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Torsion TEST

lab strength (Universiti Teknologi MARA)

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FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Teamwork Assessment Form

Name : RIYAN SHAHABY BIN SHUIB

Student ID : 2019695446

BIl Name Matrix Number

1. WAN HANIS IZYAN BT WAN ABDUL SALAM 2019893158
2. SYAHMIE IDHAM BIN MOHD SHARULNIZAM 2019801558
3. WAN MUHAMMAD SYAKIR AIMAN BIN WAN SUPIAN 2019495924
4. SYED AHMAD IZZAT AMIR BIN SYED OMAR 2019893266

1 2 3 4 5
Scale
Level Poor Acceptable Excellent

You will rate yourself and your team members on the following criteria

Earned Assessment
Element Members
Self
1 2 3 4
I was ready to work with my team 5 5 5 5 5
I did my assigned work well and always on time 5 5 5 5 5
I was fair to my teammates and myself 5 5 5 5 5
I listened to others appreciatively and was supportive 5 5 5 5 5
I was very committed and focused in my team 5 5 5 5 5
I put extra efforts to finish or accomplish our task 5 5 5 5 5
I encouraged others in my team and was helpful 5 5 5 5 5
I managed and coordinated team efforts effectively 5 5 5 5 5
I was able to lead discussions and provide solutions 5 5 5 5 5
Overall, I was very satisfied and enjoyed my work 5 5 5 5 5
50 5 5 5 5
Total
0 0 0 0
Comment
Self: Helpful and understanding

Member 1: Helpful
Member 2: Asked a lot of good question
Member 3: Quiet but informative
Member 4: Leadership skill at its finest

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RIYAN SHAHABY BIN SHUIB (2019695446) EMD4M1B

RESULTS

1. Plot torque angle against angle of twist of the specimen. Observe the elastic point,
maximum torque point and at fracture.

Elastic point Maximum torque point Fracture

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RIYAN SHAHABY BIN SHUIB (2019695446) EMD4M1B

2. Tabulate your result in the following table

Material type =Mild Steel, Length =0.084m, Diameter =0.006m

Scale reading at Twisting angle Twisting angle Load Torque Shear Stress Shear Strain
the worm gear at the specimen in Radian in Nm (Pa)
input in rev in degrees
0 0 0 0 0 0
0.25 1.45 0.03 0.2 4716981.132 0.001
0.5 2.90 0.05 0.95 22405660.38 0.002
0.75 4.35 0.08 2.6 61320754.72 0.003
1 5.80 0.10 5.05 119103773.6 0.004
1.5 8.70 0.15 10.35 244103773.6 0.005
2 11.60 0.20 15.4 363207547.2 0.007
2.5 14.50 0.25 18.65 439858490.6 0.009
3 17.40 0.30 20.45 482311320.8 0.011
4 23.21 0.40 22 518867924.5 0.014
5 29.02 0.50 22.8 537735849.1 0.018
6 34.83 0.60 22.95 541273584.9 0.021
7 40.64 0.70 22.65 534198113.2 0.025
8 46.45 0.81 22.7 535377358.5 0.029
9 52.26 0.91 22.8 537735849.1 0.033
10 58.07 1.01 22.85 538915094.3 0.036
11 63.88 1.11 22.75 536556603.8 0.039
12 69.69 1.21 22.75 536556603.8 0.043
13 75.50 1.31 22.6 533018867.9 0.047
14 81.31 1.41 22.7 535377358.5 0.051
15 87.12 1.51 22.7 535377358.5 0.054
16 92.93 1.61 22.75 536556603.8 0.058
17 98.74 1.71 22.8 537735849.1 0.061
18 104.55 1.82 22.8 537735849.1 0.065
Scale reading at Twisting angle Twisting angle Load Torque Shear Stress Shear Strain
the worm gear at the specimen in Radian in Nm (Pa)
input in rev in degrees
19 110.36 1.92 22.8 537735849.1 0.069
20 116.17 2.02 22.8 537735849.1 0.072
21 121.98 2.12 22.8 537735849.1 0.076
22 127.79 2.22 22.75 536556603.8 0.079
23 133.60 2.32 22.8 537735849.1 0.082

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24 139.41 2.42 22.75 536556603.8 0.086

25 145.22 2.52 22.85 538915094.3 0.090
26 151.03 2.62 22.85 538915094.3 0.094
27 156.84 2.72 22.8 537735849.1 0.097
28 162.65 2.83 22.8 537735849.1 0.101
29 168.46 2.93 22.8 537735849.1 0.105
30 174.27 3.03 22.8 537735849.1 0.108
31 180.08 3.13 22.8 537735849.1 0.112
33 191.69 3.33 22.75
536556603.8 0.119
(Fracture)

RIYAN SHAHABY BIN SHUIB (2019695446) EMD4M1B

SAMPLE OF CALCULATION

1. Angle of twist (degree to radian),

Given, θ = 90°
2π
= 90° ×
360
¿ 0.25 rad

2. Polar moment of inertia,

π
J= ( Radius , R)4
2

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π
J= (0.003)4
2

−10 4
J = 1.272 × 10 m

3. Shear Stress,

( Torque , T ) ×( Radius , R)
τ=
(Polar moment of inertia , J )
0.2× 0.003
τ=
1.272 ×10−10
τ = 4716981.132 Pa @ 4.717 MPa

4. Shear Strain,

( Radius , R ) ×( Angle of Twist , ϴ)

γ=
( Length , L)
0.003× 0.03
γ=
0.084
γ = 0.001

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RIYAN SHAHABY BIN SHUIB (2019695446) EMD4M1B

DISCUSSION

1. Compare the values of G obtained from this experiment with the value obtain
from the manufacturer.

The theoretical value for mild steel is 78 GPa. By torsional test, the rigidity modulus
values of materials can be determined. Modulus of rigidity also known as a shear modulus.
The ratio of shear stress to the corresponding shear strain within the proportional limit of a
material is the modulus of rigidity (G). the modulus of rigidity is the elastic coefficient when
a shear force is applied resulting in lateral deformation. In this experiment, type of specimen
used is mild steel. From the experiment, value for modulus of rigidity can be calculated as
below:

Modulus of rigidity:

G= ( Shear Strain , γ )
Shear Stress , τ

G= ( 244103773.6
0.005 )
G=48.82GPa

2. Comment on any discrepancies.

Error happened during the experiment was conducted is one of the reasons
why there is difference between experimental and theoretical value. All the errors
happened are not always due to mistake while performing the experiment. Firstly,
systematic error, Errors of this type result in measured values that are consistently too
high or consistently too low. For example, observational error, parallax in reading a
meter scale and also instrumental errors when the instrument is having some
troubleshoot. Next, Random errors are positive and negative fluctuations that cause
about one-half of the measurements to be too high and one-half to be too low. Sources
of random errors cannot always be identified In this experiment, student might not
twist the specimen to the exact angle as stated in the procedure. While the meter is not
stable, student already taking the reading from the torsion meter. These two situations

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might lead to the inaccurate data recorded and will affected the calculation in the
result section. The errors can be reduced by taking the average reading of the results.

RIYAN SHAHABY BIN SHUIB (2019695446) EMD4M1B

3. Does your T vs angle of twist plot obey Hooke’s Law and what is the value of the
shearing stress at the yield point? Is this value compare favourably with actual
value?\

Error= |TheoreticalTheoretical
value−Experimental value
value |×100 %
Error= |78−48.82
78 |×100 %
Error=37.41 %

The magnitude of the torque exerted on the specimen must be equal to the forces
exerted on any cross section of the shaft. At this phase, the entire shaft will be assumed to be
in elastic range until it fractured (plastic range). In this experiment, the graph of torque (T)
against angle of twist ( θ ) obey the Hooke’s Law. As the revolution increase, the torque
also increases and started to obtain constant value until the specimen fractured. The value of
shear stress at yield point is 537.74 MPa. The experimental value for shear stress not much
difference compared to the actual value of shear stress for mild steel which is 504.6 MPa.

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RIYAN SHAHABY BIN SHUIB (2019695446) EMD4M1B

4. Discuss the fracture surface of your specimen. Does it seemed like any typical
ductile fracture?

Ductile fractures contain some of the characteristics which is there is considerable

gross permanent or plastic deformation in the region of ductile fracture. The characteristic
appearance of the surface of a ductile fracture is dull and fibrous. Generally, for ductile
materials, fracture in torsion occurred in the plane of maximum shear stress perpendicular to
the axis of bar. On the specimen (mild steel), ductile torsion failure reveals a flat, transverse
break having a smooth shear surface and microvoid formation

5. Is your experiment follows any standard of practice?

This experiment followed the standards of practice. All standards practise is being
followed step by step to minimize the errors in the experiment. The machine is being set up
perfectly and also the specimen used is correctly measured. All the reading is being set to
zero to get a perfect result. It is necessary to follow the specifications given in the standard
while conducting this experiment to make sure that the results obtained are correct.

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RIYAN SHAHABY BIN SHUIB (2019695446) EMD4M1B

CONCLUSION

The difference between theoretical and experimental value is not so big, that is why
this experiment has fulfilled the objectives requirement. The value of error between
theoretical and experimental value is only 37.41% and still can be reduced by avoiding the
errors while performing the experiment. From the slope of the shear stress against shear strain
graph, the modulus of rigidity (G) of the specimen can be obtained. The value of modulus of
rigidity for mild steel is 48.82 GPa. The difference of maximum shear stress value between
experimental and actual value is little. The actual value of shear stress for mild steel is 504.6
MPa while for the experimental value is 537.74%. The angle of twist linearly increased with
torque before yield point shown that the relationship between torque (T) and angle of twist (
θ ) obey the Hooke’s Law. Finally, the type of fracture surface under pure torque of mild
steel rod was determined. Data between experimental and theoretical values had been
validated and also all of the steps when doing the experiment were by following the
experimental procedure. In conclusion, the experiment was a success.

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