clock-wise

Interchange 2 of the lines: B-A-C B
C A
A B C
n1
 rotating in the opposite direction

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  1
- Magnitude of the flux 1 B  m
C   m
2 2

3
m3p  mp Z B 
2 A  m
A X  3
total  m
2
Y 1 C

total

5. Working principle
e2 => i2

Three-phase source
Fe
Rotating magnetic field passing through rotor 
conducting bars Me
n1
e2 => i2

Fe 
total
Me Rotor rotates with speed of n
n < n1 (if n = n1  Fe=0)
Difference between synchronous speed and rotor speed:
n1  n
s ( At full-load: s = 0,02 – 0,06 )
n1