1.

Distinguish the difference between belief in spirits and belief in the Holy
Spirit.
Every people have certain opinions on the things they belief in. One of which is
the belief in spirits, when we say spirits it is a supernatural existence of a being
that includes the connection of good and bad spirits. It can be in a form of a
persons soul and others. While belief in Holy Spirit comes with the relationship in
the christian theology that they called the third person of Holy Trinity. Unlike
spirit, Holy spirits are considered as divine and holy. The healing, expelling of
demons and speaking tongues are the examples of the Holy Spirits doing.

2. What is the relationship between religion and spirituality?

People often thinks that religion and spirituality are the same but in fact they have
different meaning but has a connection to each other. Religion is a specific
religious beliefs shared by many people while spirituality is more on self capacity
to explore life and develop practices. Their relationship is chained by one another
as if your lack in spirit then your religion is useless and vice versa. While having
a well formed religion will help you develop your spirituality personally.

3. Give at least 5 kinds of spiritual beliefs (animism) in the Philippines.

What are the reasons for having those spiritual beliefs?
· Talunanon- are believed to inhabit sacred trees, springs and other significant
features of the natural environment, all of which are treated with the utmost
respect. Behaviors of speech, thought and action are restricted in such holy
places in order to honor or pacify the talunanon, and to maintain balance
between the Ati world and that of the spirits.

· Anito- also spelled anitu, refers to ancestor spirits, nature spirits, and deities
in the indigenous Philippine folk religions from the precolonial age to the present,
although the term itself may have other meanings and associations depending on
the Filipino ethnic group. They believed that everything has a spirit, from rocks
and trees to animals and humans to natural phenomena.
 · Babaylan- someone who has the ability to mediate with the spirit world, has
her own spirit guides, and is given gifts of healing, foretelling, and insight. It
serves as intermediaries between spiritual and material worlds in their
communities.

· Shaman- someone who practices magic, foresees the future and cures
illness. It acts as a medium between the visible world and an invisible spirit world.

· Roman Catholic Christianity- Christian church that has been the decisive
spiritual force in the history of Western civilization. The Roman Catholic Church
traces its history to Jesus Christ and the Apostles.

4. Give 10 functions of religion in developing the spiritual self?

a) Religion serves as an emotional support and provides consolation since it

is a sense of comfort to a person during times of social and personal crises
such as serious injury, death of loved ones, etc.

b) Religion provides answers to ultimate questions such as “Why are we

here on earth?”, “Is there a supreme being?”, What happens after death?”,
etc.

c) Religion gives individuals a sense of identity since it enables them to

cope effectively with the many doubts and indignation of everyday life.

d) Religion provides a system of beliefs which people gather to belong to

something greater than themselves.

e) Religion provides rites of passage in performing ceremonies and rituals

which give meaning and a social significance to our life.

f) Religion acts as a psychotherapy. Such a hopeful perception helps the

people who are suffering in alleviating his/her personal and social crisis.

g) Psychologizing religion provides peace of mind, promises prosperity and

success in life, as well as effective and happy human relations.

h) Religion strengthens self-confidence because it gives strength to the

individual and boosts morale.

i) Religion promotes welfare because of the influence of religious belief

different organizations and individuals engage themselves in various welfare
activities.
 j) Religion serves as an agent of social change since it provides individuals
with an unshakable foundation of social criticism which later on becomes the
basis of social change.

5. Enumerate at least 5 functions of the political self.

6. Explain the origin of the political self. Discuss how the family, school,
church, peer groups, and media affect the development of the political
Self.

7. Identify current political issues in the Philippines and recount the

circumstances that led to the issues. As a citizen, what can you do to
prevent the issues from recurring?
CURRENT POLITICAL ISSUES IN THE PHILIPPINES
• FREEDOM OF MEDIA
It started when CEO Maria Ressa was convicted by a court in Manila because of
cyber libel. Additionally, the Philippine Congress in which President Duterte, who
manages a large majority, voted not to extend the franchise of ABS-CBN—
country’s largest television network. This led to the closure of ABS-CBN.
• MASS VACCINATION PROGRAM
The delays in vaccine appropriation because of the tight supply of the vaccines,
the government prioritize the groups and regions which will receive additional
supplies. However, due to the rise of new cases, many local officials expressed
their complaints regarding the slow and insufficient distribution of vaccines. As
well as the hesitancy of the Filipinos to be vaccinated considering their fears of
its severe effects.
• POLITICAL KILLINGS, THREATS, HARASSMENT
The attacks against the activists and since 2015 human rights defenders and
activists are being killed. A new Anti-Terrorism Law was signed by President
Duterte containing an overboard and vague provisions that the government can
use to unjustly target critics.
 • DEATH PENALTY
In 2020, the Philippine government began to earnestly consider the law to
reinstitute death penalty. Due to the State of the Nation Address of President
Duterte calls for capital punishment through lethal injection to the drug offenders.
• COVID-19
● As of the record, the Philippines had one of the highest numbers of
confirmed of COVID-19 cases in Southeast Asia. Consequently, Duterte
Administration’s response to this issue has been led by the military forces
that resulted in human rights abuses. In addition to that the government
has utilized varying types of quarantines and lockdowns. Abuses were
reported because of curfews and overcrowded facilities heightening the
risk of contracting the virus.

As a citizen of the Philippines, I want a better country for the people to live in, a
country where there is no unjust behavior and abuse of power ruling. That is why
I must educate my fellow citizens about what is happening to our country and the
need for change because many people are suffering due to our system. Even
more so that the national elections are fast-approaching, each and every one
should use their right to vote and vote for the person that is deserving of the
position who uses not just his/her mouth but does the job expected from him/her.
References:

https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2021/country-chapters/philippines

https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2021/7/13/COVID-19-vaccination-Philippines-
SONA-Duterte.html

8. Give at least three problems that ail Philippine political system. Explain
how these problems can affect your political views and beliefs. Discuss
your answers.
PROBLEMS THAT AIL PHILIPPINE POLITICAL SYSTEM

· POLITICAL DYNASTIES

For how many years now, it has been going on even up to now and
this act of political families monopolizing political power from
generation to the next and treating this as their personal property.
This action of the politicians should stop because this is not a
possession but a responsibility to be done as person in position.

· CORRUPTION

Being in the position doesn’t give the right to the person to take the
money of the people because it shouldn’t be used for personal gain
but for the good of the people. As a politician, the people trusts your
capabilities however, if you’re a corrupt politician are you still
deserving of their trust? Imagine the cost we paid because of
corruption whether in politically, socially, environmentally and
economically.

· ABUSING OF POWER

Given the power to make the lives of the Filipino people better is
what their job entails not the other way around. Not by using the
position of power to make unjust advantage among individuals,
organizations and government.

· POLITICIZING EVEN AMIDST THE PANDEMIC

During this time of pandemic, the people need a proper response to

mitigate spread of virus from the government. This is not the time to
fight against differences rather to come together amidst the
differences and have one goal. Therefore, the need to take action
from the government for the welfare of all and not just a few.
9. What are the basic ethical issues to consider when sharing personal
information in social networks?

Ethical Issues to consider:

• The internet probably has personal data about you
• Data about you are visible
• Most of Networking Companies are giving you service in exchange for your data
• Personal Data is kept for a long time, and you cannot get it back.
Most of us have been using technology for the longest time and it is not new to us when
other websites ask for our personal information such as our names, age, birthdate, etc.
As eager as we are in trying these websites and apps, we immediately give away our
personal information not knowing the ethical issues we might face or get after using it.
We should always remember to only give our personal information to websites that are
secured and to websites that are credible because with a lot of hackers around, we will
never know what problems we might get when giving away our information.

10. Give 10 advantages of the Data Privacy Act of 2012?

● It protects the personal data of individuals who deal with offshore businesses.
● It prevents the dissemination of personal data to other people or most especially
to those businesses that make use of it.
● Confidentiality will be evident throughout your transaction with different websites
and services.
● Safety of the individual and their information will be secured.
● It imposes tighter requirements in the handling of personal data.
● Different organizations like banks, schools and workplaces are entitled to comply
with the Data Privacy Act.
● It provides privacy to the people who want to stay private and respects the
individual’s decision/ wish.
● It prevents people from using your information most especially for unethical
deeds.
 ● It brings about the feeling of safety and relief towards people who are anxious
with getting their information out of them.
● It brings out the best interest for the business owners/ service givers and to their
customers as well.

SOURCES/ REFERENCES:

Sources:

Question 3:

https://www.aswangproject.com/understand-philippine-mythology-animism/

https://artsandculture.google.com/entity/anito/g11f2wjbq4b?hl=en

https://www.centerforbabaylanstudies.org/history

https://filipinawomensnetwork.org/epahayagan/did-you-know-pre-colonial-philippines-
longstanding-tradition-of-women-leadership-and-mysticism

https://www.britannica.com/topic/Roman-Catholicism

Question 4:

https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/sociology/religious-institutions/religion-3-most-important-
functions-of-religion/31380

https://www.preservearticles.com/articles/10-most-important-functions-of-religion/4473