PROJECT CONSTRUCTION

PHASE: METHODS AND TOOLS

SUBMITTED TO: AR. MARSHA AMPARO PRESAS
SUBMITTED BY: DIANNE NICOLE O. CHANG
PROJECT
CONSTRUCTION PHASE:
PROJECT DELIVERY
METHODS
01
In choosing a contractor, usually the one chosen is one with the lowest construction
price. The design-bid-build process starts with the architect and engineer producing the
design drawings and specifications with the project cost estimate and schedule. Once
these documents are completed, the bidding and negotiation phase begins and releases
a request for bids to the contractors. The following contractors will assess the project

DESIGN- and estimate the price for the services. After evaluating and selecting the bids, contracts
will be made, and the project begins.

BID-BUILD In theory, this method has the capacity in producing a low-cost project. Knowing this,
this method limits the contractor during the process resulting in the possibility of an
increase in the project cost considering the conflicts between the design and structural
aspects of the project. In addition, choosing a low-cost bid may reduce the quality of
the structure to the balance gaining profit and working with budget constraints.
Generally, this method is best used on projects that are simple, have a strict budget,
and not under any pressure of time.
02 CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
Construction Manager at Risk, also known as CMAR, is a project delivery method where the owner chooses a Construction Manager
(CM) to oversee the project. In choosing a construction manager, factors to be considered are the construction cost, quality, the
construction manager’s previous records, project approach and ability to work on the project on time. This method divides the
design and structural works and hires professionals separately.

The Construction Manager is chosen early on the project to work directly with the owner, architect, and engineer. The construction
manager contributes as the project transitions from design to construction in aspects such as project budget, estimation of
construction cost, schedule of the project, evaluation of drawings to point out any possible structural issues and cost-efficient ideas.
The construction price is typically identified early on the design process and changes as the project goes on, which includes a final
guaranteed maximum price (GMP) presented to the owner before the project starts. The GMP includes a cost + fixed fee structure,
which comprises of the project cost, labor cost, material cost, and fixed fee of the construction manager. Some owners usually work
with contractors in this delivery method however, it is hard to identify if the maximum price is suitable for the project.

This type of delivery method is suitable for projects that have a large undefined scope and have limited time of construction. This
method can also be used for projects that include complex involvement of disciplines or multiple phases of construction, which need
the supervision and management of a construction manager.
03
The Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) is a project delivery method
where the all the project team members are hired with one
contract. The team members are selected before the project begins

PROJECT and will be in-charge from the whole design to construction

process with each member having a role. This method in particular

MANAGEMENT
is becoming popular due to the fact that all the team members
share the risks on the projects fairly. Compared to other methods,
this method produces the most creative and collaborative output,
enhances construction methods, reduce waste, and progresses the
project faster. IPD Contracts involves of at least three parties which
are the owner, lead architect, and lead builder/contractor.
04 DESIGN-BUILD
Design-build projects is a project delivery method where the owner hires a team of the same firm or a particular company
under one contract to work on the project from beginning to end. This method entails pricing changes to be as little as
possible and are only allowed on situations unexpected conditions or if the owner requests necessary increase of costs. The
project is either managed by an architect or contractor. Typically, when design and build teams are teamed-up, the project is
more efficient and follows the schedule on time. In cases where the method involves more than one company, the owner
should establish the working relationship of the members to avoid any conflict.

This type of method can work best for projects that have a clear organization of the requirements before the design process
begins and for projects on a tight schedule, since the tasks can be divided to the team. The owner can determine the
maximum price of the project in the beginning and can control the cost of the project.
05 OWNER-BUILDER
An owner-builder is a person who functions as the general contractor on his/her own project. They take full risk on the project, but
also gain all the benefits. As a general contractor, they entail a lot of roles and responsibilities, for instance, employing subcontractors,
buying materials and supplies, securing permits, organizing each step of the process, managing payments and bookkeeping. General
contractors do not certainly do the construction work but are allowed if they want to. Rather, they manage the work of the
subcontractors, vendors, and other workers from start to end of the project.

Skilled contractors a lot of knowledge to a project and can make the building process efficient, producing lower costs as well as high
quality work due to their knowledge of what best materials and building details will be long-lasting and which are not. General
contractors also save costs by negotiating well with suppliers and manage the work efficiently to avoid extra costs. General contractors
do a lot of roles, all of which an owner will take on if he/she prefers to become an owner-builder.
DESIGN-BID-BUILD
Comparative
Strict in budget or low-cost
Simple projects
Projects that are not rushed
Summary INTEGRATED
PROJECT DELIVERY
OWNER-BUILDER
Creative and collaborative
Full work responsibility of outputs
owner Faster progress of projects
Efficient work; saves costs Reduces any waste of the
while maintaining quality of project
work
CONSTRUCTION
DESIGN-BUILD MANAGER AT RISK
Clear vision of (CMAR)
requirements before the Cost-efficiency
design process Have a limited time of construction
Tight schedule Ensures a final guaranteed
maximum price (GMP)
Team efficiency and
Large, undefined scope projects
punctual on schedule Complex or multiple phase
Cost control of owner construction
 PROJECT
CONSTRUCTION PHASE:
PROJECT SCHEDULING
METHODS/TOOLS
Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) and Critical Path Method
01
(CPM) are tools used for managing the construction project activities and if
followed properly, the construction project can be completed within the time
limit and cost. These methods can calculate the assumed start and finish dates
based on the scope of the project.

The Critical Path Method helps uncover the longest and shortest possible

PERT-CPM
timeline for the project. With the CPM, it can point critical tasks and the
secondary tasks. To use the CPM, it is important to know the project’s scope,
list all the tasks necessary and estimate the time needed for each tasks. Then,
note all reliance between the tasks to know which ones can be done alone and
which ones require step by step tasks. Lastly, add achievements and results to
your project.

Similar to a critical path, Program Evaluation and Review Technique is a way to

envision the flow of tasks in the project and estimate the timeline based on their
duration. This technique also shows reliance between tasks. To schedule a
project using PERT, similar to the CPM, it is necessary to identify tasks and
their order based on the project’s achievements.
 01

The difference between the CPM and PERT is that the PERT is mainly used when the time required
for completion of each of the tasks involved cannot be accurately identified or when the resources
for the task are not directly available. CPM technique is used in construction projects based on the
knowledge and experience from past projects to envision accurately the time needed for various
tasks during the completion of the project. Time required for each activity identified for the project.
 GANNT CHART 02

Construction Gantt charts show a clear visual colored bar-based presentation of several breakdown individual tasks
within a period. The horizontal axis represents the time sequence while the vertical axis lists the tasks need to be
accomplished. Project managers can use construction Gantt charts to adjust tasks relationships, manage task period,
update progress, insert milestones, assign resources and generate cost reports, etc. Time and task management are
always vital in construction management projects, and Construction Gantt Charts are great for managing various
kinds of task relationships.
Duration Compression 03
Duration compression is a way to shorten a schedule. It
may be of use if the project is going late and you have
to find a way to adjust a schedule without changing the
scope of the project. There are two techniques that you
may apply: fast tracking and crashing.

Fast tracking helps you to find tasks that could be done

simultaneously or be partially overlapped to speed up
the project’s delivery. For that, look at the critical path
to decide which activities could be fast-tracked. This
method does not increase the cost, rather, it increases
the risk of the project since tasks are performed
simultaneously.
 Duration Compression 03
Another compression technique is crashing, which is to add extra resources to finish the project on time. It is quite a tricky
process since extra resources are needed and not all tasks can progress faster by adding more workers/members because
it takes time to communicate to introduce new team members to a project and there is a limited division of tasks. Another
approach in using the crashing technique is to add time or paid overtime that still has to achieve a deadline. The
disadvantage of this approach is increase of the project cost.
References
https://the-opendoor.net/a-homeowner-guide-to-project-delivery-
methods/#:~:text=The%20owner%2Dbuilder%20project%20delivery,and%20execution%20of%20the%20project.
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https://www.levelset.com/blog/construction-project-delivery-methods/#Design-Bid-Build_DBB
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chart.html#:~:text=Construction%20Gantt%20Chart%3F-,Part%201%3A%20What%20is%20a%20Construction%20Gantt%20Chart%3F,tasks%2
0need%20to%20be%20completed.
https://teamdeck.io/project-management/project-scheduling-techniques/
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https://leanipd.com/integrated-project-delivery/
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