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Homework #6

Independent sample data

The endurance scores of two independent groups of patients are as indicated in the following

table. The patients in the treatment group were randomly assigned the synthetic hormone

erythropoietin or EPO, while those in the control group were assigned a neutral harmless

substance.

Table 1

ID Score Group (1=EPO, 2 =Control)

1 12 1
2 5 1
3 11 1
4 11 1
5 9 1
6 18 1
7 7 2
8 3 2
9 4 2
10 6 2
11 3 2
12 13 2

The independent sample t-test is the appropriate test to evaluate the effect of the synthetic

hormone erythropoietin or EPO on the endurance level. Using the independent t-test, the

average endurance scores of the two independent groups are compared to determine whether

they differ significantly. The results of the independent sample t-test used to compare the

endurance scores of the treatment group and the control group are as follows.

Group Statistics

Group N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean

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EPO 6 11.00 4.243 1.732

Score
Control 6 6.00 3.795 1.549

Independent Samples Test

Levene's Test for t-test for Equality of Means

Equality of
Variances

F Sig. t df Sig. (2- Mean Std. Error 95% Confidence

tailed) Difference Difference Interval of the
Difference

Lower Upper

Equal
variances .000 1.000 2.152 10 .057 5.000 2.324 -.178 10.178
assumed
Score
Equal
variances not 2.152 9.878 .057 5.000 2.324 -.186 10.186
assumed

The null and alternative hypotheses used to evaluate the mean difference between the two

independent groups are as stated below.

H0: Average endurance scores of the EPO group and control group are equal.

H1: Average endurance scores of the EPO group and control group differ.

Significance level, a = 0.05

The obtained t-value from the independent t-test is 2.152. The p-value (Sig. 2-tailed) also

derived from the independent t-test is p = 0.057. This p-value is greater than the 0.05

significance level. Therefore, we fail to reject the null hypothesis and conclude that there is

no significant difference between the average endurance scores of the EPO group and the

control group. The results obtained from the independent t-test indicate no significant

differences between the average endurance scores of the two independent groups. This

implies that patients do not have better endurance when dope using the synthetic hormone

erythropoietin or EPO.
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Paired samples data

The following table indicates the endurance scores of patients assigned to both the treatment

and controlled conditions. The endurance level of each patient was measured twice, once

under EPO treatment conditions and the second time under controlled conditions.

Table 2

ID2 Doped Not doped

1 12 7
2 5 3
3 11 4
4 11 6
5 9 3
6 18 13

The paired sample t-test is the appropriate test to evaluate the effect of the synthetic hormone

erythropoietin or EPO on the endurance level. The results of the paired sample t-test are

indicated as follows.

Paired Samples Statistics

Mean N Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean

Doped 11.00 6 4.243 1.732

Pair 1
Not doped 6.00 6 3.795 1.549

Paired Samples Correlations

N Correlation Sig.

Pair 1 Doped & Not doped 6 .919 .010

Paired Samples Test

Paired Differences t df Sig. (2-

tailed)

Mean Std. Std. Error 95% Confidence

Deviation Mean Interval of the
Difference

Lower Upper

Pair Doped – Not

5.000 1.673 .683 3.244 6.756 7.319 5 .001
1 doped
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The following are the null and alternative hypotheses used to evaluate the effect of EPO

treatment on the endurance level of patients who participated in the experiment.

H0: The effect of EPO treatment on endurance level is not significant.

H1: The effect of EPO treatment on endurance level is significant.

Significance level, a = 0.05

In the paired sample t-test, the obtained t-value is 7.319. The p-value (Sig. 2-tailed) from the

paired sample t-test is p = 0.001. Notably, the p-value (p = 0.001) is less than the 0.05

significance level. Therefore, we reject the null hypothesis and conclude that the synthetic

hormone erythropoietin or EPO has a significant effect on the endurance level of patients.

These results imply that when patients dope using the synthetic hormone erythropoietin or

EPO, they have a better endurance level than when they have not doped.

The independent sample t-test and the paired sample t-test showed different results that led to

different conclusions. The independent t-test led to the failure to reject the null hypothesis

and the conclusion that the average endurance scores of the EPO treatment group and control

group do not differ significantly. Conversely, in the paired sample t-test, the null hypothesis

was rejected, and a conclusion was made that the synthetic hormone erythropoietin or EPO

has a significant effect on endurance level. Notably, the independent sample t-test compares

the means of two independent groups. However, the paired sample t-test evaluates the

difference between the paired scores of paired samples. Thus, in the paired sample t-test, the

endurance scores of a patient when doped and when not doped are compared. The differences

in the results and conclusions can therefore be attributed to the differences between the two

types of t-tests.
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Works Cited

Green, S. B. Using SPSS for Window and Macintosh: Analyzing and Understanding data

(5th ed.), Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. 2008.