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Figurespainted by SpecialForces,10 Lovewick Mews, New Cross,London SE14

15MMRUSSIAN
& PRUSSIAN
NAPOLEONIC
PRUSSTAI
NAPOLEONTC
18t+1815 aussraN NAPoLEoNIcr813-1815 READY MADE ARMIES
PNR21 Uneinlantrymanal lhe r€ady E20.95POST FREE!
PNBz Uneinlantrymanli.ina APOLEOl{IC:
PPNs Command pack:(Muskslee6 or PNB3 Command pack:hne-Oficer. Std. RMA600Bihsh(1800.18141
GrenadisrOfice|s, Sld.bearea & osarer.orumm€r RMA601British(1815)
PPM FuslllerorJaeoer PNBs Commandoack:Grenadieroliic€r. FMA602Frcnchl18l5)
pac-k(Fusilielsor Std-bearcr.dtummer RMA603Prussian(18151
PPN5 Command RMA604 Brtish lntanrrv&Anile
Ja€q€r)4 Otlic€ls,2 Auslers) PNR6 Lfl€ouard suppl€m€nt(i81s)
PPN6 LandwehMuskeleer_ PNFT CorimandDackLilsouardOftcer. RMA605 Bdish lnianlrv&Adillery
PPrf/ Commandpack:LandwehrOflicer. Sld. bearer,drummea supplemenl (i 8oo-181,i)
drummer,sld. bearar PNRS PavlovUleouard BMA600 Brilishcavalrysupplemenl
PPNS Adillerym€n (6perpack) PNRg Commandt6ck PavlovLil€guard, BMA607 Br bh lnfanttu
Oflicsr,Std.bear€r,drumm€r - &Arrilleru
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PPN10 Cohmandpack cunassierofiicer, F|MA608Frenchcavalrysupplehenl
9d. bearcr,tump€ter PNn11 Jadercharlino RMA609 Prussianinlanlry&adillery
PNRI2 Cohmand-pad{: JsgerOflicer,
PPN12 Commandpactr HussalOlficer,sid. BMA610 Prussiancavalrysupplemsnl
bsarer.lrumDeler PNRI3 commandpackMounred lnfanlry BMA611FrenchGuardinlanty supplemenl
PPN14 Corimandpack:DragoonOlfic€r, PNB14Command packAdillerymen BMA612Bussianl813-1815
BMA613 RuslianInlanrry& tut lery
Sld.b€ar€r,lrumpeler Suool6m6nl181$1615
PPN15Uhlan PNRI6 CommandpackiHussarOtfic€r, FMA614Bussian Cavalry supplement
PPN16Command Dack:UhlanOfficer. Sld. Std.bearcr.TrumDeler 1813-1815
bearcr.trudDetsr PNR17Draqoon
PPN17Command packrMounled Blucher A PNR18 Codmandpack:DmgoonOltc€r,
twoSrallOlfice6 S_ld.b€arer.Trumpeler
PNR19Cunaiea lsmm BRlTlsH& FRENCH
EOUIPI'ENT PNB20Commandoack:CuirassierOlicer
NE16 Prussianopdrcannon 70p Std.bearcr,TrumDetel I|APOIEOTICEOUIPTEI'T:
NE17 Prussianl2pdrcannon 7op PNR21Lancer NEr Ftsndr4b@M .1q
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NE20 Prusian limb€rwnhammo.chest PNF23 cossac*(asaoded) NE5 sdn hobdmn .7(F
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NE25 Fussian6rdrcannon 7@ srafi oiflce€ (Mounted) NEg FEndr LiB An dy Umbd with106
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NE27 Ru€sian2obdrcannon 7OD INFANTRY I'ILITIA: NEs TF FErldlA'n|l€flhd*adivr .too
PNR26Mililiaingrealcoal &capwilh NE10&itdr Umb.rfih $Er.d gutw,ldr
SENDS.A.E.OB TWO hosaidlrod'i@B !1.55p
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FOFOURCOMPLETE PNB28 Miritiain-a€atcoat.ienhatwidl sbd gund, :ir hots dd tre
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Postass& Packingl.ies lor UK & BFPO
MinimumPodage& Pactins- 75p AUSTRAIIA PACKING DETAILS
EssexMiniaturesAustralia, prcl
Infantv 8f
Od€n v€lucoverfi.50 8ndundorf25.00- 1 Inlantvconmaidpad €f
Odel6 over f25.00- POSTFREEI 9 lrwanna Place,Homsby, C.valrypack 4 hoc6,4
NSW207, Australia
Unit 1, ShannonSquare,ThamesEstuaryEstate.Canvey lsland, Essex,SS8 oPE
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 trlflte AAnnnatutres Doncaster,SouthYo*shire DN46AP

Forou elalogue wilhall our

SEVEN YEARS WAR
BilNSH NFAIfIBY
SYBI H.han charoino H10Mediumhorc€oallooino DISCOUNTS
SYB2 Hahan advaiciio Hll Mediumho6e srandindh€.dup
SYB3 Ofri.er
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SYB6 G@..diermarchaltach- New PunicwaF- Romd, c6lt POSTAGE
ANOPACKING
SYBT GrenadierOfiic€rN€w
SYBB Hatoanst6.dinolirino - Nry
SYB14H.tm.n.dv.nci-nglw:elled
SYF6Grenadieradvancino
SYF, Granadier
charcins
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oursde su.la€3o% mine1,00
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Sundry l30-t.30, 7 d.)5 r wc.t
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bc hcld at thc conmandery. The
Battlc ofvoraerter is to b€
re-fought in a naior warg.ming
dbplay completewith trade fairs
and exhibitions.
TNADXRS
BNQUIRIES
wxtcoim
SITIJRIIAI 10.t0-t.00
SIA'DAY 1.5G5,00

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 TheFoundry
ti-Ulf ata!..tet Mounl Street 1 .:
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New Basford
Nottingham
NG77HX
Our new Dhonenumberis 0602792002 Our'Faxonlv' numberis 0602792209 ncudo8xp'ryda|€or your€rd

A M E R I C A NC I V I LW A R
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Desrqnedby Alan& r,trchaePeirv 25mm
THEGREATWAF
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BRITSI.]NFANTFYIN SHELLJACK. Desisned
by DaveAndrews
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Worgo*roflornlry WARGAI ES FOUNDRY FIGURES
.IHE & MANUFACTUFED
AFE OESIGNED
ONLY IN I'NITED KNGI'OI
Redoubt Enterprises
6rockour figurssat ths

25mm BS51 Shoolinq.cl6ed hood

THEBARONSWARS
Europe1200to 1300
Figures48p
Horses65p
The liguresol this ag6 a6lor lie tottowing
SFlllsH tslEs
Tt6 BaoN War(MaqnaCan4121412i5
Ba'onralRgb€ll'onedunngtl€ m nonryot Henry| l
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AnglcF€nchWd ol 12941298
ONLYWESTEFNFOFCESAVAILABLE
Th6 "Bmnqlisia": Chnsiianrsonquest ot Mustim
BS17 Dolendinq,seord. great helm, cuine boay
BS18Delending, ma@,crested geat hem
BS19Delending, swod,!r@l hem
BS20Delending, swod,malcoil??
BS21 Advancing,vod, desred greatheh
gS22 Advancing,2 handsdde, cEslsd geat helm
BS23 Advdcing, sr4 g@athelm
BS242-handed hlchion,gambeson,skullcap
BS25 2-hmd€dirlchion, gameson,kefltehal
8526 S@d, hail shin,@nicalh€m
BS27Smrd, s6e amour,skullcap
BS23 SMrd Gis€d,dii6 bodyamour, nai coii
BS29Atackrn!,2handed do, mailshin,skulcap
Bsso Aftackind2-handedare
BS31Aflacking,
d€ €sed, dde body amour,
BS32Aftacking,2-handed axe,naitshn, k€nbhal
BS33 Aflacking,2-handeddq sle amouf, k8fll€
BS52 Sh@ling,open hood
BS!€ shootng, skut cap
BS54ShooiinA, Oahbgson, colh coii
Bs55 Shooling,shnging bow,ctotl @il
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8556 Peenr adanc m. fiar.stut c.D
SS55 Peasnl si€td nq ;ood de. hoo;
BS53Pe.st swnqn! naff stng stul cap
BSS0 Inranrrymdsupponingwound€dknjght
8S61 Knighr,sword,c€sled h6tm
Bs62 Knight flat-topp€dheh, swod, iace m@k
Bs63 Knohr, re@, Orel hetm
BS54 Man al,ahs, sped. kentehaf
9S65 C@ssb@man.mai shin, skul ep'
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- bv Dave Gallaohor
Piice 45p

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AS35,ivancing,2.handed k.nb
TheCrusadsoi Sl. Louis124a1254,1270
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FOOI KNIGHTS
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BS2 Standmo, smrd, ma@,ma oit bppedhelfr,lacemask BF e H6woin@, dr'4.i*. mr. m{hrd
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BS33Spe.han sl.ndin!,lambeson,skul cap FF11 Haidvpdi€fetranisje/is& dm.rul
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BSs Sranding,2-had€d de, cre$€n q€at helm
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BS7 Standing,swod €ised. h€tmundeEm BS40 Shoolinq,kelle hat
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BS42 Shooling,ial'ropped kerd€hal
BS9 sianding,maceBised. ketie har
BSIO Aflacking.2-hand6ddq mait@ I BS14 Advancinq,skuI cap, mall shin
BS11 Anacking,s@d, geat hetm BS45 Advancing,mailshid, cloth @il
BS12 Anac(ing,2 had€d seord, desl.d g@at 9S46 Advancing,
coverc!mailshln,skulLcap
AS47 Advancinq,gamb€en, hmd FFr9 Cavaran, B.€lian hd't nrr, @id 3hi6td
BS13Anacking, 2-hddedaxe,cesledg@athem BS.4AAdvancing,gafrbeen. kellle hal
BS14Anacking, 2'hand€ddq eingenhem BS49 Advancing,gambeen, skuI cap
SS15 Afiac](ng.s@rd, cesled grcai helm
8516 Anacking, lBal helmandairelleles FRU cdk''ni. ei.oarid6

sTocKtsTs UNITEDSTATESOF AMERICA FRANCE

WAFGAMTS rowoFv h@e ae o.tt P€ndragonMiniatures Brookhursl
Hobbies .LE KOBRIGAN'
nanLtactuBd at ou UK radorydndnat 1549 Marvlew Drjv6 i 2741Brookhurst
Wav 22 Rue De 7 Troubadours
beabtajnddn@trtoh usu ton anyot Westlake GardenGrove 31000Toulouse
thetottowi,sst@kists ohio 441 45 cA.92641
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lJllicio ViaDfuegho13 5 BueDesGrandeCarmes KartMarxSir.30 14 Hawkins
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ViasanProspero4 4ol23Bologna 1oooBrussels Berlin Dubtin2
20121Milano

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 lOth Anntversary Year

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lyANGAiIfT Contents
Illurilralerl Pag€
12 RodRobinsoo A simplewarganesfigureconversion
Crineai WarBritkh Gewal
wargames ttusttitted is puaisr,ect on the last Thurcdayol 14 MarkAllen TheWarofthe GrandAlliance
eechnonth
monthby: Sltatage
Sl'alagemArblications Ltd.,18 LoversLane, Pa* IV: Unifomsof theAmr of
Newark,Notts.NG241HZTel:06:1671973EDITOR: Duncan Ltuit XIV-
Macfa ane-TYPESETfl c & REPRODUCTTOT{ BY: pr€ssptan 20 Johnstanyon ThrooghSnok€andFire
99ry,9"J Ll4, {081-509 9969) PRTTED in Engtand.
DISIRIBUTORS| MagnumDistributionLtd., Cloisteroourt,
22-26 Faringdon Lane,London,ECl Ft3AU Tet:01-2S33135 26 P€terMorrison Dark AgeWarriors
USA:Tie Empero/sHeadquarters. 57zg Wgst trvrngpa* Part Onc:TheGreeks,
Road,Chicaqo,lllinois60634.Tel:312 777 8668.CAIADA: 32 MichaelRayner Wargamingin schools
RAFM CompanyInc.,20 ParkhillRoad East.Cambridoe. TheHobbr needs new.ecmits!
Ontaio, Canada,N1R 1P6 AUSTRALTA: Ray Compt6n,
EssexMiniatur€s Ltd.,9LowannaPtace,Hornsby; 34 MnlinHaclelt Th€Wild EastCounlryMrn
NSW2077.
fel:02214 7427FRANCE: Jeuxde Guer.eDifftiaion, 6 rued6 Goudhu$tfie hst battleonEiglkh soil?
Meissonier, Paris 75017. 40 N.H.Cornish TheGreatWaronlhef,arternFront!
l9l4-19$ Ptrtl
44 AnthonyTucker GeneraiBmdley- Manof Mediocrity?
IUBJCRIPTIOXS lor 12 issuesof Wargamesllluslrated 50 Classifiedadv€rts
aree21intheU-K.
Eurcpe& r€stol Woddsudace:t24. Restol Woddaimail:!36.
BAC|( XUflER3 AIIissuesexceptnos.1,2,3 & 29 are trtr*** ***trlrlrtrtr**L********
still availableat f1 .80each oostoaid.
Bac*numb€rc ol ouroccasional sDecialerdraoublicalion
Waroames Wo d arealsostillavailable: Nos.2,3. 4:€2.40 Front cover pic: New'First Corps' A.C.W. Itbh Brigade
post-paid. No.5!1.70 postpaid. painted by designerRob Baker.
SIIDERS lor Wargames (capacity
lllustraled 12issues). Back cover Th'o photos of the French & Indian WarcEame
Binders forWaroames Worldalsoavailable, Same.aDacilv, stagedat the KelhamHall, Newark,shotr by Bi 'wov' Ga*in
sameprice.Posipaidprices: and Gefty Montcaln' Miller.
UK:€5.00Eurooe:15.50RestofWorld:!6.50.
F oirr STnATAGEI PUlLlCAtlOtS ltD., *******trlrlr********lr*****
It lcv.6 Ln., X.s.rlc ctt . XHza lHZ.

TABLETOP Dia6' {E!rcEurtr)

53MANSFIELD
GAMES
ROAD,
DAYBROOK,
Brnhzoi6(s<nin6,
corcomnrnd*(Dn sd r50
Atr & s.a (An & Nlvd Landimnles

--- NOTTINGHAM
10% |-&P
NG5688
Mrn 22DtJ.K.
Bodroun(vnmamsrmshJ :95

Overseas:I5% SudaceMart.600/0tor Arrlrirl

Send S.A.E. for hee catatoaue
TelephoneOrders:(0602)20:5484

(Awl & Fnd cdddn wilt

Nd Lie Hu+6 &.heie6

b'sbdl.t's|udi5
Nor Lii€DHemdi&LirtE i!i
6;i
Kos connud4 wwn oiv
?:p
NEWPRUSSIANCUIDI,S
P I I N F A N T R Y . . . . . . . .9. .J.P,
P 2 C A V A L R Y . . . . . . . . .9. .5. p
P3 RESERVES &
F R E I ( O R P 5. . . . . . . . . 9 5 p

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8

Barcl.verd & A@es Oders Welco|ne Mail OrderAddress:

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T6l.phon. Loughborough 28 BROOKSTREET
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20rnm
thattt scale
U , S .A G E N T

bv TRITON
OUALIry WHFEMETALKITS
COASTALFORCES NEWTI{IS MONTH
STARTER
PACKf'!}.()O GEBMANABMOUBT$9.4O
J6lt 443 3422
lal3l
containsmodels.rules. 201152P28..........................,,,,..,,.................-......f4.50
2 0 n $ P 2 1 1 c . , , , . . , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , ,AUSIFALIAN
,.,.f5.50 AGENI
20r'154P233111.............................,,.......................€5.50BATTIEFIELO
NEWMODELS 20/155P2E,...,,,...,,,...,,.....,.........................-......f5-95 50 Clis.oldP..6de,
CF304"S38"Geman "E" boat t1.95 U.S. FOBCES C.mp.io, N.S.W.Au.t6liE.
This classr€presented
the I 20l1503in.Antitankqun...........................,,...............f2.95
(11
of Germandevelopment 431 2Ch41R.dlojeep+ driv€r&operaior......................,E4.50 POSTAGE& PAC(ING
. s o 1O%ordervalue
2 0 l T 4 2 H e . c € i € € D + 5 0 c a L h . o . & o u n n e r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . f 4U.K
CF904Oiltanter4500tons 20ra3Armoiredte€p{r9441;rh-3ocarm e + sunner& (hin 2op)
f7.50
This mod€l is basedon a k over tg posrlree.
2Ul44G€nerapurposeieep + ofticer&driver.........f4.25
classbuilt 1917'30which w !i."."ra BFPO(Europe)as abo4
to all nationsfor coastaloil I ARMSHFOBCES BFPO(OulsideEurope)
20/145 Gederalpuposeieepwhhofilcer&driver.....t4.25 30% ords
BRITISHFORCES 201146 LongRanceDesenGroupjeepwilhlwin Vicke.s Europe zo%ordel
cF1 MTB532 €1,50
m.g.& oew .......,...................................................,...
20/147SAS jeepwithtuinViclere,.50ca m.a..nd
e4.50 usa. I
cF2 MTB347 e1.50 Canada | --,
CF3 HMSG,eyGoose €2.9s 20l143N.W.Euroee194!Reccei€€D&$ew.....,,.......t4.50 N ze.rand I
{SredmdrivenMTBI 20/149LongAan9eDesenGroup30cwttruckwiih 20mm
CF4 Fairmil.'B'cl.ssMGB f2.50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . , . .5...9, ,5. . . . . WE
. f ACC€PTBARCLAYCAFD,
CF5 FairmileD'classMTB f2.95 20/l5l B.ilbhR.diojeepwhhdrive.&op€raior........€4,50 A C C E S SB, A N K A M E F I C A F D ,
CF6 AirseaFescueMcB 82.5a loFEU.S.VEHICLES 20/120SdHz250/10with37mm qun& EUBOCARO, VISA,CHARGEX,
CF20'U casssubm.rine f2.95 i m m H o w i t s e f . . . . . . . . 1 c2r. e 9w 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .&. . . . :M
. fA
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CEloFlow€rclar.coruene 85.50 immHoruer....t..t3.95 20/r2lsdkh250tea vwar lh S E N DY O U RC A R DN U M A E R
CF3llslesclasst€wler f4.95 rcIHow112ef............ e2.50 modar&crew.............,..................f6.50 A N OE X P I F Y O A T € .
CFlo Hunrcl6sstypeI Deslrover td Howitzer . . . . ......f2.50 SOMEMORESiJTlStVEH|CIES
r/.95 nibnkgun....... .,.....t295 202717DdrAnri.rantcun................el50
CF41Hunl classtype2 D.slroyer 1yScoutCar.............t5.50 20,297.2idHowirrer...........................A95
fI.95 '.dca .. ....fr54 2o/cgazporArqrrfijnq o95
CF42V&WM esconoestroyer 2 0 ' 6 2 l 7 i n A A C. .u. .n. . . . . . . . . . .f.4. .5.0
G h E N A DVI EER H I C L E S 7 0 4 9 C M3Pl o n r r u c t ...$m
t7,95 WAR|iANoMAGS ?0Truliveaarcae,&dew 142'
Cf/Kl V&Wlongr6ng€er@n fr.95 l/1pd1vharHa.d'ao 20t26D&Anrndr(orr. D9)
. . . r 5 . c 0 7 0 9 r a i 8 d n e t d n ^ -. . . .. . . t 6 5 0 SKYTREX CATALOGUE
GERMANFORCES n )r.'rysd Fanor.q 20.c3c'orxetr.r... 1650
CF301Sgadrly'E'boat e1,75 r c G w . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 62500/ l 0 1 V i c k e c M k 6 l i o h n a n k . . . . . . . . . . t 5 . 5 0
CF302S26'Eboa11s41
CF303'F'lishterescon
e1.?5
t3.5o ;i.:::;tt:.-:i,-_-.o- AVATLABLE.
ALL oESIGNEoFOR DAVCO
CF320'B classesconMcB f3.50 1/3000th NAVAL
CF321'M25 heavy e*ort
coNette
oii"ii"i.;ec...iidiHsFE
?,'",?'#H,3t"t3#li'Hf,5
Th. 75thAnniveBadofthe
f5.50 Banleol JutlandMsv 1991.Yorl
CF330Typ€lx U boal f2.95 TRITO! N A P O I E O N I C "THEPREIMIER
RANGE" @n recresteihis battla. wh€n ths
CF33llyp€Vll'U'bo6t f2.95
1 / 12OOTh
NAVAL JUSTA FEWMOO€LS larsest drsadnoughl flsers ov.r
ITALIANFORCES FROMIHE FULLTISIS condrud.d mat i. .n .ttemDtto
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MERCHANT
SHIPS andkl
i fdridl.4n!nD.|EnFi.n.'
CF9O1grilishca.goship f6.95
CF902G€msncargoship E6,95 ww sTAiItR PACK13.50
cFllGBnriehcaMship e6.s5
hw hoE nod.l. on the tull ll.t
*d*|e l.nding to'E, wwlEXPI{SION
PACXS
l'r,00
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NEW TzoothTHIS MONTH BnmS|iBATIIESOUADAO

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DAVCO %@on SHIPS

RED
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WI A]RCRAFT Ern,Aginou(c:n'da.Napruie,2Oion
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InlanlryAmour, Rul.s eic. modelafor both collectoGand waroamers.Small
enolgh to make a large collecrionor sahe in a BBfi SHOESTNOYEB
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!12.50 reasonablearea bu1 larae enouoh lo oive qood
dela I and slow vou ro painl rh; coloJrful Ww1
a.seftz67jeep...............
55p GEnMANBAIruSOUADnO
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 EN AVANT . MES BRAVES
Continuing our policy oI expandingand developingthe finest range of 15mm
Napoleonics in the world, we are happy to annouice the latest additions.
Erquisiteb detailedin the tsr,al BH lashion, ihe ffrst of our na,,/releasesfeatule
more Frmch bringing the iotal availableto 70 types oI infanty and 55 of
fono,
cavalry. Avaihble ?anly&ober are:
In answerto those who havebezn plendingfor Guardcavalryin fuI dressthe followingare also suitable
for ConI€derationHussar with fttll shabraqueand colpak:
FC39 Glard Chasceura Cherdl OffEer - tuI Dres6 FC41 GuardChass€urA Ch€valTrun'Deter- Fu[ Dress
FC40 Guad Clha!6€urA Ch€valTroop€r - Full Dress

Ned, entitledGuardD'Honneur,are also eminentbsuitablefor afty hussarin full dresswith embellish€d

shako,Hungadanboots and sheepskinsaddlecloth:
FC42 Guad D'HootEur Trooper FC44 Guad D'tionrpur TrumD€t€r
FC43 GuardDrbrneur ofncer

To completethe GuardLight Cavaky:

FC45 YourE Guad Chass€wA Chelal Troop€r FC48 EclaireurYowE GuardTiooper

FC46 Yourg GuardChasseura ChevalTornpet€r FC49 Ecbirsui ShalG Roul"auOlffcar
FC47 Young GuardCha*eur e Ch€lJElOfficer

Ne{t more !€inforEe$ents for the Confederdtion of the Rhine,

CSC02S.xon Curader offfc€r CSC06Cor ederattonHussarTroop€. unh She€BsEn
CSC03Saxon HG6ar Trooper with cbth polrted shabraque CSC07ConfederddonFlasar Officer
CSC{XSaxon FhlssarOfffcar CSC08ConfederadonHussarTrumpeter
CSCOsSaxonFlussarTrumpeter

On to some long au/aited additions to the infantry:

PF35 Old Guad Gr€rEdierMaich Attad PF38 Old Guad Easl€b"rrerin Grerkoat
PF36 Old GuardOlllcer in Greatcoat PF39 LjrE Eagl€b€arer
h GPatcoat
PF37 Old GuardDrurnrrl€rIn Gr€atcoat PF40 Urp O{ffcerin Greatcoat

CFll Cor'reder|uonLln€ Fusili€rtoading CF13 CoDfedendonLlrle Grenadler/Voldseur

M:rchlns
CF12 Conted€n$onLlrp Fuslll€rRring
CB07 Bavari.n Rdli€r Lo.ding CBr0 JaegerAdvarElng
CB08 Bavadanhdler Fling CBll JaegerOtffcar
CB09 JaegerFirtng

ard iust to ptove that we are noi totally biased:

SN20 Bdtidr RHAOfftc€ru,itht€lascope

All of the above are pric€d at 16p with ho6es remaining at 20p. Currently under rvay we have some new
Poles, some dismountedDragoons and kneeling British infantry plus additions to ACW range. More details
nod month.

BAT]ILE HONOURS
5 Moors Lane,Oreton,Nr Kidderminster,Worcs.DY146RH
Telz 074632627 F^x. 0299271154

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10

You'veNeverExperiencedA Pyrrhic
Victorv Until You'vePlaved
The Successors

i:'.-;,r:ti::it:;-]

If l(lu ftiend dcnl set heF srL

w6 ll hav€ to starr rh€ Eame withoui

THESUCCESSORS"
DON'TLEAVEROME
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Arexanderis dead. His €mDir€li€6in disarrav. Establish
yours€lf as the ami€nt world's 8t€atest combardq in the
S,./dorsso's-,
the new module for Ancit t Envnd . Be a commander from
Rome,Ptol€maicEtypt, Mac€donia,or Asia Minor. FuI amy listirgs
accurat€ly d€pict the shengths and abiliti$ of trcops ranging
fiom chadots and elephants to phalangit€s and peltasts.
Also indud€d ate quick Ebuce chans de*ribing the
sh€ngths oI each countr/6 force6. la Aflcie Envnd
and the Srcdrssrls- be ,our Suide to viclory!

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 II

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t2

A SIMPLEWARGAMES
FIGURE
CONVERSION
by Rod Robinson

Britains wargamersare superblyblessedby .r Nealih of Perhapsin the facial expression?Suggeslions lvill be wei-
excellentfigure designcrsand manufacturcrs who. between comedl!
them.producenearlyevcryconceivablc typcof figurewecould I hoperharrhF arricle\ill in\pireolherwargamers to snre
ever wanl. Indeed. rhc -old timcrs maintain that this aboutconversions rhcy havemade.The key point is ihat these
spoon{ed.featherbeddedsrate ofaffairsisbadforthe Hobby. arenotBMSS-sryle. competition'winningmodels. butlunction-
makingusuninaginativeandblinkeredin thet!ay wewargamel al wargancsfigures.filling a gap in the rangesavailable.
Not so, I cryl It is true that. when wargamingstarredin
earnest,backin the 1960s. anywargamerwho waniedto gane ******trlrlrlrlrfr*r*r*********
in a m;norityperbd had. by necessity. to makeor conveflhis
own figures.and this in turn acruallyled to bcner wargames
figuresbeingavailable,asfte moreskilledamongstusbecame
figuredesigners. Comparethe figuresbeingmade20 ycarsago
with thoseavailabletoday.and I m sure\roull agreethat the
animationandattentiontodctailhasnradeaquantumleapover
the yean. Nowada!s.whena wargamerpartswiih hismoney.
heshouldnot think thathe hasjustboughta newarmy rather,
NEW RELEASES
he hasbecomea Patronot the Arrsl! Anothcr benefitof this
blossoming of sculptingskills.howe!er.is thatanyoncwhostill CRIMEAN WAR
wishesto convert f'gures has an infinitelf' b€tier choiceof RUSSIANGENERAI.STAFF25MM
startingmatefial. RG51 field Ma15h"l(mountedl - --.--'- '-................*'-'-... s4p
Yes.cvenin thisWargames TableofEden. therearefigures RG52 GenehlOffic€r(mounted).....-......................_............. _84p
nor yet commerciall.v availablc.My mainwargaming inrerestis R G s 3 s t a f fO f f i . e r i n h e l m e t ( m o u n t e d ) . . . . . . . ..... .............. 8 4 p
in the CrimeanWar (is there anyoneout there who doesnt RGS4 HussarA.D.c. (Mounted)....................-..................._...... 84;
knowthislret??).andrny25mmarmiesarewargamesFoundry
DON COSSACKS 25MM
figures.designedby Alan and MichaelPerry.t$'o of the most
RC17clssackOffker (mount"d).*'..--_.' _-' _-'-.........._..... 78p
talcnteddesigners everto gracethe Nargam€s world.A glance RCiSCossckrrumpeter(mounted)............_...._......._............... 76p
throughthe WargamesFoundrycataloguereveals.r host of RCl9 Cossack Lan<€r (mounted)..........-.............._..................... 76p
figuresfullofcharacterbut. asyel. theirrangedoesnot includc
Crimeangenerals.I thereforedecidedto makemy own. from DUENEXT[,lONIH:
20mmGrcatWar ceman Cavalry, Anillery,Wagons
other figuresin their range. & moreBitish releases.
For some reason,I alwayslike lo have my generalson
horsebacklsomehowthey halc more auihority thar way.
Therefore.thisgeneralhadto be ridinga horse.The horserlas
easy- an)rofthe rangewouldbe fine andI finallydecidedto
makethe ridcr fromtwofigures:RoyalHorseArtillery Limber f20Fnfuqu(on|y
Rid€rLeaningFoNard (CMi33).and IndianMutinyBrirish
Officerwavingwicker Helmet(1M73).This lastfigure.w'th a
bald head and sid€burns.looks like the sorr of fellow who
shouldbe in commandll
Takingadeepbreathanda hacksaw.lcut bothfiguresinhall !.ld@rn.n'.dd6tddjbhsloc(CAI|T^I.5
al the waisr.(cuttingthroughthe lefrarmsal the elbowon borh
figures)thensupcrglued therntogether.usingthelegsofCMl33
andthetorsoofIM73. fillingin the gapswith Milliput.The left
arnsofborh figuresjoinedtogetherverywellandlookeda very
naturalpose. holdingthereinsofrhe horse.I cutoffthe remains SIMON'S SOLDIERS
of the pistolstuckin the belt of IM73 andrhebasketon the hilt A prcfe$ional pajnting s.ruice for watgmeF by a wargama.
ofthe swordon CMl33 (leavinga mamelukesiyleof hilt) and A[ scalescater€dfor (sp to I lomm) tul l5!m a speciatitv,wfth a
built up the iails of a hock coal with Milliput. All general t)frber of slandardsavailable!o suit tou tste and Wu pocket.
officersin the Crimeaseemcdto favourthe undressfrock coat. For a 15tu saeple sad €1.5O to 14 Cae FfFnon, B6c!Ja,
as shownin paintingsand photographs. Next. I cul awayrh€ Bildgdd, Ittd. Gho. CF31 zHG or ontacr
helmetbeing$,avedin the righi handof IM73. andreplacedit Sioor Chalesorth d 0655 764556 fo! detalls.
with a cockedhai nadc ofMilliput. Finally,I buih up a lapelto
mimic the frock coar bcing left open al rhe neck. anothcr
favouritcpiec€of sloppincss shownby the commanders of the
time. The end resultcanbc scenin rhe phorograph.
My nextprojecr,ifthe Pc.ryTwinsdonl beatmeto it. will be fhe ilotiage Taclorg
ro modclLordRaglan.whosedistinguishing featurewasthathe TERRAIN& PAINTSFOR
had only one arm. having lost his righi arm at Walerloo. THE MODELLER& WARGAMER
Russiangeneralsmav pose more of a problem. sincc the 123 c.roa6 Eouae Road.
_disringuishing featurc of PrinceMenshikovwasrhat he had Grelroaide. Sheffield S30 3R'.
reputedlybeenemasculated by a musketball in an earlierwar Telephone Dave on (0242) 46108?
with the Turks. How do you reflecr this injury in 25mm?
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74

THEIIIAROFTHEGRANDAI.LIANCE
PartFour: Untfurmsof theArmy of LouisXIV
byMarkAllen

were slow to supply their men with vests, not doing so

INTRODUCTION €ompletelyuntil the early1690s.Finallymanycoatsof thisera
It is my intention,overthe nextfewarticlesto look arthe dress werestill worn with bunchesofribbonsattachedto oneor both
and equiprnentof the Frencharmiesof the late seventeentr sleeves.Wherethe coloursare knownI haveillustratedthem.
century.Beginningwith the Frenchinfanrryand,later,foreign Manymoreregiments probablyworethem,but the coloursare
regiments andthe infantryofthe Maisondu Rol unknown.The practicehad.in general,diedout by 1700.

Breches, Hoseand Shoe

FRENCHINFANTRY 1688.1697 The breechesof this period were cut tighter than earlier
Beforegoingon to the specificitemsofregimentaluniformsit seventeenih centurystyleswith theexceptionofthe Swisswho,
would be usefulto give a generalview of Frenchinfantry according to ReneChartrand,wore'baggybreechetdecorated
clothing at this time. Most articleslisred below would be at the bottomswith 'ribbon-points'.Hose or stockingswere
univenalto armiesof the period. often€olouredandlongenoughto havethetopspulledoverthe
bottomsof the breecheswhen tied at the knee. Shoeswere
Hat normallyplainblackwiihtin buckles.
A low crownedfell hat wasworn by all Frenchinfantry.Even
Grenadiers,who in other armieswere givenspecialisr head, Weaponsand Equipment
wear,wore the hat in Frenchservice.By ihis time rhe hat was It is not my intentionto discuss at greallengththe weaponsof
normallyblack,althoughbrown and grey had beencommon the 'fantassinduring Louis wars. however.ce(ain general
earlierinthe King'sreign.crenadiershadbegunthepracticeof informationis necessary tocompletethepicture.Althoughslow
pinningor tying up two or more sides.to make the task of to recognise the advantages of the flintlockmechanism,when
throwing grenadeseasier, and ihis may have been the th€ Frenchbeganto re-equipthe processwas€ompletedmore
originationof the tricorne.How generalthew€aringof the har rapidlythan in manyother armies.After 1692the proc€ssto
in the tricornefashionhadbecomeis difficultto ascenain.the re-armwasaccel€rared so that sevenvearslaterthe matchlock
engravings of Guerardwhich date from the lasryearsof the hadbeenofficiallyabandoned. Twoyearslaterthe'queenofthe
centuryand depictsoldiersduring the crand AllianceWars battle wasfinallygiven up andpikemenno longerwerepart ofa
showall the enlistedmenwearinga form of tricorne.On rhe Frenchreginentoffoot. DuringtheGrandAllianceperiodthe
otherhandthe illustrations ofrhe GardesFrancaises by ciffart pikenen appearto havestill beenequippedwith a back and
(1696)show no t comes expect amongstrhe NCO s and
Officers.The irony here is that cuerard's officersare not
wearingtricomes.Howeverthereis somecommongroundin
that in both series rhe tricom€s shown are of a large
'improvised'type,i.e.
they are larg€ felt hats turned into
tricomesrather than hats manufacturedspecificallyas ti,

Shirt
A full linen shirt of a standardlate sevenreenth
centurytype
wouldbe rvorn.lt wouldbe cut withouta yokeandthe deeves
wouldbe gatheredinto a plaill bandat the €uffs.Atrachments
wouldbe bytiesor buttons.At the neckrhesoldierwouldhave
worn, rn mostcases,a shon plain scarfor rabatof off white
cloth. Later blackwasadoptedby manyregimentsand often

Coatand Vest
A fullcoat ofgrey sergewaswom with a systemofregimental
differencing using€oloured cuffs.breeches,
hoseandvesrs.The
vestwasa sleevedwaistcoatworn underrhe coat.Because th€
coatsleev€s wereslightlyshonerthan the sleevesof ihe vest.
the vestwasexposedat the cuffs.Informationon rhe posirion
and shapeof pockets,numberand colourof burtons,erc.,is
difficultto comeby, soin producingthe derailedexamination of
regimental dressI haverriedto givethernosrlik€lycolours.his
worth notingthat in the Bririsharmy of this perioda sotdier's
vest was made up from his old coat when ir was replaced;
whetberthisoccurredacrossthe ChannelI donl know.Rene
Chartrandnotedin hisarticlesinMilitaryMode ing(December On the left is the standardpouchfor a mnsketeer(front and r€ar
1986andOctober1987)on earlyFrenchinfantryrhailheFrench tie$r andon lhe rightlhe gremdier'sequipmenr
 l5

breastplaieasprote€tionalthoughunliketheSwissregiments in LA MARINE : (Greefl& BlueColoursto the rightof figure)

Frenchservicetheyhad givenup th€ wearingof helmets.The Mestresde Camp: 1683Henride la Rochefoucaud,Marquisde
muskeieers ofthe Frencharny wereissuedwith a waistbelton Tonnay_Charente.
whichwascarrieda shortinfantryhangerwith a brasshilt Over 1694Louis-JeanCharles,Marquisde Tal-
theleft shoulderwentabelt carryingtheamnunitionPouchand leyrand.
powderflasktogetherwiththe socketbayonet,whichbeganto Drunmers: Livreedu Roi.
be introducedin the nid-1690s.(theearlierplug bayonetwas
carriedon the waistbeltover the sword frog). The French BOURBONNAIS : (Violel & Blue Coloursto the ight of
ammunitionpouchwasof distinctlydifferentstyleto thoseof figure)
otbernationsandis illustratedbelow. Mestre de Camp : 1687lnuis'Pierle_Armandd'Aloigny,
Marquisde Rochefort.
Drunmer Drumrnen: Livre€duRoi.
Frenchinfantryreginentscan be split into three €ategories;
firstlyRoyalregimentswho hadthe King astheir Coloneland FEUOUIERES | (Yellow & violet Colourcto the right of
whosedrunrnen and oiher musicians wouldwear the King's fisure)
liveryor 'Livr6edu Roi'. Secondlytherewereregmentswho Mestresde Canp: 1689Julesde Pas,Marquisde Feuquiercs-
took theirnamefrom a provinceandlikewiseusedthe livr€edu Drummers: Unknown.ColoursfuomP. Charrie,D/ap€arrre/
Roi. Finallycamethe resto{ the tegimentswhosecolonelcies Etandatb du Roi
couldbeboughtandsoldandwhosedrummerswore theliveries Note: The regimentRichelieuduringthe SpanishSuccession
colonels.
of theirrespective wars carriedthesamecolours.

Colours AUVERGNE : (Violet & Black Coloursabovefigure with

EachFrenchinfantrybattalionfieldedthreeColou$,thesenior
baualioncarriedthewhiteColonelt colour.Afterthe Battleof Mestresde Camp : 1680Nicolas de Nicolais,Marquis de
neurus in 1689a white scarf beganto be caried atop the Presles.
standardpole. 1695Claude-Francoisde Boutellier,
Marquisde Chavigny.
Drummers:Livreedu Roi.
THEFRENCHINFANTRYREGIMENTS
SAULT: (Grey,Yellow& BlackColourswell aboveaddto the
- ppl6-17 right of fig. )
Illustrations de Blachefortde
Mestrede Camp : 168l Jean-Francois-Paul
Bonnede Crequi,Comtede Sault.
Drummers:Unknown.Coloursfrom Chanie.
PICARDIE: (RedColourstotheleft offigure)
Mestresde Camp: 1677Henri,Duc d'Harcourt. VAUBECOURTNETTANCOURT : (Violet & Red Coloun
1691Louisde Melun,Princed'Epinoy. to the left of figure)
Drurnrners: Livreedu Roi. Mestres de Camp : 1677Louis-Claudede Nettancourt'
Haussonville,Comtede vaubecou(.
PIEMONT: (BlackColoursto the left of figure) 1695Louis, Marquisde Nettancourt'
MestresdeCamp:1680ClaudedeFaverges, Marquisde Rebe Haussonville.
d'Arques Drummers:Unknown,
1693Paulde Montmorency, Duc de Chatil-
ton. LE ROI: (Red& GreenColourswithFleur-de-Lys to theleftof
Drommers: Livreedu Roi. Officers& Sergeants : Blackvelvet
fisure)
cuffs. Mestresde Camp : 1678Gaston-Jean-Baptiste de Momay,
Comtede Montchevreuil
NAVARRE : (BrownDecoratedColoursto the left offigure) 1693Louis-Charlesd Hautetorr, Mar-
Mestresde Canp : 1683Francoisde la Rochefoucaud, Duc de quisdeSu ille.
la Rocheguyon. Drummers: Livreedu Roi. Inset:Grenadier's pocket.
1696Francois Colberg, Marquis de
Maulevri€r. ROYAL : (Brown & Violet Colourswith Fleur-de-Lys to the
Drummers:Livreedu Roi. The badgeillustratedisthe armsof left of figure)
the Kingdom of Navane depictedon the colours of the Mestres de Camp : 1680Francois-Joseph de Blachefort,
re9ment. Marquisde Cr€qui.
1693Benoit,Marquisde Calvo.
CHAMPAGNE : (GreenColoursto theleft offigure) Drummers:Livreedu Roi.
Mestresde Camp: 1689CharlesColben,Comlede Sceaux.
1690Jules-ArmandColbert, Marquis de LYONNAIS: (Bla€k& Blue Coloursdirectlybelowfigure)
Blainville. Mestrede Camp : 1683Louis-Nicolas de Neufville,Marquis
Drummersi Livreedu Roi. d'Alincourt.
Drummers:LivreeduMarsonVilleroi(Regt.Lyonnaiswasthe
NORMANDIE: (Yellow Colours tothe rightof figure) only Provincialregt. allowedto use a differentlivery to the
Mestresde Carnp: 1674 Louis, Comte de Guisard livree du Roi this was becausethe regt was owned by the
'
1691Jean-Georges de Guisard,Comtede Neufvillefamily,DukesofVilleroi). Thedrumsweregeen and
la Bourlie- carriedthe Villeroi crest.Crossworn on the backandfront of
Drummers:Livree du Roi.
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POITOU: (Red& BlueColoursto the left offigure) LA REINE: (Green& BlackColourswithFleur-de-Lys. figure
Mestrede Camp | 1689Leonorde Montchevreuil,Comtede below)
Mornay. Mestresde Camp: 1688Michel,Francois Le Tellier.Marquis
Drummels: Liwee du Roi. de Courtenvaux.
LE DAUPHIN : (SinglefigurewithoutColoursat bottomof 1691Renede Froulay,ComtedeTesse.
pase16) 1693Louis d'Ornaison, Marquis de
Mestrede Camp: 1671Marquisde Beringhen. Buzancois.
Drummen : Red coats,blue cuffs. Queen'slivery as shown,
Drumners : Livree du Roi. waenet (Benalunssangabe fue
whiteline on blue background.Lacewouldhavecoveredrhe
zeitdesSpanischenErbfolgeKriegesI701- 11)giyesthercErblue
body of the coat down the seam lines and be arranged
coatswith orangelace; but LucienRousselot,(l feel a more
horizontallyarourd the arms. Red drurn. Colours: cold
reliablesource)lists livree du Roi with blue drumsand the
CrownsandFleur-de-Lys.
Dauphin\ arms(inset).Dauphin'sColoursare depictedon a
largerscaleaslllus. I with the Colonel\ Colourshownabove ROYAL des VAISSEAUX : (Yellow, Red, creen & Black
andthe Ordonnance Colourbelow. Coloursslightlybelowandto the rightolfigulre)
CRUSSOL: (Bottomright handcomerof page16 Coloursto Mestresde Canp: 1689Louis,Comtede Mai y.
right) 1692Rene,Marquisde Nevet.
Mestresde Camp| 1687Louis,Duc de Crussold'Uzes. Drummers:Livreedu Roi.
1693Jean-Charles, Duc de Crussold'Uzes.
Drummers:Whitecoats,redfacings,andsilverlace(Chartrand ORLEANS : (Figureat righthandboltomofpagewith Blue&
etc.) BrownColoursaboveandto the left)
TOURRAINE : (Yellow, Blue, creen & Red Colour to the Mestrede Camp: 1684Claude-Alexis, Comtede Bailleul.
right of figure) Drummers: Coat as La Reine,
livery laceOrleansasillustrated.
MestresdeCarnp:1680J€andeBonnac,Marquisd'Usson.
1691Nicolasde Courchanp,Comte d'Ig- LA COURONNE : (Blue Colourswith crown to the left of
ny. fisure)
Drummers:Livreedu Roi. Mestresde Camp : 1677Hardouin Bruslart, Chevalierde
Gcnlis.
ANJOU: (Singlefigureat baseof page16nexttoTouffaine) 1693Nicolas de Prunier, Marquis de
Mestrede Camp: 1681Francois-Marie, Comtede Hautefort- SaintAndrerv.
Drummers:Livreedu Roi. Coloursshownlargerscale aslllus- Drummers:Livreedu Roi. Laterin theEighteenthcenturythe
3. ColoneltColourbelow,OrdonnanceColourabove. words'DeditHancMastrekaCoronam'.
TURENNE | (Figurewith Black Colourswith Tower to rhe
right) BRETAGNE: (Orange& Blackdecorated Coloursabove and
Mestrede Camp: 1679Henrid'Harcou:t,MarquisdeThury. to the left of fig.)
Drummers: Unknown (Could be the sameas the Colonel- Mestrede Camp : 1683Louis-Anne-Jules Potier,Marquisde
General'sCavalrywhich wore the TurenneLivery. if so see Novion.
laterarticleon FrenchHorseregts). Dtummers:LivreeduRoi. Colours:Theblackdevicesdepicted
on the Ordonnance colou^ are the heraldicsymbolfor ermine
d'HUMIERES : (GreenColourswith white squares, figureto and aho appearon the arms of Brittany on the Colonel's
the lefo Colour.
M€stre de Camp : 1689Louis'Francoisd Aumont, Duc
d'Humieres. SOISSONS/PERCHE : (Red & Blue Cols. Above fig. in
Drummers: Aumont Livery (from EugeneLeliepvreillustra- bottomleft corner)
tionsofd'Humieresregt.ofhorse.Crossshownwaswonon ihe MestresdeCamp: 1665Henride
Chapelas. ComtedeSalieres.
backandfront ofdrummeis coat. 1690Josephde Roben.Marquisde Ligner,
GUICHENOAILLES/COETQUEN: (Creen& Violet Cols.
figureto the left) Drummers:(asPerche)LivresduRoi.
Mestresde Camp : 1687Antoine de Grammont,Comte de
Guiche. ARTOIS: (Yellow& BlueColourstothe rightoffigure)
1693Anne'Jules,Duc de Noailles. Mestresde Canp : 1675Francois,Gaston de I'Hotel, Marquis
1696Malo-August, Marquis de Coet- d'Escots
quen. 1690Nicolas,Marquisd Escots.
SecondillustrationisoftheuniformasNoailleswhentheyellow 1692NicolasSimonArnauld, Marquisde
cuffsweredropped.Theyellowvestis speculative, but vestwas Pomponne.
yellowin 1709asthe MarquisdeTourville'sregt.(Redcuffsas Drunners: Livreedu Roi.
Tourville\). LA CHARTRE : (Red& Blue Coloursbelowfigure)
Drummers: Unknown Mestrede Camp : 1684Louis-Charles-Edme, Marquisde Ia
GRANCEY: (Red& BlackColoufs,figureto theleft) Chartre.
MestresdeCamp: 1675Jacques-Leonor de Medavy,Comtede Drumners:As Orleans,butwiih plainsilverlace.Coloursfron
Gran€ey. Charrie.
1693FrancoisRouxelde Medavy,Marquis
de Grancey. VENDOME: (Two largefiguresin cenrreofpage17.Colours
Drummers: Unknown. depictedabovecrenadier'shead.)
LIMOUSIN : (Green,Yellow& RedColours,figureto theleft) Mestrede Carnp:1669Louis-Joseph. Ducde Vendome.
Mestre de Camp : 1684Louis de la Palud de Boutigneux. Drummers:Unknown.
Comtede Meilly The two figuresarebasedon ciffarr platesanddepicta Junior
Drummers:Unknowfl, Officeranda crenadier.
 THE BEST wARGAtvtNG FIGUBES tN THE wOFaLD! -

V"tf":J-y * 4*t l4 J,* "/.-" 7- . z,*

BRITISH
R,EGULAR
INFANTR,Y
COHMAND IIGURf,S
BI Omc€rnarchins- spont@n
B2 Omcerstandinr- spont@n
B3 Ensisri
marching
B4 Ensign
standlng
B5 Drummer mrchins
B6 Drumn€rstandins
INTANTIY

B8 SEndins
firinsmusket
B9 Ranminsshot
FRENCH
R,TGULAR
INTANTRY
COHMANDTIGUTIS
FI Omcer - spontoon
marchins
B4 86 87
f2 Omcer -
standlngspontmn OUB DISTFIBUTOF FOR THE U.S.A-is:
f3 tnsignma.ching M F . J A .H O O O
F4 Enshn srdding ,,?^->
15 urummermncnmc 1t-;r Bot 274,
ro urummer srandrng le. I
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l n e d e l p h rW
a V.260590278
F7 Atta.kmarh lel: 304 547 0OOO
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ALLTED
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IVhen replying to adverts please mention Wargarnes lllustrat€d.

TwoPeninsular wat shotstakenatthewaryames 25nm Spanishgue i asftomtheco e.tion
Holidaf Cente.Abow: Connoisseur
of David Thomas.Buildinq bj Miniature Revolutions.Below: The Spanishatnr goesinto battle. Again ConnoisseurFigurcs
25mm. Buildings scrutch-builtbJ the late PeEr Aidet.

THROUGHSMOKEAND
FIRE
NAPOLEONICRUTES
bylohn Stanyon
I supposethat the type of rules wargamersprefer reflects in
somemeasuretheir our peno alities, and their perceptionof
tactics in their chosenperiod. It is a well known facr that two
peopleseeingthe sameevent will descdbeit in differenr ways,
andhavingdonethattheirhearerswill interpretwhattheyhave
beentoldforthemselves, andsoat the€ndofthe dayit mightbe
very difficult to come to a precise understanding of whar
actually happened.As wargamersthat is preciselyth€ kind of
situation we find ourselvesin, and to a large extent we try and
chooserules that reflect warfare as we understandit to have
takeplace.
Withthisin mindI do not claimthatthefollowingsetofrules are
perfect,all I do claimfor them is that they reflectmy ideasof
whathappenedin a Peninsular War battle.I foundthat all the
rulesthat I tried for Napoleonics seemedto assumethat the
playerswould be fightingin CentralEuropewith cortinental
armiesand consequently the peculiaritiesof rhe Bntish Army
(Anglo Portuguese)were treated as an afterthought,even
thosesupposedly designed forthe Peninsular do not seernto get
theBritishquiteright.For methiswasdisastrous because ofmy
likingfor Britisharmies.In thissetof rulesI havetried to put
thisright,andfeelthattheyshouldwork wellfor othertheatres
of theNapoleonicWarsaswell.
I havealwaysbelievedthattheBritishArmy functionedequally
well in attackanddefence,yet it seemsthat manyrule writers
firmly believethat th€ Britishworkedbestin a defensive role,
with Wellingtonas a primarily cautiousgeneral,and have
formulatedtheirgamesystemaccordingly. A closestudyof the
War provesthat thiswasnot the case.I believethat
Peninsular
any rules that deal with the British Army must reflect its
offensiveaswellasits defensive capabilities.
The secondpoint I have tried to bring out is the fact that
generallythe British outnumberedth€ Frenchin infantryand
from 1812in cavalryas well, but rarelyin artillery.This will
comeasa greatshockto thosewho havestudiedarmylistsbur
not the actualorders ofbattle whichgivea completely different
Thecentralthemeofthe rulesis thewaythattheBritishinfantry
reactto a Frenchcolumnattack,andplayerswill find that the
Britishcanactuallyfire thenchargea columnattackingthem.
For theFrench,iftheircolumnfailsto chargehomeit paysthen
to try and changeformationinto line to fire on the incoming
Bdtish €ounter-charge.Having developeda system that
coveredthisaspe€tofcombat it wasa relalivelysimplematterto
geteverythingelseworkingroundit.
I tend to prefer a simplerule systemto a complicatedone, and I
b€lievethat it is possibleto achievethat by usingwhat I call an
Active Move Sequencerather than a Passiveone. It seemsto
me that in many casesthe Move Sequenceis usedsimply as a
device to tie the different parts of the move together and is
almosttreated asan afterthought. I try and work out the Move
2l
Sequencefust, and having got that right I find I do not needas
manyrules to coverthe eventualitiesof battle, be€ausein many
casesihey have aheady been taken care of. Consequentlythe
MoveSequence is the mostcomplicated part of therules,andit
mustbe stricdyadheredto.
The Army lists systemis basedon that found in Forlom FIope,
andplayencanuseasmuch,or as little of i. astheylike. we
tendto useit to establish the qualityoftrcops,whethercavalry
is lightor heavy,andhow manygunsof whatsortmaybe used.
Wllen it comesto numbersinvolvedwe simplygive the attacker
an extrabattalionor so, remembering that the Britishrequire
slighdyfewertroopsthanthe French.Eachattributeshouldbe
dicedfor separately.
Unlesstaking unit strengthslrom the army listsFrenchInfantry
battalionswill be 36 figures strong, British 30, or 36.
Skirmishers for theseunitsarefieldedseparatelyas showninthe
lists.BdtishCavalryunitsare 12strong,thoseof theFrench10,
andthe Portuguese 8. The Frenchget 3 gunsandthe British2
rvith 4 figuresto a crew.
The troop designations I have used (Green, Veteran etc.)
reflecta unit'sattitudetobattle:
Gr€€ntroops: are €onscripts,or fresh units etc.
V€terans:units that have been in battle before, and have
becomehardenedoncampaign,thesecomprisethe bulk ofthe
continentalarmies.
Professional5:these are something special, One of the great
differencesbetweenthe British Army andthoseof other nations
wasthat the Britishwasstill prima ly a very smallbut highly
professional force,whilethe otherswerein essen€e vastcitizen
armies.As a result it is usuallyonly the British who get
Professionah.
Overco idcnt The majority of British cavalry, someGuards.
Theseunitshavea very high opinionof themselves that is not
necessaly borne out in action. They will tend to be a bit
unpredictable anduncontrollable.
Whenworkingo'rt forcesit is stronglyrecommended that the
infantrybe basedon an actualdivision,reducingnunbercof
battalionsto accommodate whatyou canfield. For example,a
British division would consistof rwo brigadesoI British
infantry,onethreebattalions, theotherfourbattalionsstrong; a
Portuguese brigadeoflwo lineregiments with two battalionsin
each,anda Light (Caeadore) battalion.This canbe reducedif
necessary to two brigadesof Britishwith two battalionseach,
andthreebattalionsin the Ponuguese brigade.Two regiments
of cavalryare aboutrightfor a forcethissize,but try andkeep
thebrigadestructuresobothunitsareeitherlightorheavy.You
will alsoneedonegeneralfor eachbrigade,andoneC,in,C.
The rulesare verysimpleandplayersshouldfind that theycan
getthrougha divisionalsizegamein anevening,andI hopethar
if youtry theserulesyouwill enjoythem,andevenif youdo nor
playthemI hopeyouwill find somegoodideasin them.
22

MO!'E SEQUENCE FIRING

1. Declarecharges(targetsmust be within reach),and move Fire l volley per 6 close order foot in one or iwo nnks, 3
chargebonus. skimishers, 2 cavalry,or eachgun model with 4 crew. Figures
2. Receivers test(notskimisheEwho evadeaway). only fue onceper tum.
3. Figu'ershichhavenordeclared in I mayfire.
4. Testto chargehome. SIIORT I,oNC EXTIEME
-1Y(5)
5. Unitsbeingcharged,mayelectto counter-charge andmove Close OrderFoot
Dismountedcav
0 6'(4)
- 8"(6)
charg€bonus. 0 4'(5)
skirmishers .- 0 8"(5) -16'(6)
6. Unitsfailingto chargehomeandbeingcounter,charged test Anilery 0-r2' (4') -36'(5) -48' (6)
7. Units failing to chargemay changeformation and/orfire (see
Firing). - I British foot in closeoder.
8. Unitssuccessfully charginghomefrom l mayfire. +l Green.
9. Unitscounter'charging testto chargehomewhereappropri- + I Target in cover.
-1 Artilleryfiring at column/enfilade.
10.Movement,(Figuresmaymoveandfire).* + 1 Firing at SKOs/gunqews.
ll.Fightmelees. + I Dismount€dcavalryfiring.
12.Othermoraletests.
Figues in bracketsis basicfactor, rcll equalor grcateron D6 to
* Unitswhichdid not movelasttum may fire first. (Indicate inflict
casualty.
stationaryunitswith a counter) Squaresnre 6 nguresonly in eachdirection.
Guns may tue until reducedto haf strength, then must c€ase
Note: Figuresmovetheir chargebonusdistanceassoon asthey fire. Once it haslost all its crew it is considereddestroyedand
declaretheircharge,but thisneednot be in a straightline and the group lost.
may be the start of a formation changein which caseit countsas Greentroopsfire at units chargingthem at the measuredrange,
Y1move(seemelees). other troopsfire at suchunits asthough at short range.
Units which are changingformation may not fire if they wouid
TESTTO RECEIVEA CIIARGE be contactedbeforecompleting.the change.

GREEN VETERAN PRO'S OYERCONF. TESTTO CIIARGE HOME

Foot in LINE charSedby:
Colunn 5 I Eachcasualty* + I
Line 2 I I Eachgroup lost + I
Horse Break 5 l Generalwith - I
Footin COLUMN chargedby: Green+1
Colunn 2 1 I Professionah- r
Line I I I Cavalrf-1
Ho6e 6 5 l Generalki ed** +1
Foot in SQUARE cheged by:
Overconfident 1
ColuDn 6 5 3
Line 5 2
Hone 2 I * Inflictedinlatestfiringphasethistum.
ARTILLERY chargedby: ** Thistum andwithunit, or if C-in-Cwithin 10"
Column 2 I Equalor beatscoreon D6 to continue.lf fail thenstand,(move
Lire 2 I I back charge bonus distance if in contact with enemy) may
Hors 3 2 I changeformation and/or fir€,
HORSEchargedby:
0

+3 Chargedin flanldrear.
MOvEMENT
-l UphiU. un cor'lm cb,a.! rout
-l Generalwith, or C-in-Cwithin 10".
+ I Eachgroup lost. Lightc.v. 12' 4" l3'
r Cavalry.
HoeGms
Equalor beatscoreon D6 to stand,otherwisebreak.Testfor

Limber/unlinb€r % Inove.
A group equalsnumber of figurcs required to fire a voley (see CrossObsta€leb move.
firing). Skirnishen arekiled automatica y ifcontacted by C/O Y2speedin difficult terrain**.
enemylloops. % per 90' facechange.
WlrceledvehiclescaDnotcrosswalls, hedges,fencesor movein
BI]ILDINGS woods,marches etc.
Units in difficult terrain are unfolmed** (seeRa lng).
Buildingscount asdifficult terrain andmay only be occupiedby ** Unlessskirmishen
skirmishes. They may only be fired out of, or attacked, at
suitable aperturesby skirmishen fighting singly insteadof the Visibility in woods €tc. will be y, D6 score inches, round
usualgroup of 3 figures. If a defenderis killed an attacker may fractionsup.
takehisplace.Movementis at halfspeedin buildings.
 23

lsdn Catalogue
€Loohobag" €too ho h.ge Olutd+adg -il)
Zs|n' C.taloglo

llhia
l6ttt, fuper detailedgErilrg t
lSnn
mgrteE
UL a 8IF0P6t-l2l \
l5r FtGlCllrraoLloil0 flqlaCl l5|| Bllllll{ r aOrIO|{GFlfU:E:f l&d.B or €z€.GtPon€a I
\----lt'ss!-EEJ
arY.ts...--9ffs 251
riil 301
razd^rt. Aiid 5Ol

|5r Pltr4.lrX l^iollo$C fLlltGl

llor. Pr6dttts lo fur gN

4.6€$ i:i:!:l L:R3'I;itfi.i.: ;, ?i-.
*' Oyattats frtda htfontta ot
ctrAu
Eteuto ,kt tr fintbtt.n
SPls N ttqE ortta.a L
L*ht ttr
HflibrtlDrpe tbffi. erNN.f fui,r ft*
RRzPoibroke ngnt PL.B filt lot r. thtL.
oriannK8a6w3 &r_dfD8ronY0l5 l?* ,Ltd. tt t rt t*x*
0262670421

FORMATIONCHANGES l,osert€sls:
Green6.
Roll D6: 1 2 3 4 5 6 Pro's5.
Green tutt '/a 3/t 3/t
3A 3/q otc6.
Y2 If los€rfails to equalor b€atscorehe muts.
Professionals Y2 V2 Y2 -l Generalwith.
Overconfident 3/t 3/t 3/+ 'h
+l Eachroundlost.
+1 Hit in flank/Iear.
If los€rstandsor m€l€€drawn Winn€r rols D6:
Squareneeds16menat leastto form. Green2.
Veterans2.
MELEE Pro\ 1.
Roll I x D6 per group (asin Firing) in contactwith enemy,plus otc2.
overlapof l group. C/O foot may count rear groupsdirectly I Ceneralwith.
behindfront groupsin contactif advancingand not unformed. +1 Eachround.
BasicFactor: 5 If winner fails to equal or beat scor€ he retir€s y2 movc
-l Charged. immediately.
-l OverconJident.
+1Green. PI]RSUTTAFTERMELEE
-1Uphill.
-l Defendingotrstacle. Green and Overconfidenthorse pursueuntil a 6 is rolled, 5 if
generalwith. VeteranandPro. horsepu$ue until4+ is rolled,
1 Heaiy cav. charging. 3+ if generalwith. Green and Overconfid€nt infantry pursue
-1 Lancen charging.
fbr I move unlessgeneralis with. Veteranand Professional
+l Otherlancen, infantry pursueif they wish. cuns crewsand skimishers never
+1 Gun clew.

Equalor beatscoreon D6 to killfigure;1will alwaysmiss.
Unitshrt rnflankor reardo nol inllicl casuakies
Cavalrymaynot meleewith a squarethat stands.andmaynot
movecloserthan3" to it, but will flow roundif spacepermits.
Figuresmusthavemovedchargebonusdistancein a straight
line at time of impact to count charging.(But see Move
Sequence for useof chargebonusat startoftum):
Overconfident pursueN must attack ftesh units within 2" of
theirlineof pursuit,otheNmaydo soif theywish.
INTERPENETRATION
If friendly units interpenetratewith eachother both units will be
unformed, unlessone of them is either skirmisheNor deoloved
 with friendsunlessthere
guncrew.Routerswill interpenetrate ARMY LISTS
rsa 3 gaplor themto gothrough.
SeeRrllying. Nationality:BRITISH
Dl|)S.d.
UtrjtTlT. Min^ld I 2 I 4 5 6 7 3 I 0
OTHERMORALETESTS Bndshlofmrfl +3 cr vd ver hn Po Pro Prc Pio Pro orc
Units must testmoralewhen: 2.1 :J l1 l0 l0 30 30 30 16 16
Liie Liic Lift Lre Line Lin. Lin€ Liir Liie Lighr
Losingfull group.
Ponugurs l-i Cr vd \ld vd Ver Vd P Pio Pro Pto
Generalwithunit killed,orC in C killedwithin 10". I aob(lonllmrl :1 1l ll l0 l0 30 30 36 36 36
Friendly rout of equal or higher class in 10", (routing beli$l) Lift Line Linr Lift Lin. Lii. Lme LUhr Lghr L3ht
skirmishers will not causeothertroopsto test). Blili5hcavd'_r I.5 G Cr Vd OC OrC O/C O/C O/C O1C O1C
Voluntarily. Maiunsin.. 3 Il 3 10 10 l0 12 12 12 12
PodtrgGsclv. LightLighrLighrLiAhrLighrHeavyH€aqH$$Heil)He*y
BasicFactors: PodrgE*Caukr (H G Gr G Cr Gt G Cr Gr Ver Vd
Green4. 3 3 3 3 3 r J 8 3 3 3
Lighr Ligir ltrehr f,igh Lisht Lighr Lidr Lhh li3nr Li,ahr
Pro& Overconfident 1 Anilhd l8a. Vd Vet Po Pro Pto Prc Prc Pro O/C O/C
! 2 2 1 1 1 1 3 3 3
+2 Onerout.
Fmr Foor F@! Foor Fdl Fsr F@t HoNHoNHoM
+3 Two or morerouts.
+2 Eachgrouplost.
-l Cavalry. Theremay be no morethan5 Anglo-Po(uguese cavalryunits
+2 Selfin rout. fielded.
-l Generalwith. If FoorAnillery is rolledit will be Po(ugueseon a Dlo roll of
1C'in-Cwithin 10". 8+.
-1 Guncrew. Only I Portuguese Light battalionnay be fielded.
-l Skinnishers. Field3 skinnishers per Line, and8 per Light battalion,and4 as
-l Failedfirstmoraletestthistun. theindependent Light Coy.(UsuallyRiflet.
EqualorbeatresultonD6 = O.K.Iffailtestagain.If secondtest Cavalrymustbeorganised into brigadesof2,3, or 4 unitsof the
passedretire1 movefacingenemy, otherwiseroui- sametlpe, ie. all lights,or all heavies.Light andheavycavalry
Note:Unitsonly testoncepertum, but unitsroutingasa result maynot be mixedin the sane brigade.This mustbe bome in
of a rnoralefailurewill force other units which havenot yet mindwhendicingfortrooptypes-
testedto makea moralecheck.

RALLYING Nstionality:FRENCH
AJterpursuitor rout unitsmayrally.Roll on FormationChange
l , r 5 6 7 3 9 0
for length of time taken. Unils which have not mllied are \tr vd !d ver ver Pro o/c
unformedandfire andmeleeat halfeffect. 11 lr i 0 & 3 0 3 0 3 6 3 6 3 6
Note:Pursuenarenotunformeduntil pursuitandfresh€ombats Line Lii. Line Liic L€ht Ltht Lghr
arisinsftom it areconcluded- Vcr vd Vd vd Prd Po Pn
10 l0 l0 l0 12 l: l?
Li8hrLighrHearyHealrHovfieaqHeNr
Pro Prc Prc tuo Pio Ph O/C
ONCAVALRY
CASUALTIES l l 1 t 3 l 3 l l l
Casualties inllictedon cavalrywill be takenby eitherthe horse Fmr Foor FoorHoEeHo*HoNHoN
or the rider,thereforeremove1 figurefor every2 hirsre€eived perLine.and4perLightBattalion.
Field3 skinnishers
Singlehitsshouldbe indicatedby a casualtymarker,the figure
fightingasnormaluntil anotherhitistaken. muslbeorqani'ed inlobngr,lesoi2.3.or 4 unillof
Cavalrv
rhesamerrpe. ie.ailliglrs.o' ies
allheat Lightandhea\y
cavalrymai norbemireoinlhe'ame bngadeThismu'lbe
CASUALTIES TO OFFICERS
bornein mindwhendicinglortrooptypes
Generalsnot with a unit may be shotat as thougha skirmish
target.Ifwith a unit thattakescasualties roll2 x D6 a scoreof2
or 12kills.
rxr ulurunE aRCHITECT
ond lenoinlo
Hondcroftedmodel buldings
ARCSOFFIRE customerspeclficolions.
'Ctf the Peg' HondbuillBujldings in 15 ond 25mm scoles
C/O Fool, dismounted cav. andgunsmay fire up to 2ff either 'Ke,"slone'Hion Definrio^ ?esi' BLi'dngs ond Forlificonons
sideoftheir frontalfacing.Skirmishennay fire all round. '
in %ooh.15Tn o1d 20_25mrrscoles
Gunsmaylire overheadat rangesoflong to extremeproviding
thatthereareno friendlytroopsclosertothemorthe targetthan Stockistof Eogle t!4iniotures25mm Flgures
4", and that either they or the targetor both are on higher SAEp/us 50p for illustrcted lisls ta
A. Copesioke,
groundthantheinterveningtroops. 23 wvlom She€i, Crogheod, sionely'
'Couniy
Closeorder troopsmay ignoreinte eningskirmisherswhen Dufiom DH96ER
firing, skirmishenmustfire at otherskirmishersif theyform a Cneoues mooe Poyobleto A Copetok€
screenfor closeordertroops.Skirmishers arethe sameclassas Posiog€ond Pocklng
thebulk ofthe restofthe infantry. UWaFco121h%tuloPelJSA20%
whateverhasnot beencoveredby theserulesusecommon' 40%ot orclervolu€
Ausirollo/P,sio
Keyskne node enqulneswelcon'e
Note: I move= % hour. I Figure= 20 men. Groundscaleis
variable.
 THE HOME OF GRUBBY FLOORS AND
Studia '/on Eanfie[[
SPARXIING WITI
GAMERS IN EXILE
lviniatures
25mmSculpted
BROTHERHOOD
THECOSSACK RIDESAGAIN
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FromeverycomerolthesleppeslheCossacks areiding,cut-
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anrmals.Bullherea'e nobetlerliohlersonlhewaroames
bbb. Meanwh lehe Po|shAmv rsoalhe-nro. Comnqrc)d-nonlh.
TheDrdeol Poland.
Thelabulouis,lea ess iirqed Hirssa6
THE COSSACKFEBELLIONle$ DESIGNEB: Val Banfleld
CC17C6drd6e shd salpbdqn6lEl
CCI C6adr d:rgr!. haEhesled Ct13 Ccadale@,slr'1 id.muslel

c,e cNd da4l19.

sri(su@r,sbE CFl r@3Llb..she hridmhp
C& C6adrdaliig.sri(hal$he CF2 C6:di frjngmd€! b:Edrslsd
CC.4Ccs.talekig,sihra&,ba@drosled
CF3 C6adr ftj|o md€! sli( s.ld.*
CC5c6s:.karadiq,*lo$d, slrii, ctu csd hriqtu*e!sri(iar
CF5CGadialiadilr'g
b{edi6bd,sF.d

EL[]N
sid.Nald,
CC5CGed(alrdjig, slri
cF6 CN!.r ai!d(iq sh(epbd.
cc7 cdeddBlia. toEdl$edst4r
cF7 C6drai!di'! sh4htsed6i&
CS C6.dcrsEg. sli( edpldr,pisbl
**'.00*,"
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Tuesrt 10.00--6.15
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|oisEs

ctr3 c6adrHdegrrhprng3r,rrdred@r
283 PEIT|TONV|LLEROAD cc13c6s.dar@,DaJ€.rr6lE4
LONDONNl gNP csi c6*dswrdi'ig,hddr6iF rop
ccrl ccsa*al@, djrr.sbrod, ebre @ CGed(&miig, baFdt6led,
Telephon6:07t-8:t3/1971 cc15cGe.kd@, $4 h4sb,€
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26

DARK AGE WARRIORS

Part one: The Greeks
by Peter Morrison

It is a featureof historythat asnationsbecomecivilised,their andvillageleaderswould arisefrom amongthem.Thesewould

historiesbecomeconcemedwith rhe 'big picrure'.The popular not alwaysbe the bestfighterhowever.Oftenrhe bestwarrior
annalsdepictthe fortunesof generalsandarmies.The fareof wouldbe mindlesslyferociousin combatandif nor conrrolled
nationsbecomesmoreinterestingthanthe far€of individuals wouldb€soat homeaswell.A chiefwouldbeamanwhocould
and only occasionally do generalshavethe good tasteto be rely on the supportof manywarriorsfor whateverreason,and
killed in battle in a touching way like Wolfe, Moore or thesewould showa controllingfavourto theseberserkenby
StonewallJackson,thus, for a few momenisputtinga human makingthem champions.Other fighten would be cool and
relativelyundisturbedby warfare aswell asbeingcapableof
Why is this?In partit is a resuhof thegrowingsizeof warand killing.Thesetoo wouldbefavouredby thechiefandmakeupa
inpart because the heroesofmodernorganised warstendto be vital part of his warband.Even so, somewarswould require
the managerygenerals who orchenraredthe vicrory.In more largernumbersof men to supplyscmebackingandrhe more
lribal societies,the wa[ior is the man to remember.The pedestrian tribesmanmightget draggedoffto war. Obviously,
strengthofthe fightingmanis the measure of a peopl€s success hisenthusiasm forglorytendedto belessthanthatofthosewho
and prosperityand the examplefor men to take. Thus rribal calledon him to fight. Thh systemof warfarewasremarkably
historiestend to deal with and exaggerate the prowessof the endu'ing.beingrele\anlIn FuropeunrilrheMrddleAges
warrior, while playingdown the more mundaneaspectsof
battles. Sosimilararethewrilingson theseDark-Agewardornations
Because of this artistic licence there is an unfbrtunate whetherGreek,Japanese, Egyplian,Celticor Viking that this
tendencyto disregardthe heroicpoemsand legendspassed article could well apply to any tribalnationin anytimewithvery
down to posterityas fiction. This impression is reinforcedby litde adjushent. (Hopefully. the editorwillallowmetoenlarge
modemheroicfictionwhichtendsto followthe sameorincioles on this sinilarity in future issues-)
of larger-lhan-life action.In denigratingrhisrwe ot hisro;ical However,one epic is outstandingfor ils descriptionof the
-
writing,manyforgethow valuablesuchcontributions canb€ in barbarousbattlefield and of the fighting warior The tiad of
the handsof giftedstorytellerswho wereinvolvedin war, or Homer. This epic was prcbably based on the folk poems
earlier
who havespokenat lengthwith thosewho foughtin then. Who of the Greeks and, contmry to established belief, bearsa
coulddoubtthe valueof the storiesof NicholasMonserrator surprisingamountof straighttaclicaldetail. lt also bearsa
PaulBrickhill,who relatesovividlytheirpersonalexperiences. refreshing tangof honesty.The heroesare battle-frenzied and
Considerthen, how the knowledgethat their bookswouldbe unstoppable one minute and fleeing in mortal terror the next,
readandcriticisedbythe very fightingmenwhohadbeenwith andthe moreordinarymenexpenda lot of energytryingto stay
them,musthaveensureda largedegreeofaccuracy.Surelyrhe unhurt.Thoughdressedup in heroicproseandgamishedwith
heroictalesof earlysocieties whichwerecornposed for menwho the presenceof the Gods; this is a tale of ordinarymen in
were accustomedto war, must of necessityhave reflected extraordinary circumstances. It isofinterestto notethatmany
something of thegrimrealityof battlein thosegrimtimeswhen previously discredited parts ofthe lli,,ldhavebeenconfimedin
a man'sstrength,skill and speedwere all thal stoodbetween their accuracyby modemarchaeological digs.Not the leastof
him andcompletedisaster.Stripawaythe Iloweryrhetoricand whichwasthe findingofMycenaeanbattlearmourat Dendra,
the references to interveningdivinity;tone down the athl€tic descibedquite well in the poetryof the tale of Troy.
exploits of the warriors and a grim and unrelenting thrcad of Did thesiegeofTroy takeplace?Thisquestionisoutsid€the
fact runsthrouehall the tales. scopeof this anicle. but the poemdescribes battlein enough
detailfor usto be suresomeone foughtin thismannerat some
IIERO OR PSYCHO? periodin the historyof creece.whichis all we needto know.
Recentstudiesof ordinarymen in battle haverevealedthat
manyofthosewhotakepart in modemwarsareincapable even THE INFANTRY
of firingweapons,let aloneaimingat someone andtakingtheir Contraryto somebelief,effoxsweremadeto organisetroops
life. In starkcontrastto this majority,a srnallerproporlionof for tribal warfare.Thes€effonsmight appearrudimentaryto
the soldiersfind that killing comesquite easily(in somecases sophisticatedmilitary srudents,but they were effective
evenpleasantlyl) to themandthesetendto be the oneswhodo nonetheless. A bodyofmenwouldusuallyhavea leader,behea
the fighting.This hasalwaysbeenso. clanheador a charismatic warrior.Theseleaderswouldin rurn
Manyyearsago,a cameraclewin Borneorecordeda 'Battle' be answerable to the chieftainor war lord in combat.Each
bet*een two jungletribes.The two bodiesrushedbackwards leaderwouldorderhis menaccordingto their capabitity.This
and fo ards through the trees, never quite coming into responsibiliiy is wellrepresented in ihe ///ad.The creek leader
contact.Gmdually, the two massesof natinescame closer speakswith the warriorleadersin turn. bur is impressed by the
togetherand some of the warriorsrushedout to exchange say oneleaderpreprre\hrsmenfor bdnle. . .
blows.Somewereinjured,fewwerekilledandin the end,one
sidelost its nerveand fled. ''Nestorput histhatioteers
with then horsesand ca in &e
In time propertybecamean issueand agriculturemadeit
frcnt;andatthebacko massoffiBt-rcteinfantrytoseneas
possibleto free someof the communityfrom the rigoursof a rearyuard.In betweenhestationedhisinferior troops,so
day-to-day existenc€ in returnfor theirprote€tionthroughskill that even shi/ken would be folced to fight. He told his
andprowessat arms.Becausemostofthe bestfightingmenin chaiotee\, whomheinstructedfi6t to hold in theb ho6es
societies weregroupedrogether,they wouldtendro dominate an.l not b getentanqled in themelee. . .

"Do not think," he said, '1hat hisbrcvery shall ent k a
chafioteetto brcak the ranks andfrght the Trcjans on his
oh'n. And don't let aryone drop behind and weakenthe
wholeforce. Whena man ia hisown chariot comeswithin
reach of an enemy ca\ it is time for him to ty a
spear-thrust.Thosearc thebesttactics.Thi: is thediscipline
andtpitit lhatenabled out lorclathercto Mkewailedtowr6
by storm."
Nestorin the ,[,ad
The armsofthe ordinaryfoot soldierarewell described in a
sectionthat considersthe only Greek warrior to bring a for€eof
bowmento the siegeof Troy. Sounusualanddangerous is this
that Homer dwelh on the fact . . .
"The son of Telano u)asbacked bt a stong and well
. nained body of rctainersv'ho wercalwaysrcadt to rclieve
him of hisshieA h'henhe a'asorercomebJ heator fatigue:
Wheleas gallant Oileus was not accompaniedby his
Locrian troops, h'ho had no stomachfot hand-ta-hand
frghting, unprcvided os thet werc with the usual a E, a
plumed helmet ol brcnze, a rcunded shieA and a*en
speats.Theybelieyedin the bow and thesling of fue spun
wool. It ||as with theseh'eaponsthat they htd fo owed
their chief to I ium; and therev')ereindcedoc.asia^t when
a Trojan compant was ca to piecesby fueir volkys. So
now, t+'hik the heavy armed troops in Jront engagedthe
Trcjans and blonze-clad Hecbt, the Lrcrians kept
shooting at lhem lrom a sale distancein tlv rca\ ti the
Trcja6, throv'n into confrtsion bJ the arrcws, beganto
lose hen rclbh lor the fight."
- The lliad
Sowe find the retainersarmedwith spear,shieldand helmet.
Elsevrherea large round shieldis mentionedaswe[ asa smaler
target-t'?e shield. Of the two, the smaler shield is considered
-the inferior, ever though both appear to have little stopping
poweragainnlhrown spears.Speanappearto comein many
-
lengths,varying from a spearelevencubitslong about fifteen
feet- to javelins,the popularweaponof someof the Trojan ineffective.useof javelinsby the Trojans. . .
infantry- The majority of the infantry were armed with a long
spear,which was wielded with great successin self defence.
Overandovermentionis madeof thedenseclumpsanddark
massesof men bristlingwith spearsand shields.when the
Greekswereforcedbackto their shipsthisformationbecame
particularlycompact.
Therestoodthe verypick of theh bestmenawaitingPince
Hectot and the Trcjans, an impenetable hedgeofspea6
and sloping shields,buckler to buckler, helmetb helmet,
man to man. Soclosev,ercthetunkt that whenthe! moved
plumed
their headtthe gtineringpeaks of thei helmettmet
and the spearsove appedat they st^'ungIhen forwad in
their sturdy hands. TheJ lookedstetdily to heit lrcnt and
|9ereeagetfor the clash. The Trcjans cane in a nass h'ith
Hectot in the van . - -
The lliod
Theseblockscouldprovea usefulhavento theheroesif they
becamefaint from heat or wounds. More than once in the call would
accounta herois savedby timelywithdrawalinto the ranksof
the spearmen. It doessuggest, althoughnot conclusively, that
the spearmen foughtin fairly tight formation,but woulddraw
even closer together when threatenedwith hand'to-hand Danaans,fello$, soldiets; no boting no\'! No lingering
combat, . .
Eurypylus, his leg hampercdbJ the broken shaft, saved
hinsetf frcm certaindeathbJ taking coverh,nhthenen ol
n
his ov,n company. But he gave a gteat shout to the
Danaans; 'Twn in tow tracksand make a stand to sove
Aias from desnuction.Shot cs he b, I cannotseehow he
can disenqagehtuBelf. A rully then, rcund thegrcat Aias,
son of Telamon-"
The wounded Eurypylus had done hi: pa and they
closedin and ru ied rcund hin, crcuchinr behindsloped
shielb, with theb spearcat the rcad).
- The iad
This protection supplied by the hedgehogsof spearmanvras
seldomviolated by the heroeswhenthey were in their chadots.
This may hav€ been a matter of necessity,sincethe spearman
were quite capableof seeingoff the heroesif they had enough
motivation to do so. In recent years many histo.ians and
wargamerchaveadvancedthe notion that chariotsweremore of
a conveyanceto the fighting, or a psychologicil rather than a
shockweapon.This is bome out by the Illad, wheretroopsoften
scatterwhen a chariot bearioga certainherc approochesthem.
On other occasions,like the death of their leader, they might
put up a stiff resistanceto save the body. This next piece
describesa body of the Creek inJanftyrcsistingthe lossof their
heroPeiros...
As Pebosspmngaway,Aeblian Thoashit him in thechest
v'ith a speaa belowthe nipple, and the bronzepoint sank
into hislung. Thoascameup to him, andpulkd the heav,
h'eaponfton his brcast, and *awinq hit sharp sword
sttuck hin fuq in thebetlt. He took Pebos'kfe, but he did
not get hisamow. For Peiod men, the Thmcianswith the
top knot: on thei heads,swrcunded him. Theyhew theil
longspearcsteadyin thei handsandfendadThoasofI, big,
stronr and fomidable hough he was. Thoa, war shaken
The Iliad
A similaraccountis eivenof the savingof a Trojan hero's
body by his men. but of further interest is the ready, if
Aias tun up to strip himof hb arns. The Trcjansnet hin
h,ith a vo ey of glixeringjavelins, many of |9hichhe took
on his shield. Nevettheless,he planted his foot on the
corpseanddnggedhisbronzespeat out.But hecouldnot
get the man's own arms the javeli6 weretoo nuch Jor
him. Moreovethe wasafraid of beingsutrcundedand
ot)e.powercdby the eaget Trojatls, who faced hin in
fornidable nunberc with their speatsat the rcaq . Sothey
nanaqed to dtive him of. Big, stu y and rcdoubtable
though he v,a.s,Aias |/''asshakenand rcteated.
- The iad
Thisrobber)ofdeadheroeswa. a verylucrariuerhing.given
the valueof bronzearmourat this t;me, but then nobilityand
heroes havealwaysgoneto warrichly:rdomedandthe looier-
whether san€tionedor otherwise- is probably as old as
civilisation.The lackofdisciplineconcerningthis matterwasa
problem for the commande's of.Mycaenean hosts, At timesa
be made to the army not to loot untilthe fightingwas
over. Nestor for lhe Creeks purs it lhis*ay . . .
Nest'rrthencalledto theAryives in a loud voice:" Frien^,
behindto getbackto theshipstrth thebiggestshare!Let us
kill men- Afterwards, at teur leisure, you can strip the
coryseson thefield."
Nestor
2A

SUNDAY
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s HowcAsE
THEPREMIER FORTHE SOUTH

CEsIIl
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inforriation&AdvanceTickels:ssnd!1.50 andS A.E tot
r . r y M 6 d s l L i o qM t 9 i z i n .

fhe ven I.rcrthalNeslotneed'to.a) lhi' indicate' therarher almostseparatelY.

mercenary hdbrtiof leadet'and menalike but Hectorgoe'
evenfurtliet thanth;swhenthe Greeksaredrivenbacktotbeir TIIE HERO
shiDsand victorv is within the Trojan grasp Even civilised ln--i,. ot rrr ,1. ,n.n,rt.pre'enral thebatlles on thepla;n\oI
coisiderationfoi fellowwardorsis dispensed with in the desire rhar much ol lhe crucialtightrns
iioir rrrerllaamakes ir cGar
"""'ir.." uv relatively few of them These warriors were a
J"rl.it" "r".iof*"ttl"i"obles. outfitted ifl the best armourthey
Sticktogetherthenand attacktheships lf anv ol you neets ".'iJ "ri"'J. rr'" tr'i. "rmour wasas substantial asthe lidd
hb tate"dnd YoD,an a ow o' spe nell 14 hm '1rc'H? rdmirabl) borne oul b) the armout lound al
sa!s. ha" been
"iti ha'" la e, Io, h'' counrt and lhot i n dshonout Dindra in lcbo. The prolection aflorded to lhe warrior was
eriltenr; panicutarly ii hehidbehind the mas'ive shrelds in use
' Hector were designed ior maxrmum
arrhedm;. The.hietds them.elves
suPpori the descriptions "ior..ii"". "*"trl u.i"g madeof tiveroseven lavenofoxhide
The archaeolosical evidence tends to
are shown i,*"r'.a o'.' U'.i"^ oirnoulded wood or $ickerwork lr is no
oJ battlegiven-sovividlyin the lliad. Foot soldiers to be desigledto punch
wrthlons-soear". lareeshieldsandno armour'ln facl infanlry ."-ii".irt"", to nta tt",weaponstend their
ptot""tion. The Greeks even strengthened
boastoniy a kilt or iome garmenrrrmilarto long shotts This ti.iuntr urltrtit bladed lo sLop lhe bronze
of the 'oea,i b1 mafing lhem double
beinqso, thereis no reasonto supposethe descriPtions lndeedthe rhrowinsspeal
ractiis enptoyed were any lessaccurate This leavesus wtth a i!"a'""'*r'.",ritruck armour. warrior liller' The secondary
pre_emrnenr
orctureot Utoi*r or massisot menmovingaboulin supPortof appearito be lhe $hlch 'nme rn varlour
polnted ssord
leavier armed nobilily.pe'haPsalso supponedb) more ueaoonwasthe tharp
reliableretainers, whonightindesperatecircumstancesfight in lensths.
the front rank. A strongimpression given,is tharthe ordinary fhe abidrngimpre*ion givenb) borh the armourand the
infantrywerenot willingtoget involvedwith the professional reDort\In rh€Jliddisof a nobilrl)whodidnolcon'ideratdlianr
at atlandwouldlry lo forcelhemawayratherthan dearhor (enibe sounds 'o belherordroSlor) fheidea$a'ro
fiehrinamen.fl aoes;ol seemto haleexrendedrothe kill the olher man; and then rob hinl andthenget peoplelike
tiit ttre-m. i. retucrance
Homerto make stories aboul them.ln theBronzeAge' armour
infantryof the opponent lo acqurre al
sa\ a precious commodi$indeed:somelhing
common wilh most DarI Age 'ocjerrer
InJantryl?ll on inJantn and cut lhen ttp ^ lher lled even ooportunrly. In
"ere nol admrred. andmenareoflen
bdi,e rhem.*a thi *uriozet' with Ihei brcnz?nade rle coniiot.ot chiuatrv
killedwh;n thev trv toilee.Ifa man could get hisblowin from
havocof the chaiotee$.
Thc lliad behind,so muci the better.In fact, one of the Greek'heroes'
Menelaus, appears to haveoperatedaspartofa murde'ousparr
Nolicehererhede.criplion ol rnlanrryselting aboul each '
other of assassins on more thanone occaslon. -
ds$ell a" infantDandcha'ioreeF beinCde'cribed as fighling

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What he did not notice was that fomidable Menela$,
speatin hand, had cometo Meges'helpand crcptup on hb
flank. Menelausstuck hin in the shouldetftom behinl
with suchviolencethat theeagerspeaFpointforced its v/ay
thtoughand cameout at hisbrcast.
- The lliad
It was obviouslyquite acceptable to 'gang-up'on another
warrior to ensurea kill. Sometimestwo warriorswould ride
togetherin a charioi,althoughthe1/taddoesnot makeit clearif
this wasfor mutualsupportor becauseone man had lost his
chariot.Occasional sentencesin Homer'sepicmakeitclearthat
chariotdriverswerenot considered sacrcsanctandquiteoften
they take a missilemeantfor the warriorriding at their side.
Another classof warrior is occasionally mentioned- the
pickedmanorthe trustyman.Thesesoldienwerenot nobility
or champions, but neitherwerethey ordinaryinfantry.Often
both arc refenedto in the samesentence. Thesefightingmen
did notengage in singlecombats,but areoftento befoundin the
front line of closeorder formations,or actingin supportof a
leader.Moresignificantly, manyof themareamoured,someof
them beingbetterequippedthan their socialbetters.At one
point,aGreekleaderfindsitnecessary to ordersomeofhismen
to changetheir shieldfor the bettershieldsbeingusedby less
active fighting men.
There is no doubt that the warriors €onsideredtheir survival
very imporaant. The chieftains are often describedas being
shaken,runningawayor evenhiding,Thereisevenacaseof lots
havingto be drawnto seewho will fight the mighty Hector.
Often the warriors are very shaken when they face massed
'ordinary' infantry, even though the infantry doesnot make a
real effort to harm them. After all, whether a spearis poorly or
expertlyhandled,it can still kill.
T)
CHARIOTS
Homeric chariots were fairly light, two wheeledcontraptions
drawnby two honesandcontainingtwo men- a ddver anda
fighter, althoughanotherwarrior might be caried on occasion.
Somecredibilityhasbeengivento the notionthatchariotsonly
feniedarmouredmeninto battle.Any sortof militarystudyof
the ,[iad makesnonsenseof this idea, but the sheerawkwad-
nessof movementin the Dendraarmourmusthavemadethis
function of the chariot vital - mention is often madeof warrion
becomingfatigued andrctiring from the battle to rest. Even so,
there are things about the condu€tof the battles of Troy that
suggestsomefighting was done from chadots.Tightly massed
infantrywith longweapons standa chanc€of repellingchariots,
thus explaining these formations. The extreme length of the
b€tter walrio$' spears,which would haveonly beenusetulfor
inter-chariot fightingareanotherindication. Andmenareoften
killedor injuredin, or closeby, theirchariots.In oneparagraph
Aresthrustsovertheyokeof hischariotandtec€ives in retuma
thrust in his lower bely that couldonly havemme from a manin
anothercha.iot. It is of further interest that Hector is desoibed
boardingachariot with a geat fighting spearandsomethrowing
spean. Yet the ground is a firmer throwing platform and it is
easierto dodgea throwwith roomto move,soHectorissoonon
foot again. The truth as to whether warriols fought fron
chariots or on foot is that they did both quite cheerfully.
There is c€nainly no evidenceto suggestthey were driven
directlyat anyone,but thisdid notprecludechariotsbeingused
to initiatean attackon a man on foot, no doubtby emploirg
th€ charioteer'slong spearto 'tilt' at the lucklesspedestrianas
th€ chariotracedpast.ln morethanoneinstance,thisresultsin
the charioteer'\deathfrom a retum spearcas
Another claim againstthe authenticityof the 1ldd is that no
description of masschariot chargesexists in the book. This
might be a considerable argument- if it weretrue!
30
Agamemnonlelt the two therc and da:hed to wherc the past,the wardon wouldstabat eachotherwith longspears(11
frghting li'ashottest,backedby the rcst ol the brcnze-cLid to 15fee0 or hurl throwingweapons at eachother.Beforetoo
Achaeans.Infantry fe on infantty andcut themup asthey Iongthe engagement woulddevelopinto a seriesoiindividual
lled beforcthbn; And the chaioteercwith thet brcnze combatsbetweenchariot ridefs. dismountedwarriors and
nude havoc of the cha ot?e.s. fighten on foot. During this part of the fight throwing spears
- The iarl were much favoured for their ability to punch through shields
andarmour. Somehad sucha preferencefor throwing weapons
At a differentpointin thenarrative,thecreeksrallyafterbeing that they would hurl rocksif spearswere unavailable.Other
pushed back by the Trojans and charge back into the fight chariotwarriors would combineto attackisolatedwarriors or to
together.Although this extract does nor cover controlled rescuea comradein peril.Oncea wa[ior wasslain,everyeffort
chaiotunits,it doesdepictwithdrawal,rullyanda spontaneouswas made lo secu.rehis \rar gear. both for it5 value aDdirs
usefulness.
While all this washappening,the 'corridorof battle' at the
ThZnnot one of the manj Danaancharioteerscould boasl ftont of the armieswould have been steadily narrowing- As it
that he had ruced Diomedesto the nench and driven out did so,the chariotdrivenwouldbe forcedto taketheirchariots
beforc hin to ensaqethe enenj). away from the front of the advancingphalanxesof inJantry,
- The lliad although sometimesthe walriols were overcome by battl€
frenzy and in struggling to retain possessionof a body they
This attack hassomeinitial successuntil a counter-attackby would come into contact with these advancins blocks of
Hector andhis men- alsoin chariots- throwsbackandrouts the intanrr).Thi.wasatway\ashockfor lhe warrior.w-hosuddenly
Greeks.Later the Trojanshavepushedthe invadenback to found himself massivelyoutnumberedand was invariably
theircampandnust dismountto crossthe ditchsuroudingit. frightenedand pushedoff his prey. For other warrion these
Here some allusion is made to a chadot fomation , , , advancingmen meantsalvation,as the infantry were ableto
push opponenlsoff and drag them to safety.
He junped down at 6nceIron hir chatiat in fu amour, The infantry combatson their own appearto havebeenvery
and a the Trojans abandonedchariot fomation when inconclusive. Thereare severalreasonswhy this wouldbe so;
theJ saw Prince Hectot dbmount. Leaping out, th4' told not the leastof whichwastheseemingreluctance to risklife and
theit drivercto keeptheir ho6es druwn up in prcper order linbthat wasevidentin thisclassof warrior.Otherfactorshada
by the tench. Thentheystooddea\ sortedthensel','esoul slowingeffecton theseengagements, however.The r€scueof
and fp in behind heit o\|n .aphn: in live rcnpanies. fallenwarriorswouldcertainlyhalt forwardmomentumuntil
_ The iad. thecasualties weresafelywithinthe fomation. If waniorswere
Here is somethinggenerallyunmentioned still fighting between the hostileblocksof infanrry,the paceof
in considerations
of theJ/i,adlMassed advance would slow to allowthe combatto resolveirselfand
cha ot charges andorganised chariotunits.
Indeed, a careful reader finds many oblique referencesto driveoff successful enemywarriors.Outsidethe formation,any
bodiesof troopsfollowingleadersand sometimes setbacksin the chariotcontestwould resultin enemyforces
they are all
describedas charioteers. getting to the rearofthe infantry.Thiswouldhavethe effectof
Spaceprecludesa systematic consideration forcing the foohen to adopta hedgehog formation.All thisis
ofthe cusromary
interpretations of the battlesoutlinedby Horner.Without a strongly reminiscent of descriptionsof squares facingcavalry
doubt, the singlecombatswere givenexcessive duringthe Napoleonicwars.Unlike theseformationsof foot
coverageto
dwelluponthedeedsofthepowerfulnobility.Eveninthe battle soldiersin the horse and musket Deriod. the'morale of
muralsof civilisedEgypt this techniqueis employedwhen Mycenaeaninfantrywas closelylinked to the success of the
Pharoahis shownmanytimeslargerfian life, but no onewould
dreamofdiscreditingthe restofa wall paintingbecause The chariotswould regroupas the infantry on both sides
ofthis.
Perhapsnow is the tine to takeanotherlook at the tacticsand engaged in combatand comeflying down the Ianesbetween
methodsof fightingtakingplaceon the plainsof Troy. units to re-engage theiroppositenumbersin an attemptro force
themto flee.Inevitably,oneof thechariotforceswouldbeginto
gainthe upperhandand the supportinginfafltryof the losers
THE BATTLEflELD would falter or evenfall back.
Occasionally a groupof chariotswouldbe gatheredtogether
At the commencement of the engagement the infantry was to rush to a threatenedsectorof the front. Here.misht be
drawnup in blocksratherthan a solid line, with the chariots anotherreasonwh) ir $as besl lo posl the prckedmenin rhe
arrayedin front of them. This formation enabledthe chariotsto rear, sincethey would have to standup to the chariotsand
figha, then retire down the sidesof the infantry units . . . perhapslauncha rescuemission if the nobilityofan injured
charioteerwarrantedir.
Many a pab of horsestossedtheir headsand runled their Eventuallyone of ahechariot groupswould break or be
emprychariotsdotan the cotidorc of batie. pushedback awayfrom the infantry and everyoneknows what
- The Iliad happenstoa bodyoftroopsoflowmorale,*hoseflankandrear
are under threat. Even so, rhe infantry might not rour
Thereappearto be five graflddivisionsofrhe creek armiesin immediately,but begin to retire. If the situationcould be
the /lidd, eachof whichhad its own chariotand infantryunit. restoredbycommit.ingfreshcharioteeE, all mightbewell.And
Thismeantthe combinationof theinfantryfrom varioustribes, indeedthe text of the //iad is sprinkledwith examplesof this sort
but this appearsto have had no adverseeffect upon their of rally.
performance. Someof theinfantrywouldhaveb€tterarmoured ln extremity,a laststandmuld be madeby the warriorsand
or moreresolutemen.Thesewereplacedarthefrontto suppon infantry, with the pickedmen andwarrion srandingin the front
the chariot fighters or in the rear to stop inferior soldiers
runmng away. Thecharioteendo appeartohavemaintained somecohesion
At the signal,the chariotswouldchargetheiropponents and in flight or pursuit,perhapsbecause of their speed.Even so,
altemptto drivethem from the field. As the charioteers swept routswereferociousaffairs,especially for the poor footmen.
Nen month: Armour, w€aFrons
and *argamc rules.
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32

WARGAMINGIN SCHOOLS
by Michael Rayner
Over the lastfew monthsI havebeeninterestedto readin the cannow organisea school'swargames club on ny own terms
wargamej pressof severalviewsand opinionsregardingthe andencourage moreyoungsters to take up the hobby.In some
valueof capturingand fosteringthe inlerestof the younger waysthesepupilshaveaneasiertimethanI hadmyself,asthey
gamers.Theseappearto rangefrom thedesireto encourage the can1umup andtakepart in a battlewith well paintedfigures
recruitmentofwargamercfrcm asyoungan ageaspossible,to andanumpirewhoknowstherulesfromthestart.Thisisa geat
thosewhich regard youngerwargamersas a nuisance,who advantage, asthe physicalappealofthe miniaturesandterrain
shouldbe discouraged from meddlingin what shouldbe the leadsto manyboyschoosingto comealong.AlthoughI prefer
pursuit of their elders,and presumablybettels.Thesetwo to fight with well paintedminiatureswhicharc corectly based
oppositeviewsare alwaysfocusedin my rnindby the following overattractiveterrain,it is importantto realisethat thismight
examples.Th€ former through a descriptionof a wargame nor be fte imponantfactor 1o all. Thereforeone shouldnot
written through the eyes of a child which appearedin dis€ouragethose wishing to play with unpainted/unbased
Waryanets Nela,slettetmany yearsago, and lhe latter through figures,althoughonecanhopethat they will be convertedby
what seemedto me the very rude and brusqueattitudeof a the sightof more colourfulbattlesnearby.It may be that to
seniorwargamerputtingon a demonstration gameat a show, then it isthe gameiaselfwhichis impo{ant: the scenario, rules
towardsan inquisitiveteenager.Fromthisit shouldalreadybe or mechanisms, whichputsthe appearance of thefiguresa long
obviousto which pole I am attracted,and I will spendthe waydownon theirlistofpdorities.Indeedthisargumentcanbe
majorityof thisarticleexplainingtheexperiences of warganing carriedoverto demonstration, and in particularparticipation,
in schoolswhichI bavehad,whichwill hopetullypersuade the gamesat shows,wherefrequentlyI havetakenpart in games
readerofthevalueofwargamingat anyage.Thiswill obviously whichareperhapsnot themostattractiveto lookat, but provide
be contentiousto thosesubscribing to the view abovewhich a mu€hmoreenjoyablegameto play.thansomeoftheir more
regardsthe young as a hindrance,and of coursethey are visualneighbours. Ofcoursethisis not alwaysthe case,andit is
perfectlyentitledto their opinions.What I am doinghereis to possibleto haveboth an attractivegameto look at and to play.
open up the discussionand give my opinions,which can However,I wouldaendto Iate whatI call a mentallyattractive
naturallybe challenged. gamehigherthan one whichwaspurelyphysicallyat.ractive:
Probablythe mainreasonthat I myseffamsoin favourofthe
youngbeingencouraged to wargame,is that thiswasthe wayin This last point leadsme on to consideranotherplus of
whichI cameto the hobby.WhenI waselevenandin the first wargamingin schooh;that youngpeopletendto be witlingto
folm of seniorschool,I wasluckyenoughto be ableto attend experimenr andinnovate.Thisleadsromanyinteresting games,
the school\ military history society,whi€h consistedof a withhomegrcwnrulesappearingon a regularbasis, oftenbeing
wargames club organisedby a smallgroupof sixthformersfor amendedor discardedafter use.This is anotheraspectof the
the benefitofanyoneelsewantingtojoinin.ln nany waysthis hobbywhichis encouraeingto me-Fine.if peoplewantto play
wasan idealsiluationasthe schoolhierar€hy of ageandposilion with the samearmiesandthe samesetof ruleseveryweek,but
readily translateditself into military/wargames terms. This surelyi1is in thenatureof sucha wide-ranging hobbythatthere
meant that the sixth forme^ with their greaterexperience,must be cbangeand devetopment.Without such innovation
knowledge ofthe rulesandsoon wouldbe the commanders-in-sargaming wouldbecomea ve'y stdleand.in my uieq. an
chief, whilsr the newestfirst year recruit miglt commanda uninteresting pastime.Thiswillingness to experimenthasledto
regimentofcavalry.This methodworkedwell, asit enabledan variousfast'playgames,not too dissimilarto publishedsets,
effectivechainofcommandto be established. with the realistic being witnessedamongstthe youngsomeyearsbeforethey
possibilities
of ordersbeingdisobeyed or nisunderstood, which becameavailablecommercially.
mightnot happenwith a teamofexperienced adultwargarners. Anotherareaofinterestasfar asschoolsareconcerned, is the
In addition,it providedan excellentsituationin whichto leam way in whichthe enthusiasm of the pupilscan be carriedover
from experienceand by one\ mistakes;a processwhich is into an openday or show.One hasonly to look at the recent
perhapseasiertogo throughat a youngeragethanwhenoneis report of the "lnvicta" show in Kent to realise that the
older.Ofcoursethepaintingoffigures andthetacticalexpertise participationof the youngin wargamingis somethingto be
werenotthesameastheywouldbein anadults-only club,but as encourag€d. Variousother schoolsare usedas locationsfor
thisdid not hamperour enjoymentit wasnot of importance. As regionalshows,andothersput on their own opendayswhich,
the keener wargamersprogressedup the school,so their althoughprinarily for the pupilsinvolved,alsohelppronote a
knowledgeand appreciationof the finer pointsof the hobby positiveinage ofthe hobby,eitherthroughparentsor through
grew, and the projectsbecane more ambitious.Among the the localpressand comnunity.
activitiesthat I remember were knock-out competitions, Havingsetout my stallI hopeto haveconvinced thereaderof
paintingcompetitions, campaigns coveringthe Germanattack the valueand needfor wargamingin schoolsand amongthe
on Crete,OperationMarket Garden,the 2nd PunicWar and youngin general.OI coursemanyyoungsters will quicklyfade
variousAmericanCivil War andNapoleonicscenarios, aswell awayfrom the hobby.but otherswitl staywith it to enjoy its
as displaysfor schoolspee€hdays and the like. Thanksto benefitsfor a life-time.Hopefully the feelingsof suspicion,
practiceandan in€reasing amountof skill,oneofthe clubwent mis-understanding and at timeshostilitywhich a ninoritj oI
offto Readingto takepart in the competitionat Armageddon, olderwargamers wouldappearto havetowardsthe young,can
winningone or two games.This sort of a€tivitygave much be replacedby a desireto shareexpe ences.Not only do the
plea'ureto lhe bo)s concerned as well a,. rn my opinion. younghavemuchio learnandgainhom moreseniorHobbyists,
enriching lhe qargaming trarernil)a, a wholL but I amsurethatlhereis muchthatweall canlearnfrom them.
Unlike mosl,my interestwith wargamingin schoolsdid not I amsuretharmanywill haveopinionson thissubject:do keep
stop when I left as a pupil, but has continuedas I had the the discussion going.
(debatable) fortuneto becomea teacher.This hasmeantthatI
 33

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34

THE WILD EAST COUNTRYMEN

Goudhurst!Thelastbattleon Englishsoil?
by Martin Hackett
Itwas afine springmomingin1747thatan affraytook placein could,if necessary, be coveredin plaster-of-paisand simply
the villageof Goudhurstin Kent-This actiontook the form of stackeduponthe tide linealongthe baseofa cliff. To a passing
a shootout amidstthe barnsand housesof the village,and revenuecutter the casks,evenif spotled,would simplylook
must be the nearcstEnglandever cameto experiencing the like anotherrock fall. Cargo was even weighteddown and
traumaof an American'Wild West' gunfight.Ho*ever, the roped along the sea-bed,to be picked up later once any
numbersinvolvedwere greaterthan a mere gunfight,with suspiciouseyes werc turned away. Other tricks included
perhapsasmanyas200peopleengaged, splitroughlybetween hollow oars and nasts, shipswith two hulls (one insidethe
the two sides.Sowhat led to this uniqueev€nt?A civil action other),andcargoesof woodthat hadbeenhollowedto conceal
that resultedin the endwith perhapsasmanyasthirty deador liquor of some kind. Some vesselseven had false floo$,
wounded.To undentandthe reasonbehindit we must filst beneathwhicha layerof ballastwouldconceala furtherfahe
examinethe widespread illeSalpracticeof th€ age:srnuggling. floor, beforethe hiddengoodscouldbe revealed.
Even if a gangwasbrought to trial evidencewasoften weak,
and locals were either in the gang, or aftaid to speak up
SMUGGLINGBACKGROUND becauseof the fear of reprisalsagainstthem or their family.
By 1740smugglingwas commonplacealong the shoresof The local landowne*, judgesand even noble gentry were
Britain, especiallyalong the south coast- The coves and often involved cornmercially. A Member of Parliament for
treacherous baysof the south-west madeDevonandCornwall Canterbury,Sir william Counenay,gaveevidenceat the trial
a perfe€tplacefor the concealment of both cargoandvessels, of a smuggleraccused of beingcaughtin the act of unloading
but distributionwasharderto achieve.At the otherendofthe illegal cargo at sea,in order not to be caughtwith the aforesaid
country the Isle of Wight and particularyKent and Sussex cargo on board his vessel.Yet the revenuecutter managedto
wereableto usetheir proximityto the FrenchandNetherland closeand capturethe snuggler,.havingpassedthe bobbing
coaststo swiftly move goods acrossthe English Channel. banels of cargo during the chase.At the trial Sir Courtenay
Distributionwaseasier,for the readymarketsof Londonwere statedunder oath that he had witnessedthe whole eventhom a
vantagepoint upon a foreland,and that the barels had been
The goods which thesemen illegallyimpo.ted were of a there long before either vesselhad appearedon the scene.
variednatureasa Houseof Commons'returnof goodsseized' Fortunately the prosecutionwere able to prove that at the rime
between1822and 1824illustrates.lncludedin the list are ofthe incidentthe M.P. hadbeenattendingchurchsomemiles
ships,live animals,snuff, playingcards,silk, handkerchiefsaway.This perjury clearly showshow high in the land the
andhats.More traditionalgainsweregin, rum, brandy,\,vine, corruption of smugglers'gold could rea€h. Suffice to say that
'worthy' fell from graceto end his daysin an asylurn.
whiskeyandtea.Ifa commodityhada sufficientlyhighdutyto this
warant the smugglerrisking his life to acquireit, then that
comrnoditywouldbe includedin the lis.. By thistime, andin a
traceablesteadytrend after the end of the Napoleonicwars, REVENUETACTICS
the revenue,customsmen and coastguards beganto gainthe Between1700and 1815there was little the customsofficen
upperhand.Butfrom 1700to 1815the smugglerruled in many could do to cope with the growing night-timetrade. The
areasalong the coast.Not only was he well equippedwith boldnessof the smugglersgrew, especiallyin time of war.
gangsof men, many of them strongfishermenand famers, but IndeedNapoleon activelyencouraged theEnglishsmugglers to
he had the finest shipsoften purchasedon the proceedsof usetheFrcnchports.Oncethe Napoleonic WaIswereoverthe
earlier profitableruns. Someshipswere even better armed govemmentwas able to put more moneyinto the customs
than the customscutters, as an offical retum from 1785shows, patrols. With more men and more shipsthe revenuebeganto
wlth a C]utrer, rhe Happy-go-luc.&y,being a.med with 14guns makean impact.If necessary they couldcall on the aid ofthe
and 30 men. The biggest revenue cutter at this time was the dreadeddragoons. The customsm€nbecameasdeviousasthe
Repulse, and she was little bigger thzn the Happy-go-Lucky. smugglinggangsthey werc after. If they were certain that a
As many of the revenuecutters were much smaller they were beachwas goingto usedfor a landingthey would arrive i
no match for some of the wel armed smugglingships. A ful daylight,dig pits in the sandand leavejust thei headsand
gang could be anything up to 200 men, and this would not musketsprotruding-Theseexposeditemswould be covered
include the accompliceswho aided alongthe route, Irom rvhen with seaweed.Th€n the revenue,loadedand ready, would
the goodswbre landed until their delivery to the purchaser.It wait until the smugglercrvere unloading their goods before
is certain that mule trains with muffled hoovesand protected rising from the sand to catch them. These tougher measures
by gangs of armed thugs made their way adoss Kent and led in a short period of time to the demise of the geat
Sussex andon to distributionin the capital- smugglingorganisationsthat had prosperedduring the eight-
The gangswerenot only well organised to dealwith revenue eenthcentury.Yet our uniqueeventtakesplacenot afterthe
on land and sea,but also if they shouldbe caughtabout to' riseof the revenuebut in the 1740's,rightin the middleofthe
unloadcargo-The naturalcavesof certaincoastsmadeobvious goldenageof smuggling.
placesfor concealmentas storiessuch as'JamoicoInn ^td
Moonfleel rightly rell. BlJt there were other more subtle ways
that the smuggleremployed.Firsily all the cargowasshipped THE HAWKHI,'RSTGAT{G
in smallcasksspecially designed 1o ensure that eachone wasa This gang was typic-alof ihe period. Po*erful, with over 100
convenientweightfor a man to carry. They were also small men, stronglyamed, and with shipsand matketsaplenty.
'mercy'a word
enoughto be slungon donkeysor mules.Secondlythe cargo They were alsoruthlessin the extreme,with
 35
would go and gather his gang together, well over a hundred
strong,and bring them at a predeterminedtime to plunder
elery house.murdereverysoulwirhin,and finallybum rhe
placeto the ground.Goudhu$twouldbe no nore.
On hearingthis repot Stu( immediatelyset to work. He
sentsomeof the militiato gathereveryfirearmtheycouldfind.
The rest he had casting musket balls, and assemblingbarri-
cadesacrossthe roads.In all he had overtwo hundredweisht
of po$der and w h lhe newly cast shol set about making
sufficient canridgesfor the weaponsnow assembled.The main
barricadewas set acrossthe road at the upper end of the
village,this the snugglersin their boldnesshad declaredwas
the way from which they would come. On thar fine spring
MA} A TIIE KENT COAST momingSturt stoodwith his militia at the barricade.He gave
to everymanpresenta musketand'somecartridges,andrhen
that did not entertheirvocabulary. sent him to a predetermined station.Stun rhen prayed,and
The village of Hawkhurst lies some ten miles or so from lhe called on God fot assisstanceto give hini and his men the
Kent coast (see rnap). But ftom its small and hunble polverto vanquishtheir enemies.Sturt had placedhis men
begnnings, led by the Kingsmill brothem, the gang grew so well, usingthe churchyardas his headquarters,and with men
powertul that their reign extended over some 150 miles of concealed in any availablebarn, €opse,loft or other vantage
coastline,from the Kentish Xnock in the East. as far as poole point alongthe route, they sat and waitedfor the appointed
in Donet- Their favouritepat€hwasRomneyMarsh,andfor
manyyearsthey were the unrivalledfreebooteNof the south
coast.They developeda reputationfor brutalityandruledthe
area,evenfar inland,with suchrepressionthar they thought
nothingo[ opeolyenteringviUages, breakingInro houses.and
bullying lhe occupantsro pan with lheir betongings.An)
resistancewas met with vicious rcprisal, many unfortunates
being beaten to death. One viltage that suffered repeatedly
was Goudhulst, a mere five miles or so arvayfrom Hawkhurst
acrossrollingcountryside.The peopleof coudhurstwere so
maltreated that by 1747tlrc gang $ould frequently ride into
town, plunderthe housesand abusethe womenand children.
IJ anyonegot in the way to defend either their family or their
belongings thenthe resultwaseitherdeath,if fonunate,ot the
most violent of tort$es from which death would be a blessed
relief.Within a few monthsmanyhouseswereboardedup, all
trade had ceasedand families were ruined. One unfortunate. a
Mr. Baltardfrom TunbridgeWells.$as passrngrhroughrhe
villageal mid-day.He wasrobbedor !3o. his warchand ring.
before being severelybeaien. He was later carried home, but MAPB
THE YILLAGE OF GOIJDHURST
diedsomefour hourslater.
It is a sadreflectionon the age that there was no power
within the land to end su€hbrutalityand lawlessness. It rvas THE BATTLE OF GOUDIIURST
fortunate for Goudhunt that at the very h€ight of this The smugglersdid not disappoint.Almost to the minu.e
persecutiona Williarn Sturt retumed to his native villaee. Kingsmillled hismenovertheriseandinto sightofthewaiting
havinS procured his dischargefrom Lieureoant Geneiai militia.Many ofthe snugglerswereon horseback, ridingwiti
Harrison's Regimentof Foot. His abhorrenceof tlrc siruation shirtsleeves flapping,handkerchiefs bound abouttheir heads
left him with no doubt asro the necessarycourseof action, and andbrandishing eithera musket,carbine,ora braceofpistok.
he made it known that he would join a body, which he Theyhahedin sightofthe barricades andKingsmiltcamefonh
Fomised to head, if it would stand up for the de{enceof the proclaiming,that he had alreadykilled no lessthan 40 of His
vi]lage. On April 17, 1747,thosemen who were brave enouqh Majesty'ssoldie^ or revenueofficels,and that 'he would be
tostandby Slun ygneda seriesof anicleswherebyrheyage;d damnedif he did not broil and eat four of their hearts for his
to fight to the d€ath for the sake of their community. Thev suppei, meaningthosethat now opposedhim.'ceneral'Sturt
called tbemselves,Tbe Coudhursr eand ot Mitiia' ani hadtold hismento receivethefirstfire,andtherebyrheywould
acknowledgedSturt as their general. Although this pact was be actingin defence.Kingsmill,followinghisbravado,ordered
swomto seqecy,the influenceof the HawkhurstGangm€an! his men forward to the attack. The snugglers fired, but to no
that t}Ie knowledge of this threar ro their power was soon effect.Sturtorderedhismentofire aronceanda smuseler fell.
known to their leader, one of the two Kingsmill brothers who A frercefire-fighlensuedfor somelime.during$hich'n;omore
had founded the origiDal gang. Although he had newsof this smugglers werekilled, and severalmorewounded.Oneof the
defence,ThomasKingsmill neededthe full facts and so one of Kingsmils fell at this point, and the smugglersfell back in
the new militia was waylaid and kept in confinement and dismay,whichquicklyturied to rout asthe villagersleft their
subjected to torture unril he revealed what Stu( and the lookoutsandpursuedthegang.Perhaps asmanyasa thirdwere
villagershad in mind for rhe smugglers.Insteadof finishing off taken,woundedor killedoutright.Onelongstandingscorewas
their victim, Kingsmill releasedthe man sendinqhim back to settledwhen an ex-smuggler namedHarden,who had since
the villagewith a message for Srun and rhe resrof the milrja. joined with the militia, shot a memberof the currentgang,a
The messagewas simple enough. For having the audacity to fioublemakerby the name of Radford. Sometime before
try and repuhe tu(her adventuresby the gang, Kingsmil Radfordhad shot Harden'sgirlfriend,a MissHarris.Shehad
36

toldRadfordshepreferredHardento himselfonlyto diefor her WARGAMINGTHE BATTLE

honesty. Terrair
Having beenunableto find detailsin mapform of GoudhuNt in
the l7l0's,I havespokento localinhabitants to clarirythat the
THE END OF THE HAWKI{IJRST GANG village centreis little changedftom the eighteenthcentury. The
TheHawkhurstGangwaseffecti\'elydispanedandneveragain mainroadsnowfollowthe originalca( tracksftom ther. I have
posedthethreatthatit had,thoughjtwassomeyearsbeforethe drawn a representationof Goudhurst basedupon the curent
matter was finally setded.Eight monthslater the Revenue 'O.S.' mapof the area,coupledwith the informationaboutthe
scoreda rare success and captureda largequantityof tea and action.The village sitson a smallridge, with the main road frorn
brandy.This was taken and lockedin the customshouseat Hawkhurstrunning acrossthe ridge, andheadingfor the centre
Poole.The suriving Kingsrnillbrolherheardofthe eventand of the village.The factthat Sturtmadehis headquarters in the
howthe localsmugglers weredallyingaboutwonderingwhatto churchyardsuggeststhat it was walled to glve his men extra
do n€xt.He took whatremainedofhis menandbrokeinto the protection. The church tower would make an excellent
customs house,stealingbackwhatthe Revenuehadtakenfrom look-out, and we musaassumethat Sturt used it as such.
him andhis asso€iates. An eyewitnessdeclaredthat lhe local Becauserhe moraleof the snugglerswassohigh, they told Sturt
menwereall for abandoning theattackon thecustoms houseas which way they would come, 'the upper end of the village', and
it wastoo well guarded, but Kingsmilland his hardmen would so Stui was able to take full advantageand line the route, as
havenoneofit,'the eastcountrypeople'theywereknownas. well asbarricadethe road. Given the commoDsenseapproach
and'theywerefetchedin to do thejob', astheyareknownto be that Sturt gaveto the wholeevent, it is likely that he would have
barricadedandpostedsniperson the other accessroutesto town
wat€hingtheev€nts, andevenreceivingabagofleafromone aswell. He would not have left anything to chance.The key to
of the gang,was a shoemakernamedChater.The Board of thedetailedmapis asfollows:
Customswas appalledwhen th€ newsof the successful raid
reachedLondon. As a result many noticesoffering large A. The church with tower and walled suround, Sturtt
rewardswere postedaroundthePoolearea.Chater,takeninby
the lure ofthe moneyand knowingnany ofthe gangby sight, B. Roadftom TunbridgeWells.
turnedhis evidenceover to the Board,and the smugglerwho C. Roadfrom Hawkhu$t(longestway)-
hadthrownhim the tea,JohnDiamond,wasarresred.william D. RouteacrosscountryfromHawkhurst(shortestway).
Galley,a RidingOfficerwith theBoard,wassenttoaccompany E. Sbortestroad way from Hawkhurst- Kingsmill'slikely
Chater io trial. They set off for Chichesteron Sunday14
February1748,but neitherwaseverseenaliveagain.saveby F.Inn oppositechurch,originalfrom theperiod.
Kingsmilh men. Followinga day's ride Galley and Charer G. Nearestfarmto the village.
stoppedat an inn for the night. Pliedwith muchwine by their H. Barns,usedasvantage pointsfor nilitia.
hostrherwomenrevealedwhattheinnkeeperhad suspected all I. Blockadeonthe roadto stopsmugglenadvance
along.Like manypublicanshe wasaidedby the freebooters, J. Houseswith morethanonemilitiain.
andcouldsmella'PreventiveMan amileoff. OnceGalleyand K. ShopvTrad€rs boardedup. No militia.
Chater were 'safe' in bed six surviving membersof lhe L. Houses.onemilitiain each.
HawkhurstGang arrived to decidelheir fate. Afier some M. Largehousewith 10rnilitiahereasguardsfor the women
debatethe two menweredraggedftom theirbeds.slungacross andchildren.
horsesand beatenand whippedfor milesas the horsesmade Thelayoutwillobviouslydependon thespace andbuildings you
theirdo\xwaythroughthenight.Galleyfell fromhishorseonly
haveavailable.The most importantareais the lane running
to be draggedby it for nearlyhalf-a-milebeforethe man, by towards the barricade and the churchyard behind it. The
thencloseto death,butstill breathing,wastakeninto a nearby smugglers,once they havefired are going to run the gaunletof
field and buriedalive.His body wasfound four monlhslater- shotsbothon theirride up to andout from the barricade.As a
Chatersurvivedbut a little longer.He waseventuallythrown firefightfollowedtheinitialchatge,someof the gangmusthave
downa dry well, and stonesweredroppeduponhim, until his taken up positions behind hedges,trees and any other
pitiful criesceased. protectivecoverthat waswithin reach.A road runningdown
This barbaricdeed.brutalevenby snugglingstandards. led thecentreofthe board,screened by buildings,andwiththegaps
toagenemlhueandcry,andactionhadto betaken-Eventually beMeenthe buildingsfilledwith miscellaneous itemsofscrub,
all six men iflvolvedwere trackeddown and held for trial. trees.wallsand carlsshouldconveythe necessary {eel of the
Finally at Chichesterin January1749they were convicted. village.
executed andtheirbodieshungin chains.Oneof thesixbodies.
Numbers
thatbelongingto a Kingsmill,wastakento Goudhurstandhung
This is a moredifficultproblem-B€caus€of the natureof the
on its€hainsat CoudhurstGore.atthetopof B allardsHill. The eventthecombatants needtobehandledon a l_to_lbasisThis
placehas carried th€ name of 'Gibbet' for more than two situationlendsitself to a good role-playinggame, and tbe
numbersneedto reflectthis. I recommendno more than 30
So endedthe remnantsof the nosl fearedsnugglinggang figuresa side,unlessyou havegot room to displaythe whole
alongthe Britishcoast.Othergangscameandprospered for a village.Eachfigureneedsto beidentifiablefrom theothersand
shorttime, andthenwent. Often it wasthe personality of the this appliesto the militia as well asthe smuggles. Thereis no
leader that held the gang together,so with two Kingsmill indicationthat therewere any kindsof distinguishing coator
brothersit wasnecessary for them bothto die beforethe gang scarffor identification, it wasvery mucha caseof whetheryou
finallydid. How fitting that WilliamStunwasto spendiherest wer€knownornot. Onlydeployfiguresin theoPen
of his life as a pillar of rhe community.He wasproclaimeda
localhero,but surelydeserved morethanjustlocalrecognition
for his skill in dealingwith the bulliesof Hawkhurst.His final RT]LES
yearswerespentmanagingtbe localworkhouse,whereevery Anyset of skirmishrulescanbe usedbut thesemustreflectthe
departmentis kept in suchregularandniceorderthat perhaps capabilityof eachcharacterto do severaldi{ferentthingsper
no workhousein the kingdomis betterregulated'.
 Smuggle clash with vi age6
& Rerenuemenin otu of the
author's gane\ Buildings by
Ga ia & Badeground. Figurcs
bt moinly AbbotE Mitiatures-
not, avaihble lrom Redoubt
En eryises. A lrom the au-

The nles I useare my own and are asfollows. Weapon Ratrge to dice Wespon Rangc to dlce
Pistol A'-5' -05% Musket A'-5" -10%
l.Cheract€risrtion Blunderbuss 0"-5" 05% Musket 5'-1A' -05%
Eacb character bas a set of statistics which wil be thrown Blunderbuss 5'-10' N/C Musket 1tr-15' N/C
againstto detemine the outcomeof €vents.I ensue that these Blunderbuss lU-15" +05L Musket 15'-2fl r05%
3 attdbutesshare150%.
Additionsl factorsto consid€r.
Nrm€ Missile Hd-to-hd Agility W€apons Horse For hand-to-handcombatbasesdust be in contactat the end of
Chalky White 620/o 32% 56% Musket/Axe No
Thomas Fighting hand-to-haDdftod horseback-57o .
Blueeye 4r% 4910 60% PistoUchain Yes ShootiDg(not pistols) from horseback+5%.
Redneck Shootingwhile moving +5%.
Davis 55% 50q. 45olo Blunderbuss/ No Target behind cover +20% .
I(Dife Smugglersfigbting hand-lo-handin caves-5%
Militia fghtbg band{o-hand in buildings -5%
Missileskill is usedto detemine the chaDcethat a characterhas
of hitting a larget. The percentagedice are rclled and a score
b€low that .equired is a hit. ff Chalky thr€w 47% he would hit. COMBATRXSIJLTS
Similady with Hd-to-Hd, if Thomaswas in a fighi with Davis Sore Stooritrg
E rd-acllrd
andhe threw 27% then he would havehit Davis. Wlen a hit has Wit|l weDo! No Wqln
been scored, tbmw on the Combat Resultstable in section 5 01-10Dive or floor 1M Dive on floor lM Drop @rgotM
below. Agility is used to seewhether a person is successfulitr U-20 Diw otr tl@r 2M Bl@kedblow Atuucl.srM
climbiog a cliff, or wall to escspefrom pusuit, or to spdng a 21-30Crawlfor lM Slightwoud teg - 1" Irg !*tss tM
surprir attack fiom cover. Th€re arc modifeN to the dice 31-40Crawlfor 2M Stightwoondam Drop & tuh €rgo
throws and theseoccur below.
41-50Slightwoundafu Hit & tuin @go rrg wl€s 2M
-t"
2,MoYeOptinns:
Eachcharactermay do any two of the folowing per move: 51'@ Sligtt mmd leg S€nos rcund Blockedblow
- l ' a m z
MOVE (carryiDg weapon/cargo)or PICK UP/PUT DO$N
61-70Hit & ruin @go Kl@ked out 2M Kno.k€dout tM
OBJECT or RELOAD or SHOOT or FIGHT HAND-to- 7l-$ SerioBroud SerioNvoudtec Bl@tedblw
HAND or CLIMB or DISMOUNT or MOUNT. am-2' !
3. MoYeDistrnces: 81-$ ScriousMud Knocted out 3M Kr@ted our 2M
SAND/CAVES 4" or PATHS/BUILDINGS 6" or IN SEA 3', leg-3r
9r{0 Killed Kilied
or Cf-IMB 4" (no cargo) or CRAWL 3"; or ON
HORSEBACK...+2" on san(Vgoodgound, -2" on cliff A characteris killed eith€r by an outright tbmw; or through
paths/insea. suffedtrga combiDationof woutrds..2seriousor 4 slightwounds
or a combinationof 1 and 2 rcspectively.
4, Combet:
If achalacleris not carryiDga cargo,tben a dight wouddis taken
Missilerang€s,and modiEersto the dice tbmw.
msrcao.
38
4. Notes: Moral€:
A smuggler cancarryanytwoitens plushisknife,e.9.1 barrel, The effect of morale in this action is rather unusual.lt was the
I musket: confidenceand bravadoof the gang that led to their downfall.
If he caries two cargoeshe cannotcarry an additionalweapon. By marching to the fray at an appointed time, and along an
Cargomustbe put downprior to shootingor + 10%penalty. appointed route, it allowed Sturt to set a perfect trap for
Charactersbeginthe gamewith their missileweaponsloaded. Kingsmill'snen. How different if the ganghadattackedfrom an
Charactersmay 6ght hand-to-handand carry 1 extm item, unkno*tl direction either at dawn or even in the middle of the
night?The smugglers$ere sousedto their way that the thought
Characten without weaponsdetermine fight outcomeson the of any successfulresistancehad not entercd their heads.The
No Weapontable. menthat Sturt hadassembled rverealsoin high morale.They
Boatsmoveat 8" per moveandmaydrop4 cargoes permove. rvereall in se€ure,protectedand €oncealedpositions.They
Gunpowdercargohit on the shootingtablewill explode,killing knew that nothingin the battle could be any worsethan the
the carrier. mental and physical tortures they had endured in the recent
5, Caves: past, it was a do-or-die time, and they were in the strongest
Cavescanbe enteredby smugglers withno movementpenalty- position.
Militia movingin cavesdo soat half speeddueto theirfearand To reflectthismomlein the game,usingour exampleof30
uncertainty. There is alwaysa safe areawithin the c-avesfrom men, th€n when the smugglershave incurred l0 dearhs or
whicha smuggler mayquit the game- surenders they will start to withdmw, t.king the nearest
6. Caryo Storag€: availableexit from the board as the way of escape.When tbe
Any smugglerwho is in a cave or a housefor more than two militia havesuffered 15 casualtiesof either a sedouswound or
moveswithoutinteruption is saidto havesecuelyhiddenhis death,thentheywill beginto withdrawonthechurchyard. Ifat
€argoby someclevert'?e of concealment. Thesegoodscannot any stageboth Kingsmills are killed or Sturt is killed then that
thenbe rccoveredby the customs. sidemusttakea moraletestfor eachpiayer.Simplycountthe
7. ScoringPoints number of characterskiled or captured on the relevant side,
Capturedor hiddencargoscores1 point per ! value.The Militia and throw a D10, with 0 readingas a 10, eachplayermust
scorel0 pointsfor eachSmugglercaughtor killed, and half ademptto beatthenumberolfatalities, includingprisooers on
points for any ruined €argo.Smugglersscore10points for each the smugglenside.lf for examplethe militia hadlost 3 deada
Mihia kiled. then Sturt was killed, then each militia man would need to
I useold playingcardswith a label on the faceto randomly throw over 4 to €arry on the 6ght. Thosesfailing to make this
deterninethe cargo.Someexamples follow : moraletest would run off. ln either c-asethe side retreating can
Barel ofGin
be followed up by the opposition for as long as is deemed
Bolt of silk Box of Pistols BairelofRun
tl2 €15 18 r10 necessary, thatisto eithercaptureor kill themall,orchasethem
Bolr ofcotron Cbestoflea Keg of Brandy Box ofcards offthe board.
!15 !t2 !9 !8

I useotd playingcardswith a label on the faceto randomly ALTERNATIVESCENARIOS:

determinethe cargo.Someexamplesfollow: There are sevenl different approaches to the Goudhunt
encounter. Fi*tly Kingsmill does not approachthe village at
8. Surrender: either the appointedtime or placethus catchingthe militia
A snugglermay surender to a militia or revenueman. The unprcpared. To reflectthisall the nilitia arein the churchyard,
smuggleris considered boundafter1tull move(2 activities)and or eachhouseis throNnfor randomly.Under 50%,no militia;
thenthe militia manmay continueafterothersnugglers.The over50%,2 militia. Any remainingvillagersare placedin the
smugglermay be releasedifothersmugglerscan getto hisaid,it
churchyard.Se€ondly,if Kingsmillhad movedquickly there
lakes I full move to untie him. Smugglers kill any militia or may not have beentime for Sturt to make sufficient cartridges
revenuewho attemptto surrender. for all th€ militia.In thisinstancelimit the miliiia to just5 shots
GoudhurstCharacters:
Unfortunatelytherearefewnamesthathavemanaged tostand I haveincludedin the rulesitemsthat do not relate to the above
the passage oftime andsoallowusto re{ightin a morepenonal scenario, but whichmayproveusefulif youdecideto attemptan
way the encouflterat Goudhurst.The few that we know are alternativegame.
detailedbelow. For the othersthen a simple50% acrossall Apart from the attackson villages, and the attemptsby the
threeabilitieswill suffice.If thisis run asa clubgame.theneach revenueto ambushmule trainsloadedwith cargo,thereare
playercouldchooseto generatetwo ofthe statistics andtaking many instances of skirmishestaking placeon beachesas the
the total of thosetwo from 150wouldleavethe playerwith his 'Preventives' attempted to stop cargo being unloaded. The
final statistic.Thatsystemcanreallytbrow-upsomeinteresting hopping in and out of caves and the burying of goods in
fellows,but ensurethat the maximumscoreis75% churchyardswhile the amazed militia run across the beach
Name MissileHd-to-Hd Agilityweapons Horse shootingwildly canbe a real fun-game,and realistictoo. We
GeorgeKingsrnill 60% 50"/" 407" Pisrov Yes haveplayedit manytines at conventions - you maywell have
Died Sword seenit. If you havenot, thenlook out for it at futureshowsand
ThomasKingsmill 55% 50% 45% Musket/ €omeandhavea gameof'PiratesandPlunder'.
Hung Axe So the next time you seea Hollyrvoodfilm and the 'Robin
?Radford Died 52% 6l% 37% Musket/ Hood'typesmugglers areescapingto givegenerous helpingsof
Knife alcoholto all the local villagers,while revenuemer with
?Fairall Hung 4l% 37o/" 72% Blunder, No repeating muskets and selfloading pistols, shoot and hit
buss everyoneincluding the hero in a small patch on the shoulder;
Wilfiam Sturt 65% 45o/. 40% Muskev No sparea thoughtfor th€ tyrannyand&ead of the vilagesalong
Militia Sword the coast,thos€that sufferedyearsof bullying; the torture and
?Harden 6r% 35% 54% Blunder. death of many a pr€ventiveman, and the final end of the
Miliria buss HawkhuntGans.
 WARRIOR MINIATURES
14 Ttve.ton Av., Glasgow G32 9M( Sco and.
N€w cataloguefL25 - S.A.E Pleas€$.te'nrer€slslor sdhple.
Telt O4a-'raa 3426
Ken Trotman Ltd
rstm ARUIESonly 19.9t + r30 post
lm piee
Napolemic !16 95
New & Antiquarianbookson
Romn 1srC AD. ECw R@lisr + €2.50d
ECWPannMbrian. Acw Unio..ACw Bnitlh, F6.h, PhBsial RNid.
Conledmte,l8rh C, Fanirr C.o4 . MiliraryHistory
FaniasrEvil.ZuluWar- Zulus. Bdnsh. Strp€il00Ami6 t18 50
Fc b add'o abow- nrldelaGm@dee. + f2.50 p6r fiom Ancient times
NFw 2o-- v,n.. Samu6i.Nmr,€alon. t ldstft.hb
F crue ol hgs to add io abde - to the BoerWar
Gur valuer (Napoleonicsa
J6t ffie or ou atoduct an@:
25m: Mdlukes, ACW, Macedonian+ Punic lr'6, Wac of lhe Rog, specialiry)
Lindlkn€chts.
Rpnass.e. Gauls.Da* A9€', Nomds Smh, RomdD,
MoTpL. AL{4. ldEX-AM Wd. ColonDls J.@bir*, erc,
15,m. Mo6l p€.ods I lsmm eqLipmenltCW ACW
vi.tA@$ N.epted. Ta.h e"quin$ invfied. a Hisroryof
Weaponry
Figu.es:
The gameis well cateredfor, wi$ Redoubt.Front Rank, and
Ponage each producingexcellent25mm castings.I use a
mixtureof all three rangesand I must thank them for their .t:
excellentresponseviatheirmailordersystem.
o The World Wars
' & post-1945
Bibliography:
Snuggling:a History 1700-1900: David Phillipsonpub. b!
DavidandCharles. Visttors bJ appotn|ll\eflt
TheWickedTnde;Ioht'Douchpub.by CrabwellPublicarions.
Horert lrr'eves;O.E.Nichollspub.by Heinemann. RegularCataloguesissued.
Contraband Caryoes ; N.Williamspub.by Longmans.
My sincerethanks to Mr. Leonard Pierce of coudhurst. Unia ll, 135 Ditron Wdk, Crrnblidgc CB5 8eD
secretaryoftheir localHistorySociety.who providedme witb Tclcphonc0221,211030
somerelevantsourcematerial.andconfirmedmy theorieson
the geography ofGoudhurstin 1740.

When replying to adverts please mention Wargames lllustrated.

 47
Threeshotsof the Grcat war
game staged bJ Darc
Andrew & friends at the
rccentshowat KelhamHa ,
Newark. Figuresarc 25nm
Waryames Foundt). Ait-
crufl and tanks are scrutch-
built, as are aU buildings.
SeeDave s eorlier article on
makinE bsrbed wite in
25nn in w129.

THE GREATWAR ON THE EASTERNFRONT

- Part I
1914-1918
by N. H. Comkh
The title of this aniclecouldhavebeenthe First World War but I
chosetlte GreatWar in anatternptto breakawayfromthe imageof
amudsoakedtrench-system peopledby wild-eyedtrenchraiden in
pan-armourslaughtering oneanotherfor an acleor soof Francein
1917.Trencheswill, asfar aspossible,be avoided;we are talking
movement,colour and numbenl
Havingbeeninterestedin collectingandwargaminglhis period
on and off for some20 yea6 I 6naIy came to terms with the
prospeclof assemblingmy forcesin 15mmcounesyoI Minfigs.
Con!"ry to expectationsthis did not lead to €ye-strainor a vast
collectionof magdryingglasses.
Sourcesfor the EastemFront in the creat War are difficult to
locate and tend to skim over most of the adion other than
Tannenbergor the Brusilov Offensive.I'll be morethanhappyto
hear ftom any readen of this magazinewho can add any
.infomation, howeverslight. Every little helps.
This seriesis not intendedto be a detailedtreatie on militarv
hisloryor uruJonns. it wil falj berweenborh nools I hoper;
stimulateinterestin what I believeto be oneof the lastuntouched
wargamingwildemesses, rip€for exploitationby bothmanufadur,
els and the wargamingpublic.
As far asI am awarePeterLaing is the only other producerof
appropriatefiguresfor this theatreof the Grear War, thoughrhe
WestemFront seemsto be cominginto voguethanksto the Perry
twins. I shal be concemingmyselJwith the Amies of Russia,
Germanyand Austria-Hungary.This could extendinto Serbia,
Romania,the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria,Editor willing.
HISTORICAI BACKGROTND
Endlessbookshavebeenwritten on the causesof the Creat War.
Sufficeit to saythat in Jdy 1914the Aostro,HungarianEmpiE,
tkough its dtimatum to Serbia,set in motion a train of events
which bmught Europ€ into conflicr. Further lethal impetuswas
pro\adedb) a combmation of nFmal and e\temd ;re,sures.
faulty communications,fatalism, opporrunism and patriotic
42
feraour. Gennany backed Austia-Hungary and Serbia was
.upponedby rhe apparenlmght ol f\a t Ru\sra.
On July 29th Austria-Hmgary declaredw on Serbia and
within aw€ekthethreeEmpireswereon themarchto warby train,
by hors€or on foot. (Motor transportwasalimited resourceat that
time.)Belorelheendot Augu5rlhefighlinghadbegunin eamest.
TIIE MILITARY SITUATION
An igDoranceof the realitiesof war permeatedup through the
rants of the major protagonists;with the exceptionof a handtulof
seniorofficeNwho hadseenserviceduringthe late l9th c€nturyin
the Franco-Germanor Russo-TurkishWaIs. The recentRusso-
JapaneseWar haddeliveredmany lessons,the majority of which
had been ignored or misinterpretedby lhose concemedwho
shouldbaveexenedan influencefor change.Indeedthe Russians,
whoshouldhaveben€fitedby their setbacks,madelittle morethan
expensivecosmeticchangesand pumpedmoneyinto out-moded
fornessto$,ns,possiblyas a rcsult of their experiencegainedat
Port Anhur dudng the siege.
that is to chargeknee{o-kneeand overwhelmtheir opponentsin
the time-honouredfashion.However, breechloadingmagazine
riflesand machine-guns in relativelylargenurnbenhad inseas€d
the kiling powerof the defenderimmeasumbly,and, judging by
the casualtylistsof previousconiicts, largelyunnoticedby Senior
Officers.The potential of massedartillery was another arca of
mis.alculation;large numbe$ of gunsrrere committedto fixed
defences andthusoftenwasted.Thiswascertainlythecas€with the
Russiansif not so true of the Centlal Powe6.
DRXSS
Uniforms and p€nonal equipmentFesented a more optimistic
picture. The beligerantshad providedpracticaliternsof both to
thei men,with at Ieasta hint in the directionof concealnent.The
exceptionto thisnrle wasthe Austro-Hungariancavalry,allhough
it too wasmovingin the right direction.Fundamentally,success
was a matter of usage and some commande$ used their
brighdydad machine-gunnenmore effectivelythan othen did
their khakidad inJantrv.

STRATEGY OVERVIEW
StrategicillyAustria-HungaryandRussiafavouredthe offensive, Folowing the Russiandefeat at Tannenbergand the Austro-
the invasion and seizure of their opponentsland and cities. Hungariandefeatat l-emberg,bothsidesbecamea litde moreway
Gemany at fi]st, choseto standon lhe defensivewith minimal ofone another.A war-zonebeganto establishitselfandby January
for€es protecting their Eastem Provinces, panicularly East 1915honous were more or lesseven.
Prussia.The vastmajority of thei Army wascommittedto deala This is not to saythat a greal mental leap forward had been
'knockoutblow' in the West.The anticipatedsuccesofthis would
made:cavalrywerestil goingto chargeenmasse;theinfuntrywere
then free troop6who would go East and dealwith the Russians. still goingto marchfor milesandfight encounterbattlesat the end
This theory, the Schliefr€nPlan, restedon the slownessof the of the dayi and therewould be guerilla warfareand spectacular
Russianmobilisation,a faulty premise. cavalryraidsto add a little spiceto life.
But the Russianswere more organised than anticipated, Trenches, when they rvere dug, were often regarded as
Anglo-Belgianresistancefirmer than er.?ected,andVon Moltke, temporary- by the Russiansparticularly.Much of the war mne
lhe GermanC-in-C.lessresolurerhanimagined. wasflat, featurelesssteppedissectedby rivels, matshesandthick
EastPrussiawasinvadedby two Russianarmies,one ftom the forests.Townsof anv sizewere well sDacedout. It waseasierto
Ea\LandonefromtheSoulh.Appdenrl)a vaslpincermovemenr defendawaterlineorhi thana turowin themiddleofnGwhere.
was underway.To the south of the salient formed by Russian Areassu€hasthe CarpathianandTaFaMountainsor the sodden,
Poland Von Hoaendorf, the Austro-HungarianC-in-C, was stinkingfastness of thePnpetManhesprovidedthe$enesof nuch
seekingto makea similar move throughthe lesspopulated,less vicioussmal-unit fightingfor the control of passesor caus€wa's.
civilisedRussianland of Galicia and Poland. Both movements But througboutthe war there wasusuallya placesomewhereon
qerelo faiispeclacularly. for,imilarrearon!.Poorreconnais(ance. the EastemFront wbere a flank could be found or a -sood old
w€ak mmmunicationsand generalbungling.The Russianshad ser-piece banlefoughtoverrea5onably opengound.
few, if any, rnaps, and rarely knew where they were. The Th€ \ee-saw'pattemsetduringthe fiJrstsi\ monthsof the War
Austro'Hungarianscould not at first 6nd the Russiansandwhen was to be maintained,wilh successes for both sides,until the
they did, did not believethey had! Von Prittwit, the cerman mililary colapceof Russiafolowing the failur€ of the Kerensky
C-in'C, panickedbadly.Wasit the shockof the Russians'speedof Offensivein July 1917.The sheersizeof the areaover which the

Il m6t b€ bome rn mind that the dirrances qere irnmense. Powenfoughtandthe fearof repeatingthe disasterthat overtook
no-onehad anywothwhile experienceof either aircmft or radio, Napoleonin 1812,narmwedthe chancesof an outright military
both of whichwereavailableto both sides;andthe hugenumbels victoryfor the CentralPowersaslong asthe Russiansmaintained
oI men and lhe vast, open spacesin which they were op€rating sone semblanceof an aggressive fightingforce at the Front. The
werebeyondthecapabilitiesof thecornmanders dispenal of the Russian Army lolowing rhe Treaty of Brest'
to controlwithout
the beneEtsof more sophisticatedcornmunicationand danspon Litovsk in th€ Spring of 1918 lett th€ way open to the
facilities. Situationsoften matured, for good or iI, before the Austro-Hungarians and the Germansto adlance,alnost without
C-in-C lnew about them or was able to influencetheir result. hindiance,to the city on the Volga then known a5Tsaritsyn,but
perhapsbetter known as Stalingad. The Ausho-Germanwith-
ThusduringAugust1914(andfor muchof the nen four yeats)
post-Revolutioflary
the Generalsof both sideswerelookingfor a flank to tum. It was drawalin late 1918amidstthe chaosthat was
not until the end of that month that they were surewherc iheir Ru-$ia drew an end to the Great War on the Eastem Frcnt andan
enemywas,let alonelocatinghis flank. end to the three Empires involved.
This portion of military historyhasmuchto recommendit: lots
of quite pretry troop6iarmouredvehicles- includingBritish and
TACTICS Belgianunits; exotic side-sho$sin the Caucasusfoothills; even
Tacticallythe Powersditrered but little fiom their Napol€onic fteshwater navalaction.
forebeaE.Attacking forceswould advance,with or without the Subsequent articleswi includeuniform detarlsof troopsof the
benefit of artillery, in columns or €lo6e rank prcce€dedby three Empires; information on some of the lesser-known(but
nonetheless importano battlesand,nextmonth, the all-imponant
skirmishen,often with regiinentalcoloun nying andoccasionaly 'Organisingyour Army'.
with bandsin attendance.Cavalrvwasusedfor'recce' or'shock': one:
 43

FRONT RANK Figurines--:r'ffi-""':rirj$

25mmHORSES- 53p each
25mmHEAVY HORSES 25mmLIGHTMEDIUM HORSES
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H9 Fallingwounded LMHg Lyingdead
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KEEP WARGAMING WARGAMES

RESEARCH
GROUP
Paul and TeresaBailev
The KeeD Ihe Keep, le Marchanl Barracks,
Le MarchantBarracks;LondonRoad. London Road, Devizes,
Devizes,Wiltshire,SN102ER.UK wittshire 5N102ER.
Tel & Fax (03801724558 Tel. & rax: (0380)24558

A Selectionof our Rulesand Books

W. lhrll be .t tho lollowinq shos in the ne.r futura:
Rules
28th/29thSept Skirmish,Chippenhah D€Bellis (Fast
Antiquilatis PlayAncientRules:
Bidqe Centre
5th/6thOd WorldChampionshiDs, Pub1990)2.00
' DelbvAss€mblvnooms 7thEdilionAncientRules
30008C-1la5AD
20thOct SELWG,Lewisham (RevNo,87)3.75
LeisureCentre Armylislsbook1 30008C-75AD (Pub1981) 3.75
26lh/27rhOct Tdwodh llanoeuvres Amy ListsEook2 558C-1000AD (Pub1982) 3.75
carison thean€ Amy tistsEook3 10mAD-1485AD (Pub1979) 3]5
OFFICIALMII'TFTGSSTOCI(ST 2ndtditionRenaissanceRules1421L1700
N* lsmf Mf,f,g€ 'anss. Msr (Pub1979)3.75
Pt€as6g6rd sde rortu h*
ArmyLisrs14201700(Pub1984) 3.75
Books
rRC,sro rt . rMveaddEs. sranls.
ir pNible, voui aE. or inreresr. Amiesof theAncientNearEast(Pub1984) 11.5014.50
Fi.u.€. Armiesof theMacedonian& PunicWars2ndtd.
A r l r 5 m n . n d m G r 2 5 m m6 n e . s & R d r p a n h 6 (Pub1982)
11.5014.50
H6'oi6 & RosF,sJ'6q& FoundwavMin'aru'Fs- alttour€,,nops
Amies& Enemies ot lmperialRome 4thEd.
Inbl.u.wo! hreng -setsdedrangee.r.wd'& Ndismilt _*t6dpdianq€ (Pub1981)8.9s 12.50
Boob & Aub. Armiesotthe DarkAqes2ndEd.(Pub.1980) 8.9s 12.50
-warc.mds FesearchGoup, taberop cdmae: r\ebury BJr6e, Armies& fnemiesofihe Crusades 10qL12s1
ospGJ Men ar amsj Ftne,varguad & carpaisr s€n.s;Ha,derj
setu c. p,.sq; Emoebr,ep€rs (pub1978)8.95
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 45

Bradley- ManOf Mediocrity?

General
by Anthony R. Tucker

I wasrecentlyaskedto assistin preparinga brief lecturefor the

RMA Sandhunt on the leadershipqualitiesof ceneral Omar NORTHAFRICA
Bradley.It seemedFudenr to conducta brief overallsurveyof his Bmdley'sbaptismof fire occurredin North AJricaduringthe 1942
World War II campaignsin order ro male assessment of his Tunisiancanpaign. He initially servedas deputycommanderof
abilities.This anicleis the resultof someof that research.Rarher the US II CorpsunderPanon.and thenasirs commander. He
surprisingly,€onsideringthe importantpositjonhe held, he is one viewedPatton'sleadershipstyleas"excessive, bur thougbthim a
of the unsungheroesof rhe SecondWorld War. Bradlevis best talentedsoldiernonetheless- Bndley's adminisrrationof II Corps
knownfor his mvohemenrin rhe \ormandv campargn was in his o$Jl words firm but mor€ compassionate. "I coaxed
and lhe
subsequent assaulton Nazi Germany.He in fa€tfoughtin mostof nther than ordered,and I encouragedmy staff and subordinate
the major canpaignsin the West; Tunisia,Sisily,Normandyand commande$to solve mo6t problemsthemselves."Bradley was
Nonh-WestEurope. clearlya teamadvocate.
An unassumingleader who sbumed the limeiisht. Onar Initially the Anericans did not get off 10 a very good start.
Bradle)ne\enheles(rcsero thepinnacle ot Ihe USar;ed torces. sufferinga setbackat KasserinePassin February 1943.Overal
From a poor family in Missourihe won an appoinrmentto Wesr Bradley was severelydisappointedin the conduction of the
Point when the prime candidatefailed rhe entranceexams.He Tunisiancampaign,be€auseit wasconcludedby an unnecessary
missedaction during World War I, but sefled in everv rnaior setpiecebattle- Initially the US role wassubodinatedto helping
weslemLheatre oloperations during\,lo' ld War U. the British breaktkough ro the edst.Bradleydid this by drawing
Prcvinghimselfin North Afiica andSicilyhe waschosento tead off a ParizerDivision, some Italian forcesand rhe enemy'sair
Americat forceson D Day. He eventuatlycommandedfour field assets.But he wasunimpressed by the folloFup operations.
armies,some1.3million men, the largestAmeri€anfightingforce Bradleyremarked"On rhe whole Monty\ punuit of Rommel
in history.After the war he headedthe US Vererans'Adminisra- lackedvigourandimagination;il wasmoreakin to movingtrench
tion, which had 15 million new membersto deal with. He atso warfne thanthe fast, opennanoeuwing of lAmericanCivil War
becameChief of Staffof rhe Amy, rhenthe first chairmanof the generallShernan or the Germanblitzkieg penonified by Rom-
Joint Chiefsof Staffandwasprincipalmititaryadvisorto president rnel himselfin hjs beuer days." Bradleyadvocateda wedge
Trunan duringthe KoreanWar. strateg)/.a drive to the seato dividethe Aris whileMonty heldrhe
Marethline. It wasnot ro be andtheAfrika Korpswascrushedby a
setpie.e batde.The Gemans finally surenderedon 12May 1943,
DtrT'ERENCESOT OPINION losing250,0{mA\is PoWs,Bmdley\ €onclusionwasthat Brilish
Desprtebeinga quiet man Bradteyhad very nrong viewson generalshipwastoo slowandtoo cautious.
leadenhip.hi\ feUowgeneral\ andrheconducr ot$ar. On€ol lhe
major problemsof the war (as David lrvins\ War Benreenthe
Grr?.dbr$ti6es)wae theconunuatctash or pirsonuliries
among.r HUSKY
theatliedleadership. B'rdle).ll Corp. wa. comminedro Operarion Husky.the
Bmdleyraled trsenhor'eras an able drptomat.bur a poor invdlionoi Sicilyon l0 July tq43.Therewererwo oprionslor
banleteldmanager.He viesedPafiona5a ieaderwirhso mdn\ taking the island;encirclementand isolationwith an amphibious
personal faul6Lharhe$a onlyreluctanll) chosen lo panKipare i; assaultoff Messinaor by directassault.In hindsightBradley'sview
the invasionof Fmnce.Bradleystated..Panonwast superbfield wasthat optingfor a directassaultwasa mistake.
generaj andleader-perhap\our veryberl - buta manwhhmany The Cennansslron8lyresisred Monry\ pulh up rheea"tcoast
humanand professionalflaws. Thoseflawsheld the potentialfor lugh$a).whie rhe Amencansqere usedto prorecr8LhArmy s
dang€r,evendisaster,somuchsothat MaFhaI IUS Chiefofstaff] rear andflank. Bradleywascriticalof the fact that the Americans
and lke lEisenhower]felt Pattonhad to be coniinuouslywatched werenot allowedto pushnorthandencircleright rowardsMessina.
and tethered." Patton'ssenseof destinyand mood swingsmade This would have easedpressureon Monty and allowedhin to
him an often fiery and unpredictableleader. Bradley viewed break out and in tum could have shortenedrhe crmpaign by
Montgomeryas an overraredgeneralwhos€styleof warfarewas weeks.Bradleywasalsoangy that Monty's forcescut acrossthe
alreadyoutmodedandwhosemegalomaniamadehim irnpossible US ftont. Howeverrhe Bdtish wereheld up aroundMt Erna and
the Americanshadthe lastlaughby wi ing the Iaceto Messina.
Another sourceof irritarion ro the Americ?nswasthat in the Pattonenteredthe ciryof 16August.
earl)stageso[rhewal AlliedstrategvconrinuatjygaveUS force!a Nor was Bradley happy with the conclusionof the Si€ity
subordinare rdle ro that ol lhe Briri\h. Thi. iiked Bradtey. campaign. TheAXiesfailedlo traptheAis torces. Threece|man
UndeFtandably theAmencan!did norIke ptayingsecond6ddle divisionses.apedand Bradley regardedit ar abysmattactical
in Nonh Afiica and Sicily.This problem$as nor lo be reflified failwe. Thiswaslargelydueto the fa€rthatthe seniorcommanders
until the Nomandy campaign and it remaineo a source or were too widely scatteredthroughout rhe Mediterrarean to
antagonismuntil the endof the war. m-ordinatetheir effortsproperly.
A hmdamentaldifierencealsoexistedbetw€enrhe US andUK Afler Sicily Patton was passedover in favour of Bradley to
over strategy throughout the Second World War. The US commandthe US Fint Army for D,Day. panon had cau-s€d an
advocatedthe direct approach,wirh a broad drive acrossFrance outcry after the US pressrcvealedthat he had been slapping
into the heartof cermany, Brirain favouredthe indirectapproach. ho6pitalised, shell-shocked troops.whomhe rcqardedascowardt
.anacking Europe,,ofrunderbelly andthena \ingtertrusitntorhe ln his bittemesshe characterisedBradley ai a man of grear
heanofCermany. Brddle)wa"criricalorLhastrdteg) thar-ledrhe mediocrity,but then went on to say'.I considerhim amongour
Bitish into a deepandmstly involvementin the Mediterranean." bettersenerals."
 OI'ERLORI)
Bradleywasawareof Eisenioweis abilitiesand shortcomingsas
THE SMALLBACK ROOM
Miniature P ainting Setuit e
the choicefor C-in-C for the invasionof Europe. Bradleystated
"Diplomacy was the overridingtalent required of the Overlord .vel.bievecofukte.cyinstyle'ac.uccy
commander,andno Americangeneralhadit in geater abundance td qualny or finhh. logeder wnh a prompr
than lke." Bradley also concluded"he did not have the well
Espoffi and friendly rryic€, comp.drively

developedstrategicgrasprequiredfor global war. On the other . send si rtrsr clrs shps d do rRcs tor a
hand he demonshted an extraordinarydiplomatic talent for 2tlm sanple, r rour fint cl2s shps ror
gettingAllied genemlsand admiralsto work in hamess.In lhis a I tlm sahple rd 2n infomatio. p2ck.
chairmanof the bofid capacityhe eamedour respect." . Plus for de.y rto spenr on o'dex,
But there was division amongstthe Allies over how best to !
ou.pnze d.aw Fna - s;r wonh or
conducttheinvasion.Somecommentators maintainthat aconcen- p2inted fisu6 ol tne wjme6 choice.
tratedthruston a nanowerftont, favoured(for differentreasont
Telepbotu: 831 445671
by Bradley,Patton and Montgomery,might haveshortenedthe
TSBR,42 ASHFITLDSROAD, SI{IEWSBI]RY. SHROPSHIRE
SY13SB
war; but Eisenhowerpreferred nol ro expose his flanks to

After D-Day on 6 June 19,14Bitish attemptsto penetrateand

thenoudlankCaenwerefrustrated.Likewisethe Americanswere
delayedclearingthe Cotentinpeninsula,finally taldngCherboug and ended in disaster.wiah the British lst Airbome Division
on 27 June.Bradley'sdesireto protecthis right flank and secure strandedon the northsideof the Rhine.
Cherbourgdid wastevaluabletime, but Eisenhowermustalsobear AfterwardsEisenhowerwas on the whole happyto pursuea
someresponsibilityfor this. By the monthh end it wasclearthat broadfront strategy.Bradleythenledthe November1944pushfor
therewouldte no quickand easybreakout.The Germansfought the Rhineandwascaughtup in the brutalbattleof HurtgenForcst.
withunrelentingprofessional determination. His plan to smashtkough to the Rhine and encirclethe Rufu
The Amencan performancehad isitially seemedno more failed,his broadftont assaultshowedhe hadnot altogetherleamt
encouragingthan the British. with a dow advancethrcugh the hislessonftom Cobra-
bocage(Normandyhedgerors).punctuatedby Geman counter- Finallyit wasan insulfrciendyguardedsectorof Bradley'sftont
attacksandthe dismissalof numercusseniorofficers.Bradleyhad that receivedthe ful brunt of the Germanwinter offensiveon 16
launchedhisbreakoutattempton 3 July with four Corys,but this December1944.Bradleyleft the Ardennesthinly held andtook a
failedandhewasforcedto rethink.By 10July hehadcon€entrated risk, despiteit beingthe routethe Germanshad usedin 19,10.He
hisspearhead at St. lr. wasawareof the dangeroI Germanattack,but hadno evidenceto
suggestone and expected+6 Geman divisionsat the mo6t,not
threewhole armies.Montgomery,usingAmericanforces,wasto
COBRA gainmostof thecreditfor sealingthebulge.Thebattlealsobrought
No earlier stat€menrof objectivesby Monty can reduce the to a crisis the differencesof opinion over the US broad front
personalachievementof Bmdley, whos€ plan 'Cobm' was. Iis
prerequisitesw€re first a degreeo{ battle experiencewhich First
Army only attainedafter week of painful but necessary combat,
and secondan erosionof Germanstrengththat had taken much IRI]E LEADERSHIP
hard fighting to bing about. Against an army of suchsupreme ln the final anal)sisBradley was a private peFon who disliked
professionalism,a prematureAmerican dash into the German publicity, despite the importanceof his position. By his own
front night haveresultedin a cmshingdefeat. admissionhe waswaryof publicityandit wasdifficult to makehim
The Allies ne€dedfirst lo cripple the fighting power of the seem colourful; as a result he is flot one of bjstory's better
enemyandcrumbletheir resowces.This time it wasthe tum o{ the remembercdgenerals.DespiteBradley'scriticismsof megalorna-
British to act in a subordinaterole, Monty's continuedefforts to nia amongstcertain generals,modem war by the nature of its
break out around Caen drew the main fighting porver of the vastnessneedsa focusof identity, namelycharismaticleadership.
Germansto him and away from the Americans.Montgomery Thiswasa characteristic thatrnanyAmericangeneralswereslowto
endurednuch criticismfor thefailureof hisoffensives-Danicularlv
Cood$ood.bur B'adle)wa5lobene6lfromlhemgreilly. Whilst Bradley'smodestywas engaging,it contdbutedto the
ln the immediateaftermathof C-obraBradley'scommandwas impersonalityoI the forcesunder his command.Although many
reorganised into lhe US 12thArmy Corp.with GeneralsCoutney scomedPatton,at leasteveryoneknewwho he was,andasa result
Hodges and George Patton commandingits Firct and Third many took a pride in s€rving under him. Despite being an
Armiesrespectively. The stage$assetfor oneofthe mostdramatic idiosyncraticman,Montgomeryunderstoodthe valueof thecult of
Amencansrategi€ movementsof the war. The American right pe$onalityin war. The lackof it within the US Arrny, pafiionarly
hook into Brittany wasgreadycriticised,but Bradleywasdeter- in Nomandy, meant the difficdty of identifying with anything
minedto securehisrearbeforepushingsouth-€ast,"We (an't risk a human beyond the vast juggemaut of the US war machine
loose hinge," he said. Patton then drove east and the British hamperedthe senseoI espidtde corps.
continuedto push south. By mid-Augustsome German forces However Bradley was an accomplishedleader of men and a
weretrappedin the Falaisepocket,ihe restdrivenaoossthe Seine. teamplayer.Full credit for Cobragoesto him. Funhermore,like
Eisenhowerhe wasa diplomat:at no point did he let aoimonious
relations with fellow generalsaffect his working relationship,
NORTII-WESTEUROPE regardlessof momentswhen he wasreducedto extremeanger,
During the final phaseof the war in north-westEurope 19,1+45, panicdarlyby Montgomery.He kepthisviewsto himselJuntilway
Bradleysutreredfrom bad luck andmisjudgement.He washighly after the war hadendedandneverpubliclyfetl out with Pattonor
criticalof OperationMfiket Garden,which representedMonty's Montgomery.Surelythis was a refledion of his tJue leadership
singlethmst principleand the north€ast hook into the industrial qualities. On ihe extedor Bradley remained an unflappable
Ruhr region.Mnket Gardencommencedon 1?September1944 seneElandwasa verv ableadministratorof men.
 ffi
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UK, !1.50 outside.Excitingandauthenticbattlesguaranteed.
CLASSIFIED ADS
Ads shouldbeaccompaniedby a ch€quemadepayable WANTED
to Stratasem Publications Ltd., 18 l,overs Lane' BOXED GAMES WANTED: "Reinforcernents" module for
N€wark,Notts,NG24lHZ. Rata15pper word.Plelse "Assault" game, and "Shot and Shell" ACW naval game-
ffi, filzqa V.A.T. Midmud charse 9.y). Write: Andrew Miller, 13 Downham Mead, Chippenham,
Wilts. SN153LN. Tel: (after5pn) (0249)6s1440.
YOUR TOY SOLDIERS - To my d6ign o. period .nd to .ny D.si* SELL ME YOUR UNWAI.{TEDMen-at-arms, Vanguard,etc.,
*de fo. Jour lErend war Grmes. Prec6ted pric6 from al I wiih
f.e d6ign *nic€. Plese foru{d tS fo. yotr. t2.50- Blandfords !3.50, nilitary books. Good condition
Cosling Ch8lls/
Cololr B!@hure. we'll s.nd to! ! DISCOUNT VOUCHER essential.Mansfield, 1 Tate Crescent, Burgess Hill, Sussex
mtidin8 you ro d€docl 5% OFF yonr nrsr omision. Aitdilional RHI5 8TE.
di{omrs for rmd€. I.Q. - DESIGNER SDRVICES, 3l Quen
Slct. Portsmollh POt 3HN. U.K, ATLANTIC7TH CAVAIRY andlndians.Also DaintedDlasri€
H0/00scale(oldierslromancientto Napoleonrc. Alsouinted:
Mighty Fortresscastleby Citadel,or any oaherlarge castle
FOR SALE
suitablefor H0/00figures,suchas the old Elastolin€asdes.
J.
25MM NEAPOLITANAND BRITISH EACH 9 battalionsof Ashton, 3A TregennaHill, St. Ives, Comwall. Tel: 0736-
infantry (Brilish with county flagt.2 cavalry regiments. 798057.
Cannonswith horses.Artillery with guns-Excellentlypainted/
BUYSFantasyfigures,especially
based.Neapolitan399pieces/Brilish 394pieces.Pnce!500 or COLLECTOR discontinued
ranges,minifigs,mythicaleanh, D & D, Ahketon/Grernlin,
reasonable offer. Tel: Harlow 0279414002or,126459.
earliestCitadel,medievalarnies/figures,
D&D modules.Chris
STARTERPACKS25rnmSanurai: 50 pieces.15rnmACW Tel: (0717]'708262.
ECW: over 80 pieceswith rules + dice,only 112.99.Fantasy
pack: 100 piecesrules + dice 19.99.Gunfight pack 16.99. COLLECTOR SEEKS: Streetsof Stalingrad"by Phoenix
"Fire on the Volga" by Nova came Designs.
Games.
Secondhand figuresboughtandsold.plusnany miscellaneous
Monogrambook "Jet Planesof the Third Reich" ChrisTel:
itens. SendS.A.E. + lst classstampfor full liststo Games (0777)
708262.
Designs,40 ChurchStreet.Stanwick,Nonhants.
COMPLETESETOF SECONDWORLDWAR MAGAZINES PRINCEAUGUSTMOULDSAND FIGURES- 40mmsemi-
in Binders.Set,ninus onecopy.ofFirstworldWar Magazines, flats- l8ths centuryp€riod Phone(0254)246158evenings.
alsoselectionof other War relatedbooks.Tel: 0242575677.
nrlnry ynms wAn poSTAL cAMpArcN playersneeded
COMPUTERWARGAMESFor the Spe€trum+2. Waterloo, for new play by mail campaign,usinga purpose-written game
Austerlitz,A.C.W. WWII. Approx. 100games.Reasonable system.Startsendof October'91- send!9.00 for starterpack,
prices.For full list sendS.A.E. to D. Justice,3 Monmourh + first3 turnsfree.P. Complon,22 NevilleRoad,Sprowston,
Close,Aylesbury,BucksHPl9 3LD. Or phone0296431042. Norwich,Norfolk.
 51
DDANFORIST nCURES Figurepainting, buildingsarldtrees.
CHELIFER BOOKS Send{}.00 or SAE. for list or samplestatinginterestandstyleof
Mike Smith painting required. P & M Beveridge, 62 Grove Road, Berry
Todd Close,Curthwaite,Wigton, Cumbria HiI, Coleford,Glos.cL16 8QX. Tel: 059436130.
Tel: 0228 711388 WARPAINT PROTFSSIONAL PATNTING SERVICE AIl
MILITARY BOOKS scalesto high standardat competitiveprices,e.g. 15mmcalvary
and Sold Send sae for catalogue f1 each. Send SAE and tf for sampleand pdce list to:
Warpaint, 106 Woodlands Road, Haresfinch, St. Helens,
MeneysideWAll 9AG.
HAND MADE SCALE WARGAMFSMODELS constructedto
SERVICES your requirements. SAE for derails to: Ed"ad's, 29 Beke
I4'INTER GAMING WEEKtrNDS Parties up to six, includes Road,Gilinghan, Kent ME8 gRL.
B.B.E.D. !25.00per person.Silverdale,23 St. ChadsRoad,
BlackpoolFYI 6BP. Phone,025344420.
WARGAMES FIGURES PAINTED
to collector's SendSAEor twoIRCSforpricelist
standarcls.
G.J.iI. FIGURINES to: D, Seaqrove.
Waqam€€FiguB painl€dro coll€dorsstadard, THE IAST DETAI1
Y 5mmto 3omn. smmsfid6 llle wih SAEor 5 lFCs, 196 ParlauntRoad.Landev, Slouqh.B€rlashireSLjl 8AZ
Forsamplei srnmfigu€ andlist5$nd e1.95or !2.95
lor 2*nm samplefiguq payauolo G6Ed CDnin,
* 24 Cholsf€HMer' Srdro. Closo.OlDirEbn_
iil K€n|,BR54RN l|orcn*tereOm nunt' FORTHCOMINGE!'ENTS
IF smn a s!€ciariv. T€l€phod..0689@r i 5 (2aa4
UScu.lomerr ple'l€ 3€nd35 bllltor itnn sampl€+ lEt
t99r
2ath29lh SEPTEMBER,SNIRMISH '91 at The Bridge Centre,
'FORESIGIIT' PAJNIING SERVICE All scalesto verv hieh Chippenham, Wilts. l5mn Ancients doubles competitiod
'masters', open DBA competition, participation games,
trad-
standard.For detaiis and l5mm samptesend ft. iraLiig ers, bring and buy, painting competition, foodl Contact with
preferredperiod,to 6 Elmbrook, WestonRoad. Bath BAI SAIEMike Evans,2SpringfieldBuildings,Chippeniam,Wilts.
2XU. Telephone02,19655918.
ARE YOU LOOKING fOR LOW PRICED. well Dainted
figures:Then look no turther than The Sergeanr's SKELP '91 SATURDAY 9TH NOVEMBER l9l Traders.
Mer..42
RichmondStreet,Horwich,Lancast€r- bnng and buy. demonstratrongames.pubUcpanrciparion,
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SABLE ROSEPAINTING SERVICEQuality, efficient painting mentsall day. Paintingcompetitions.Contact:Dale
Smirh,7
service.Pleasesendf1.50 andSAE for 25mm/l5mmsamDle/s SladeRoad,Kinienuir 74128.
(pleasestalewhich)or SAE for pricelisl only.careth Beamisb,
36 Arthur S$eet, PembrokeDock, Dyfed SA72 6EN. 1992
HAMLET MODEIJ Ready made, hand painted 5,l5mm TUNBRIDGEWELLS IVARGAMES SOCIETY _ OPENDAY
buildings.SAE for illustratedcatalogueto: 180Twickenham 23rdFebruary1992,at St. cregory'sSchoolReynoldsLane,
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BATTLEMENTSIt wilt soonbe "Last OrdersPlease!' for Ian Demonstration Games,TradeStands.Contacti PeterEngland,
Weekley's 'one-off modelbuildingsbeforeretiremenrin June Flat 5, 20 Frant Road,TunbridgeWells,Kent.
1992.Enquirenow for an)thingyou might like madeto your TIIE WFJT MIDLAND MILITARY MODELLING SHOWwill
requirements. Free quotes.Battlements,The Old Anchor of takeplaceon Sunday8thMarch1992,at the AlumwellCenrre,
Hope, Lammas,Norfolk Nr10 5AF. T€l: 0603279708. Walsal,WestMidlands,andwill consistoftraders,wargaming
ISMM PAINTING SERVICE Have a new D_B.A. army at and modeling displays, large bring aod buy, unifonned
affordable price,I30inclusivefiguresandpostage. SendS.A.E. societies,bar and restaurant.Show Secretary:Mr Andrew
plus f1.00 for sanple. Overceasorders welcome. Dave Bratton, 29 SheninghanDive, Essington,Wolverhampton.
Hathaway,39VinegarHill, AlconburyWeston,Huntingdon, Tet: 0922 407749 .
Cambs.PE175JA. THE MODEL MEET tr, SUNDAY 8TH MARCII 192.
PAINTED FIGURFI: From singlefiguresto whole armies.Top Bumham,Bucks.The Model Meet II a celebrationof all
quality at competitive prices. For further detaih and sampte aspects of modelmakingandwargames - will be on Sunday8th
sendSAf andll lo: C. Spanner. 157Hainaulr Avenue, Cifford March 1992in the Hayrnill Cenrre,Bumham, near Slough.
Park,Milton KeynesMK14 5PJ. MM2 followson from the successof rhe first Model Meer heldin
IIAND MADE SCAIE Wargamesmodels constructedto your Maidenleadin July 1991.The show,organisedby Berkshire
rcquirements. S.A.E. for detailsto Edward's,29 BekeRoad. ScaleReplicasof Reading and Marlow basedThamesValley
Gillinghan,Kent ME8 9RL. Scale Models, featured club displays from acrossrhe Souih,
[ade stands,andwargames demonsrrations from Southampton
TRIPLE SrX professionalpainting serviceot high quiity Wargames AssociaLionand Newburyand ReddingWarg;mes
figures.Any size,competitively priced.SendSAE and11.00for Society.The show raisedmoneyfor the Children'sUnit ar
listsand sample.30 GlasgowStreet,Nonhampton.Tel: 0604 WexhamPark Hospital, andwassponsoredby ED Models.The
583370. Model Meet II will includean open painringand modelling
PROFESSIONAI- PAINTINGSERVICE(E\t. I985).AI sc.alescompetitionwith classesto cater for ever'4hingftom aircraft to
catered for. All work fully guaranteed and to a choice of wargames units.Roadaccessisgood,andthereis plentifulfree
standards.Competitiveprices,with good discounts.e.g. 15mm parking and a bar! For further details please contact Mike
foot, from 43p.SendS.A.E. for colourdetails,114Windmill Cooper, Be*shire Scale Replicas, c/o 77 Armou Road,
HiI Lane, Derby DE3 3BP. Overseas orderswelcome. Tilehurst,Reading,RG3 6HB. Te| (0734)431643.

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52

W rne CoNNoISSEUR Rangeffi

Figuresby PeterandChrisGilder
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 PARTIZAN PRESS Inviclq'91
FIFTHE.C.WMITITARY
CONFTRENCT The Dukeot York's
l TthMarch
sunday RoyalMilitarySchool
Soulhend,Essex 10thMarch1991
subiectswirlincrude:Ani ery Ddtt;Esssr'sAhy;
Flaqs;Siage piecesrMirilary
garisons;
Th€ho.so6san€ngine ot sai
Thowa n th€ W6sl@unlry.
Prie, includlnglunch:412.s0
Funn.r der. .: Phone0m2 rc$6 soums.aMod6ls'@'yting
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b sldbFn Pubu€rloN Lrd.. t3 ljr.6 Lo'4hlonwrd wd skm sh:
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