PROKARYOTES

Pages: 316 -344

 LEARNING OUTCOMES

 Differentiate the alpha, beta, gamma, delta and epsilon-proteobacteria

 Differentiate planctomycetes, chlamydias, Bacteroidetes, Cytophaga, and Fusobacteria
 Compare and contrast purple and green photosynthetic bacteria with the cyanobacteria
 Describe the features of spirochetes and Deinococcus
 Differentiate the genera of firmicutes, actinobacteria
 Identify a habitat for each group of archaea
 List two factors that contribute to the limits of our knowledge of microbial diversity.
 INTRODUCTION

 In the second edition of Bergey’s Manual,

prokaryotes are brokendown into two domains
 Archaea
 Bacteria

https://goo.gl/images/GKjU39
 BACTERIA

PROTEOBACTERIA FUSOBACTERIA

NON-
BACTEROIDETES
PROTEOBACTERIA

FIRMICUTES SPIROCHAETES

ACTINOBACTERIA CHLAMYDIAE

GRAM
POSITIVES
 PROTEOBACTERIA
 The word “proteo” comes from the name of Greek god “Proteus” that have the ability to assume
many shapes
 Proteobacteria are chemoheterotrophic Gram negative bacteria
 Largest taxonomic group of bacteria
 Consist of five classes:
 Alphaproteobacteria
 Betaproteobacteria
 Gammaproteobacteria
 Deltaproteobacteria
 Epsilonproteobacteria
ALPHAPROTEOBACTERIA
 ALPHAPROTEOBACTERIA

 Most are capable of growing with very low levels of

nutrients
 Many have stalks or buds known as prosthecae
 Includes many agriculturally important bacteria capable
of nitrogen fixing and plant symbioses as well as several https://goo.gl/images/Nse3Ta
plant and human pathogens

https://goo.gl/images/yn34Bp

https://goo.gl/images/ZivTu2
 ALPHAPROTEOBACTERIA
 Pelagibacter
 The most abundant microorganisms on earth
 P. ubique
 First member of this group to be successfully cultured
 Extremely small (0.3µm)
 Azospirillum https://goo.gl/images/uh8wm8

 Close association with roots of many plants eg.Tropical

grasses
 Uses nutrients excreted by plants and fixes https://goo.gl/images/y6mCmH

atmospheric nitrogen
 Acetobacter & Gluconobacter
 Industrially important aerobic bacteria
https://goo.gl/images/TT9PLV
 Converts ethanol to acetic acid  vinegar production
 ALPHAPROTEOBACTERIA

 Rickettsia
 Reproduce obligately in mammalian cells (intracellular parasite)
 Transmitted by insect and flea bites
 Cause spotted fevers
 R. prowazekii: epidemic typhus
 R. typhi: endemic murine typhus
 R. rickettsii: Rocky Mountain spotted fever
https://goo.gl/images/LMdSXo
 Enter host cell by inducing phagocytosis
 Require cell culture for cultivation
 ALPHAPROTEOBACTERIA

 Ehrlichia
 Live obligately in white blood cells
 Transmitted by tick  ehrlichiosis (maybe fatal)
 Caulobacter & Hyphomicrobium
 Low nutrient aquatic environment, produces stalk
for anchorage to surfaces - prosthecae
 When nutrient is exceptionally low, size of stalk
increases to increase surface area for nutrient
https://goo.gl/images/yX6RRY https://goo.gl/images/ZivTu2
absorption
 Reproduce by budding
Taken from Tortora, Funke and Chase. Microbiology: An Introduction. (12 Ed.) Pearson
 ALPHAPROTEOBACTERIA

 Rhizobium & Bradyrhizobium

 Agriculturally important bacteria, infects the roots of leguminous plants eg. Beans and peas  nodules
 Fixes atmospheric nitrogen for plants and benefits by absorbing nutrient from plants
 Agrobacterium
 Have the ability to invade plants
 Do not produce nodules nor fixes nitrogen
 Causes disease in plant  crown gall
 Has been used by molecular biologist to introduce genes via plasmid to plants
 ALPHAPROTEOBACTERIA

https://goo.gl/images/y2LPze https://goo.gl/images/DBsmvT

https://goo.gl/images/FghMnM
 ALPHAPROTEOBACTERIA

 Bartonella
 Contains several members of human pathogens
 B. henselae – cat-scratch disease
 Brucella
 Obligate parasite of mammals  brucellosis
 Able to survive phagocytosis
 Wolbachia
 Most common infectious bacterial genus in the world
 Live as endosymbiont in cells of insects and
invertebrates
https://goo.gl/images/1wdkhf
 ALPHAPROTEOBACTERIA

 Nitrobacter & Nitrosomonas

 Nitrifying bacteria
 Converts ammonium to nitrates and nitrites

https://goo.gl/images/jrSSfb
BETAPROTEOBACTERIA
 BETAPROTEOBACTERIA
Sphaerotilus
 Uses nutrient substances diffuse away from areas of
anaerobic decomposition Sphaerotilus
 Acidithiobacillus
 Sulfur oxidizing bacteria – important for sulfur cycle
 Spirillum
 Habitat  fresh water, Motile by flagella
 Sphaerotilus
 Found in freshwater and sewage
 Form sheaths to aid in protection and nutrient
gathering
https://goo.gl/images/hFcxaV
 Contributes to bulking  important problem in
sewage treatment https://goo.gl/images/Wr2whU
 BETAPROTEOBACTERIA

 Bukholderia
Bukholderia
 Formerly grouped under Pseudomonas
 Motile either by single flagellum or a turf of flagella
 B. cepacia
 Able to degrade more than 100 different organic
molecules
 Big problem in medical apparatus and drugs
contamination
 Also pose as threat to those with cystic fibrosis
https://goo.gl/images/4oXAKw
(genetic lung disease) where they metabolize
respiratory secretions
 Bordetella
 Nonmotile
 B. pertussis – causative agent for whooping cough

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CQXEUqGu9nc

https://goo.gl/images/ypPShS
 BETAPROTEOBACTERIA

 Neisseria
 Aerobic cocci
 Inhabit the mucus membranes
 N. gonorrhoea – diplococci that causes the STD gonorrhea
 N. meningiditis – meningococcal meningitis
 Zooglea
 Important in aerobic sewage treatment
 Form fluffy, slimy masses that are essential to the proper operation
of such system
GAMMAPROTEOBACTERIA
 GAMMAPROTEOBACTERIA

 Beggiatoa – B. alba (only species)

 Grow in aquatic sediments between aerobic
and anaerobic
 Non-photosynthetic filamentous bacteria F. tularensis
 Motile by gliding
 Uses hydrogen sulphide as energy source and
accumulate sulfur granules
 Francisella
 Small pleomorphic bacteria
 Grow on complex media enriched with blood https://goo.gl/images/FMh3GE

 F. tularensis  tularemia
 GAMMAPROTEOBACTERIA
Taken from Tortora, Funke and Chase. Microbiology:
An Introduction. (12 Ed.) Pearson

 Pseudomonadales
 Pseudomonas
 Aerobic rods, motile by either single or turf flagella
 Common in soil and other natural environment
 Many species excrete water-soluble pigments
 P. aeruginosa
 Metabolically diverse
 Polar flagella
 Opportunistic pathogen
 Infect urinary tract, burns, wounds and can cause septicaemia (blood infection)
 Highly resistant to harsh chemicals and antibiotics  medical concern
 GAMMAPROTEOBACTERIA
 Pseudomonadales (cont.)
Moraxella nonliquefaciens
 Azotobacter & Azomonas
 Nitrogen fixing
 Moraxella
 Strictly aerobic coccobacilli
 M. lacunata: causes conjunctivitis
 Acinetobacter
 coccobacilli
 A. baumanii: respiratory pathogen; resistant to
antibiotics https://goo.gl/images/7p2goF

 Nosocomial infection
 GAMMAPROTEOBACTERIA
 Legionellales
 Legionella
 Require special culture media to be cultivated
 Relatively common in streams
 Colonize habitat such as warm-water supply lines in
hospitals and water in cooling towers of air
condition
 Coxiella
 Require mammalian cells to reproduce
 C. burnetti – etiological agent for Q-fever https://goo.gl/images/5nJd3w

 Produces sporelike bodies – high resistant to

stresses and treatment
 GAMMAPROTEOBACTERIA
https://goo.gl/images/5JsJp4

 Vibrionales
 Gram negative facultative anaerobe rods
 Found mostly in aquatic environment
 Vibrio
 Slightly curved rods
 V. cholera – etiological agent for cholera
 V. parahaemolyticus – less serious gastroenteritis
transmitted by raw or undercooked shellfish Vibrio strains on a Thiosulphate Citrate
Bile Salts Sucrose Agar ( TCBS agar): a
mixture of Vibrio cholerae (yellow) and
Vibrio parahaemolyticus (green)

https://goo.gl/images/PThTYP
 GAMMAPROTEOBACTERIA

 Enterobacteriales
 Gram negative facultative anaerobe straight rods
 Commonly referred to as enterics because they inhabit intestinal tracts of human and animals
 Most are active fermenters of glucose and other carbohydrates
 Have fimbriae for attachment
 Important genera includes Escherichia, Salmonella, Shigella, Klebsiella, Serratia, Proteus,Yersinia, Erwinia,
Enterobacter
 GAMMAPROTEOBACTERIA
 Enterobacteriales
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZmtjuCvzjOQ
 Escherichia
 E. coli = the most common inhabitants of
human intestinal tract
 Widely studied
 Presence in food and water is associated
with fecal contamination
 Not usually pathogenic however can cause
urinary tract infection
 E. coli O157:H7 – produce enterotoxin
causing traveller’s diarrhea (serious
foodborne disease)
 GAMMAPROTEOBACTERIA
 Enterobacteriales
 Salmonella typhoid fever rash
 Potentially pathogenic
 S. enterica
 Over 2400 serovar (serological varieties)
 S. enterica serovar Typhimurium – causes
gastroenteritis
 S. enterica serovar Typhi – causes typhoid
fever
 Others causes milder gastroenteritis called
https://goo.gl/images/MsYezS
salmonellosis
 GAMMAPROTEOBACTERIA
 Enterobacteriales
 Shigella
 Responsible for bacillary dysentery or shigellosis which may be life-threatening
S. marcescens
 Klebsiella
 Commonly found in water and soil
 Many are nitrogen fixing bacteria
 K. pneumoniae – cause pneumonia in human
 Serratia
 S. marcescens – produce red pigment https://goo.gl/images/q2fmQJ

 Problematic in hospital catheters, saline irrigation and other supposedly sterile solution
 Causes urinary and respiratory infection
 GAMMAPROTEOBACTERIA
 Enterobacteriales
 Proteus
 Swarming growth due to swarmer cells with many
flagella
 Implicated in many urinary tract and wound
infections
 Yersinia
 Y. pestis – causative agent for plague (Black Death
of medieval Europe
 Carried by fleas rats and squirrels
https://goo.gl/images/d9vGYH https://goo.gl/images/Vw8PuA
 Erwinia
 Primarily plant pathogen causing soft-rot disease
 Produces enzymes that hydrolysed pectin
 GAMMAPROTEOBACTERIA
 Enterobacteriales
 Enterobacter
 E. cloacae & E. aerogenes – urinary tract and hospital acquired infection
 Cronobacter
 C. sakazakii – meningitis and necrotizing enterocolitis in infants
C. sakazakii

https://goo.gl/images/YvD4fg
https://goo.gl/images/jZ1Yku
 GAMMAPROTEOBACTERIA
 Enterobacteriales
 Pasteurellales H. influenzae
 Pasteurella – pathogen of domestic animals
 Causes sepsis especially in animals, fowl cholera
 Eg. P. multocida
 Haemophilus
 Pathogenic bacteria
 Inhabit mucous membrane of upper respiratory
tract, mouth, intestinal tract and vagina
 H. influenzae
https://goo.gl/images/bWRqFN
 Common cause of meningitis in young children,
epiglottitis, septic arthritis in children,
bronchitis and pneumonia
DELTAPROTEOBACTERIA
 DELTAPROTEOBACTERIA
 Distinctive in that they include some bacteria the are predators of other bacteria
 Important in sulfur cycle
 Bdellovibrio
 Attcks other Gram negative bacteria
 “bdella” = leach, attach themselves to other bacteria and reproduce within the periplasm before host cell
burst to release Bdellovibrio cells
 Desulfovibrionales
 Sulfur reducing bacteria
 Found in anaerobic sediments and in the intestinal tract of human and animals
 Myxococcales
 Fruiting and gliding bacteria leaving slime trail as they move
EPSILONPROTEOBACTERIA
 EPSILONPROTEOBACTERIA
C. jejuni
 Slender Gram negative rods that are helical or curved
 Camphylobacter
 Microaerophilic with one polar flagellum
 C. fetus – causes spontaneous abortion in domestic animals
 C. jejuni – leading cause of outbreaks of foodborne intestinal
disease https://goo.gl/images/ENNrsG

 Helicobacter
 Microaerophilic curved rods with multiple flagella
 H. pylori – most common cause of peptic ulcers in human
 May cause stomach cancer

https://goo.gl/images/YcG9S9
NONPROTEOBACTERIA
 CYANOBACTERIA
 Named after their characteristic blue-green (cyan) pigmentation
 Carry out oxygenic photosynthesis Heterocysts

 Many contain heterocysts, specialized cells containing enzymes

that can fix atmospheric nitrogen
 Usually have gas vesicles that provide buoyancy Filamentous cyanobacterium
showing heterocysts, in which
 Unicellular or filamentous nitrogen-fixing activity is located
 THE PHYLA CHLOROBI AND CHLOROFLEXI
(THE ANOXYGENIC PHOTOSYNTHETIC BACTERIA)
Chlorobi
 Carry out anoxygenic photosynthesis

https://goo.gl/images/EfWaf1
 Green sulfur: phylum Chlorobi
Chloroflexi filaments shine in green
 Green nonsulfur: phylum Chloroflexi
 Purple sulfur and purple nonsulfur photosynthetic
bacteria are either placed in alphaproteobacterial or
gammaproteobacteria

https://goo.gl/images/zJeqBj
 CHLAMYDIAE

 Do not contain peptidoglycan in the cell wall; grow

intracellularly
Elementary body
 Chlamydia and Chlamydophila
 Gram negative coccoid
Reticulate body
 Form an elementary body - that is infective agent
 Chlamydia trachomatis causes trachoma and urethritis
Intermediate body
 Chlamydophila psittaci causes respiratory psittacosis
 Often cultivated in laboratory animals, cell cultures or in
yolk sac of embryonated eggs
 The elementary bodies Elementary body The bacterium's infectious
are released from the form, the elementary
host cell. body, attaches to a host
cell.

Nucleus
The reticulate bodies
begin to convert back to
elementary bodies. The host cell phagocytizes
the elementary body,
Host cell housing it in a vacuole.

Vacuole forming

Vacuole

Reticulate body

The reticulate body divides

The elementary body
successively, producing
reorganizes to form a
multiple reticulate bodies.
reticulate body.

Life cycle of the chlamydias, which takes about 48 hours to complete

 PLANCTOMYCETES
 Budding aquatic bacteria that produces stalk, have cell wall that resembles archaea
 Gemmata obscuriglobus has a membrane around DNA resembling a eukaryotic nucleus

Nucleoid

Nuclear
envelope Figure 11.16 Gemmata obscuriglobus.
 OTHER NONPROTEOBACTERIA
 Bacteroidetes Fusobacterium nucleatum
Bacteroides
 Anaerobic
 Bacteroides are found in the mouth and large
intestine
 Cytophaga degrade cellulose in soil
 Fusobacteria
 Anaerobic
 Fusobacterium nucleatum - found in the mouth; cause
dental abscesses
https://goo.gl/images/k3mHKK https://goo.gl/images/yntNZk
 OTHER NONPROTEOBACTERIA
 Spirochaetes T. pallidum Leptospira

 Coiled and move via axial filaments

 Treponema
 T. pallidum causes syphilis
 Borrelia https://goo.gl/images/T7wezr
https://goo.gl/images/5kpauS
 B. burgdorferi - causes relapsing fever and
Lyme disease B. burgdorferi

 Leptospira
 Excreted in animal urine

https://goo.gl/images/ryNZQ1
 OTHER NONPROTEOBACTERIA
Thermus aquaticus
 Deinococci
 Deinococcus radiodurans
 More resistant to radiation than
endospores
 Thermus aquaticus
https://goo.gl/images/CazYvD
 Found in a hot spring in Yellowstone
National Park
 Source of Taq polymerase

https://goo.gl/images/bsyXqZ
 GRAM POSITIVES:
(1). FIRMICUTES
(2). ACTINOBACTERIA
 BACTERIA

PROTEOBACTERIA FUSOBACTERIA

NON-
BACTEROIDETES
PROTEOBACTERIA

FIRMICUTES SPIROCHAETES

ACTINOBACTERIA CHLAMYDIAE
 FIRMICUTES
 Low GC content Gram positive bacteria
 Includes
 endospore-forming bacteria
 Clostridium
 Bacillus
 medically important genera
 Staphylococcus
 Enterococcus
 Streptococcus
 Industrially important genera
 Lactobacillus
 FIRMICUTES
 Clostridiales
 Clostridium
 Rod shaped obligate anaerobes capable
of forming spores
 C. tetani – causative agent for tetanus
 C. botulinum – causative agent for
botulism
 C. perfringens – causative agent for
https://goo.gl/images/HqRhbJ
gangrene as well as foodborne diarrhea https://goo.gl/images/VRHzzM

 C. difficile – common cause of serious

diarrhea
 FIRMICUTES
 Clostridiales
 Epulopiscium
 Can be seen with the unaided eye (80 x
600 um)
 Daughter cells form within the parent
cell; no binary fission
 Although they exhibit many eukaryotic
characteristics, ribosomal DNA analysis
conclusively placed Epulopiscium with
the prokaryotes
 FIRMICUTES
 Clostridiales
 Bacillales
 Bacillus
 Produce endospore
 Common in soil, only a few are pathogenic
 Several species produced antibiotics
 B. thuringiensis – Bt toxin (effective against insect)
 B. anthracis – causes anthrax a zoonotic disease of
cattle sheep and horses
https://goo.gl/images/UPt4hw
 B. cereus – occasionally cause food poisoning
https://goo.gl/images/A9Nti6
 FIRMICUTES
 Clostridiales S. aureus
 Bacillales
 Staphylococcus
 Grape-like cluster of cocci
 S. aureus
 Named for it’s yellow pigmented colonies
(aureus = golden)
https://goo.gl/images/KhvaJM
 Facultative anaerobe
 Causes wound infection
 Toxin (enterotoxin) causes toxic shock syndrome (TSS) – high fever, vomiting and may
cause death
 FIRMICUTES
 Clostridiales
 Lactobacillales
 Lactobacillus
 Lactic acid producing bacteria
 In human, natural microflora of https://goo.gl/images/ZBrqPN
vagina, intestinal tract and oral
cavity
 Commercial use in production of
sauerkraut, pickles, buttermilk and
yogurt
https://goo.gl/images/Dbzj2o
 L. rhamnosus – probiotic
 L. casei Shirota – probiotic (yakult)
https://goo.gl/images/r21qzE
 FIRMICUTES
 Clostridiales
 Lactobacillales
 Streptococcus
 Spherical in shaped & appear in chains
 Pathogenic streptococci produces
 substances that can destroy phagocytic cells,
 enzymes that digest host’s connective
tissues
 enzymes that digest fibrin to prevent blood
clot and promote the spread of infection https://goo.gl/images/VpxuPS
 FIRMICUTES
Scarlet fever symptoms
 Clostridiales
 Lactobacillales
 Streptococcus
 Beta-hemolytic streptococci
 Produces hemolysin that forms clear zone https://goo.gl/images/sXSvN9
https://goo.gl/images/PNV9to
on blood agar
erysipelas impetigo
 M protein – avoid phagocytosis (virulence
factor)
 S. pyogenes (Group A) – scarlet fever,
pharyngitis (sore throat), erysipelas, impetigo
and rheumatic fever
https://goo.gl/images/Wgvupi
 S. agalactiae (Group B) – neonatal sepsis
https://goo.gl/images/E1D2hx
https://goo.gl/images/yMue8R
 FIRMICUTES
 Clostridiales
 Lactobacillales
 Streptococcus
 Non beta-hemolytic streptococci
 Alpha-hemolytic - produces hemolysin that
forms greening zone on blood agar (partial
destruction of blood cells)
 S. pneumoniae – pneumonia
 S. mutans - causes dental caries

https://goo.gl/images/rQLe47
 FIRMICUTES
 Clostridiales
 Lactobacillales
 Enterococcus
 Adapted to areas in body where nutrient is high
but oxygen is low - GIT, vagina and oral cavity
 Also found in large numbers in human stool
 Leading cause of nosocomial infection
 E. faecalis & E. faecium – infection of surgical
wounds and urinary tract
 Often cause complications in hospital invasive
https://goo.gl/images/h64wa4
procedures
 FIRMICUTES
 Clostridiales
 Lactobacillales
 Listeria
 L. monocytogenes –
 contaminate food, especially dairy products
 Survive within phagocytic cells
 Capable of growth at refrigeration
temperature https://goo.gl/images/5k5U50
 In pregnant women, may cause stillbirth or
serious damage to fetus
 FIRMICUTES
 Clostridiales
 Mycoplasmatales
 Highly pleomorphic
 Can produce filaments that resembles fungi
 Mycoplasma
 Very small (0.1 – 0.25 um)
 Can easily pass through filters
 M. pneumoniae – mild pneumonia
https://goo.gl/images/9q4Edl
 Colonies grown on plate resembles “fried egg”
 BACTERIA

PROTEOBACTERIA FUSOBACTERIA

NON-
BACTEROIDETES
PROTEOBACTERIA

FIRMICUTES SPIROCHAETES

ACTINOBACTERIA CHLAMYDIAE
 ACTINOBACTERIA

 High GC content Gram positive bacteria

 Many are pleomorphic
 Consist of several important pathogens
 “action” in Greek = ray; because they have a radiated or
starlike form of growth due to often-branching filaments
 Morphologically resembles fungi
 Filamentous bacteria

https://goo.gl/images/CKduQN
 ACTINOBACTERIA
leprosy

 Mycobacterium (not Mycoplasma!!)

 Aerobic non-spore forming rods
 Acid-fast – mycolic acid forms a waxy external layer
 highly resistant to environmental stresses like
drying https://goo.gl/images/h11KcB

 Nutrient pass through this layer very slowly  slow

growth rate
 M. tuberculosis – causes tuberculosis
 M. leprae – causes leprosy

https://goo.gl/images/FW9hX9
https://goo.gl/images/tTPuRc
 ACTINOBACTERIA
 Corynebacterium Propionibacterium
 Club-shaped tend to be pleomorphic
 also known as the Klebs-Löffler bacillus, because it
was discovered in 1884 by German bacteriologists
Edwin Klebs and Friedrich Löffler
 Morphology often varies with age
 C. diphtheriae – diphtheria
 Propionibacterium
 Able to form propionic acid
 Some species are important in the production of
Swiss cheese https://goo.gl/images/hJhGqT
 P. acnes - acne https://goo.gl/images/d2d3CM
 ACTINOBACTERIA
 Gardnerella Streptomyces

 Causes the most common vaginitis

 Frankia
 Causes nodules on the roots of legumes
 Nitrogen-fixing bacteria
 Streptomyces
 Best known actinomycetes, common in soil
 Reproductive asexual spores at the end of their
filament
 Strict aerobes, often produce enzymes of industrial
interest (cellulase, lipase etc) https://goo.gl/images/GycC6R

 Produces most of our commercial antibiotics

 ACTINOBACTERIA
actinomycosis
 Actinomyces (NOT Actinomycetes!!!)
 Facultative anaerobe
 Found in mouth and throat of human and animals
 Occasionally form filaments
 A. israelii – causes actinomycosis (tissue-destroying
disease usually affect the head, neck or lungs)
A. israelii https://goo.gl/images/Ef7iHB

https://goo.gl/images/k82odG https://goo.gl/images/UoZVyV
 ACTINOBACTERIA
 Nocardia
 Aerobic
mycetoma
 Filament frgments into short rods
 Cell wall resemble myobacteria – acid-fast
 N. asteroids – causes mycetoma ( a localized
destructive infection of feet and hands)

https://goo.gl/images/dF4yL9
ARCHAEA
 ARCHAEA
 Distinct taxonomic grouping; lack peptidoglycan
 initially classified as bacteria
 Classification is difficult because the majority
have not been isolated in the laboratory and
have only been detected by analysis of
their nucleic acids
 Ether lipids in their cell membranes,
including archaeols.
 reproduce asexually by binary fission,
fragmentation or budding

Taken from Tortora, Funke and Chase. Microbiology: An Introduction. (12 Ed.) Pearson
 ARCHAEA
 Extremophiles
 Halophiles
 can be aerobic or anaerobic
 Require salt concentration >25%
 Thermophiles
 found in various geothermally heated
regions
 Require growth temperature >80 C
 The enzymes in thermophiles necessarily
function at high temperatures
Taken from Tortora, Funke and Chase. Microbiology: An Introduction. (12 Ed.) Pearson
 ARCHAEA
 Methanogens
 Anaerobic
 produce methane as
a metabolic byproduct
 CO2 + 4 H2 → CH4 + 2H2O
 in the digestive tracts of animals such
as ruminants and humans
 play an indispensable role in anaerobic
wastewater treatments
https://goo.gl/images/FrbC57
MICROBIAL DIVERSITY
 MICROBIAL DIVERSITY
 Bacteria size range
 Thiomargarita (diameter of 750 µm)
 Carsonella ruddii (182 genes)
 PCR indicates up to 10,000 bacterial species per gram of soil
 Many bacteria have not been identified
 Have not been cultured
 Are a part of complex food chains requiring the products of other bacteria

Taken from Tortora, Funke and Chase. Microbiology: An Introduction. (12 Ed.) Pearson
 Figure 11.28 Thiomargarita namibiensis.

Taken from Tortora, Funke and Chase. Microbiology: An Introduction. (12 Ed.) Pearson
 LEARNING OUTCOMES

 Differentiate the alpha, beta, gamma, delta and epsilon-proteobacteria

 Differentiate planctomycetes, chlamydias, Bacteroidetes, Cytophaga, and Fusobacteria
 Compare and contrast purple and green photosynthetic bacteria with the cyanobacteria
 Describe the features of spirochetes and Deinococcus
 Differentiate the genera of firmicutes, actinobacteria
 Identify a habitat for each group of archaea
 List two factors that contribute to the limits of our knowledge of microbial diversity.