PHILOSOPHY

REVIEWER

Philosophy
- the love of wisdom, the study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and
existence, especially when considered as an academic discipline
Reality
- the world or the state of things as they actually exist, as opposed to an idealistic or
notional idea of them
Existence
- the fact or state of living or having objective reality
Knowledge
- facts, information, and skills acquired by a person through experience or education; the
theoretical or practical understanding of a subject
Values
- a person's principles or standards of behavior; one's judgment of what is important in life
Reason
- a cause, explanation, or justification for an action or event
Mind
- the element of a person that enables them to be aware of the world and their experiences,
to think, and to feel; the faculty of consciousness and thought
Government
- the action or manner of controlling or regulating a nation, organization, or people
Trolley Problem
- a thought experiment in ethics (right or wrong)
Socrates
- a classical Greek philosopher credited as one of the founders of Western philosophy
Plato
- a philosopher in Classical Greece and the founder of the Academy in Athens, the first
institution of higher learning in the Western world
The Cave (an allegory)
- presented by the Greek philosopher Plato in his work Republic (514a-520a) to compare
"the effect of education and the lack of it on our nature
Aristotle
- an ancient Greek philosopher and scientist
Machiavelli (Niccolo)
- an Italian diplomat, politician, historian, philosopher, humanist, and writer of the
Renaissance period
The Prince
- a 16th-century political treatise, by the Italian diplomat and political theorist Niccolò
Machiavelli
Hobbes (Thomas)
- an English philosopher who is considered one of the founders of modern political
philosophy
The Leviathan
- an influential book written by Thomas Hobbes
Social Contract
- an implicit agreement among the members of a society to cooperate for social benefits
Locke (John)
- an English philosopher and physician, widely regarded as one of the most influential of
Enlightenment thinkers and commonly known as the "Father of Liberalism". Wrote the
Second Treatise of Government
Second Treatise of Government
- Locke claims that civil society was created for the protection of property
Adam Smith
- a Scottish economist, philosopher, and author. He was a moral philosopher, a pioneer of
political economy, and was a key figure during the Scottish Enlightenment era
The Wealth of Nations
- is the magnum opus of the Scottish economist and moral philosopher Adam Smith
Montesquieu
- a French lawyer, man of letters, and political philosopher who lived during the Age of
Enlightenment
Voltaire
- a French Enlightenment writer, historian, and philosopher famous for his wit, his attacks
on the established Catholic Church
Founders (US)
- were those individuals of the Thirteen Colonies in North America who led the American
Revolution against the authority of the British Crown in word and deed and contributed
to the establishment of the United States of America
Utilitarianism
- the doctrine that actions are right if they are useful or for the benefit of a majority
Doctrine of Double Effect
- says that if doing something morally good has a morally bad side-effect it's ethically OK
to do it providing the bad side-effect wasn't intended
Allegory
- a story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning, typically a
moral or political one
Ethics
- the principles of right and wrong that guide an individual in making decisions
Morality
- principles concerning the distinction between right and wrong or good and bad behavior
Morals
- the rules people develop as a result of cultural values and norms
Virtue
- a habitual and firm disposition to do good