CCP1.

1: PHARMACEUTICAL
BOTANY WITH TAXONOMY

MODULE NUMBER: 1

WRITTER: Erika Louise P. Matza, RPh

MODULE INTRODUCTION AND FOCUS QUESTION(S):

Flowers are characteristic reproductive structures of a plant that easily identified due to
its distinct color, form, size and anatomical arrangement. As a result of their primary function,
production of seed occurs. Seed is a small embryonic plant enclosed in a covering called the seed
coat, usually with some stored food. Flowers, on the other hand, the seed-bearing structure in
flowering plants. They are means by which flowering plants disseminate seeds.

Transpiration is the release of water from the plant leaves. This provides the energy to
transport water and aid in the heat dissipation by cooling through evaporation of water in direct
sunlight. Excessive transpiration, on the contrary, is detrimental to the plants for the reason that
it retards the plant’s growth that will eventually cause death by dehydration.

What are pharmacological contributions found in flowers, seeds and fruits. What is the
importance of studying Transpiration in plants?

LESSO SUBTOPICS LEARNING OUTCOMES ESTIMAT

N “I SHOULD BE ABLE TO…” ED TIME
1.1 1. Flowers DESCRIBE the structure of a flower 3 hrs
DIFFERENTIATE monocot from dicot flower
CONTRAST different inflorescence
1.2 2. Seeds DESCRIBE the structure of a seed and RELATE 3 hrs
it to its function, ENUMERATE seed types
DIFFERENTIATE monocot from eudicot seed
1.3 3. Fruits DESCRIBE the structure of a fruit and RELATE it 3 hrs
to its function, ENUMERATE fruit types
DIFFERENTIATE fleshy from dry fruit
1.4 4. Transpiration DESCRIBE the general process of transpiration 3 hrs

TIPS ON HOW TO ACE THIS MODULE! DOMINICAN BLESSING

1. Open the indicated website. Explore
2. Take down notes and copy some important
link so that you could go back whenever you
need information given in that site.
3. Go beyond the procedure given in the net.
Explore more.
4. Review the videos as many times as
needed.
5. Follow and observe our NETIQUETTE for
this flexible learning.
6. Before starting each activity, remember to
pray and ask the Holy Spirit for grace and
guidance.
May GOD THE FATHER bless us,
May GOD THE SON heal us,
May GOD THE HOLY SPIRIT enlighten us,
Give us eyes to see with,
And ears to hear with,
Hands to do God’s work with,
Feet to walk and a mouth
To preach the word of salvation with;
And may the Angel of Peace watch over us
And lead us at last, by the Lord’s gift,
To the kingdom. AMEN
 CCP1.1: PHARMACEUTICAL
BOTANY WITH TAXONOMY
PRETEST

1. Opening and closing of stomata (controlling water lost through transpiration and
formation of winter buds that put plant in dormant stage)
a. Auxins c. Abscisic acid
b. Giberellins d. Cytokinins

2. Pistil - hollow, bulb-like structure in lower interior of pistil. After seeds, will ripen and
become fruit
a. Ovary c. Cortex
b. Leaf d. Ovules

3. Atop the filament; has 4 lobes and contains cells that become pollen
a. Flower c. Stamen
b. Anther d. Annuals

4. Produce flowers (which are reproductive organs).

a. Endodermis c. Epidermis
b. Angiosperms d. Epidermis

5. Contains small embryonic plant, stored food, and seed coat for protection. When
exposed to proper amount of moisture, temperature, and oxygen, it germinates (begins
to sprout and start new plant). Stored food in seed is found in cotyledon
a. Seed c. Style
b. Style d. Style

STUDY
Instruction: Explore. Browse and Learn new interesting facts from these sites
Site 1: Flower (http://www1.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-
online/e02/02d.htm#:~:text=A%20flower%20is%20a%20rather,the%20petals%2C%20stame
ns%20and%20carpels)
Site 2: Seed (https://www.encyclopedia.com/plants-and-animals/botany/botany-general/seed)
Site 3: Fruits Types and Classification of Fruits
(http://faculty.valenciacollege.edu/tklenk/botany/labs/fruits.htm)
Site 4: Transpiration and Structure of Stomata
(https://www.toppr.com/guides/biology/transport-in-plants/transpiration/)

Basic Readings:
1. Vasquez, Laurente and Cobar. (2015). Laboratory Manual for General Botany. University
of Santo Tomas Manila
 CCP1.1: PHARMACEUTICAL
BOTANY WITH TAXONOMY
Article Readings:

1. Khenizy, Moneim, and Fattah. (2014). Effect of Natural Extracts on Vase Life of
Gypsophila Cut Flowers. Retrieved from Scientific Journal of Flowers and Ornamental
Plants https://sjfop.journals.ekb.eg/article_4000.html doi: 10.21608/SJFOP.2014.4000
2. Campos, et.al. (2020). Filling gaps in the seed dispersal effectiveness model for Prosopis
flexuosa: quality of seed treatment in the digestive tract of native animals. Retrieved
from Seed Science Research Cambridge University Press,
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/seed-science-research/article/filling-gaps-in-
the-seed-dispersal-effectiveness-model-for-prosopis-flexuosa-quality-of-seed-treatment-
in-the-digestive-tract-of-native-animals/63108121413E2590492A6E67CC8DCC71 doi:
https://doi.org/10.1017/S096025852000032X

Hook Activity:
Instruction: Watch the video with the link below

FLOWERS
Video 1: Dissection of A Hibiscus Flower (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yLl7iEpqxZA)
Video 2 Flower Dissection ( https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d_4BxqQgWvw)

1. STRUCTURE OF A REGULAR FLOWER:

 Draw the parts of a regular flower and Label the peduncle, receptacles, sepals
(calyx) and petals (corolla).
 Draw the pistil and label the parts
 Draw the cross section of the ovary
 Draw and label the parts of the stamen
 Draw a pollen grain under high power objective
(All are made using Microsoft powepoint)

PETALS (COROLLA)

SEPAL

RECEPTACLE

PEDUNCLE
PISTIL STIGMA

STYLE

OVARY

OVULE

CROSS SECTION OF OVARY

OVARY WALL

LOCULE

PLACENTA

OVULE

AXIS
STAMEN
ANTHER

FILAMENT

POLLEN GRAIN
 2. STRUCTURE OF AN IREGULAR FLOWER
 Examples of papilionaceous, caesalpinaceous, bilabiate and orchidaceous. Draw
an example of each.

(made using Microsoft powepoint)

PAPILIONACEOUS CAESALPINACEOUS

ALFALFA CABALLERO

BILIABIATE ORCHIDACEOUS
MINIT FLOWER
ORCHID
 3. INFLORESCENCES:
 Draw the following types of Inflorescence: raceme, panicle, spike, ament or
catkin, spadix, cyme, corymb, umbel, head or capitate, and fascicle.

(made using Microsoft powerpoint)

RACEME PANICLE SPIKE AMENT/CATKIN

RACEME RACEME RACEME

SPADIX CYME CORYMB UMBEL

HEAD/CAPITATE FASCICLE
RACEME RACEME
4. Surf thru the internet and search for 10 medicinal uses/ functions of flowers and
accomplish the table below
PLANT SCIENTIFIC TRADITIONAL USES, REFERENCE
SPECIMEN NAME MEDICINAL
IMPORTANCE
Angelic Angelica It is use in treating coughs, https://www.profl
flower/herb archangelica cold and digestive disorders. owers.com/blog/m
And can be use as edicinal-flowers-
strengthening tonic for and-uses
children and seniors.
Begonia Begonia spp. A process called infusion https://www.profl
helps to remove headaches owers.com/blog/m
and rid the body of toxins. It edicinal-flowers-
is when the flower is soak in and-uses
hot water. The crushed
flowers and leaves is also
use to help relieve pain and
heal sores or burns by
rubbing it directly on the
skin.
Belis perennis Common daisy The flower acts as https://www.profl
expectorant and a laxative owers.com/blog/m
as to purge the body of toxic edicinal-flowers-
matter. It is also used as a and-uses
home remedy to help treat
physical disorders such as
rheumatism and arthritis. It
is also use to heal wounds by
direct application of poultice
or ointment on the skin.
Black Cohosh Actaea Black Cohosh is an https://www.profl
racemosa extremely potent flower. It owers.com/blog/m
can be used as an edicinal-flowers-
emmenagogue, which and-uses
means that it stimulates the
uterus. Women who
experience menstrual
problems can effectively use
low doses of this flower to
help regulate their cycles
and relieve pain. In the
same vein, pregnant women
should avoid it since it can
cause miscarriage or early
labor
Blood root Sanguinaria Effective in low doses when https://www.profl
treating respiratory owers.com/blog/m
problems. When mixed with edicinal-flowers-
 other compounds It can be and-uses
made into a paste and
applied on the skin to treat
rashes, warts and various
dermic problems. Bloodroot
is also very effective in
cleansing the blood and
lowering fevers when
ingested as a tea or tonic
Blue Lobelia Lobelia Blue Lobelia is use as a https://www.profl
siphilitica treatment for syphilis as well owers.com/blog/m
as less severe ailments by edicinal-flowers-
Native Indians. The tea and-uses
made with this flower helps
to relieve, digestive
problems fevers and coughs
and colds.
Butterfly weed Asclepias Butterfly Weed is primarily https://www.profl
tuberosa effective in treating owers.com/blog/m
respiratory and related lung edicinal-flowers-
issues. I t is also used in and-uses
Native Indian cuisine. When
ingested in large amounts, it
can be used for internal
cleansing and pain relief.
Direct application to the skin
in the form of a poultice can
help to reduce swelling or
heal wounds.
Calendula Calendula Its bright yellow petals of https://www.profl
officinalis are effective when mixed owers.com/blog/m
with other substances to edicinal-flowers-
create ointments or creams. and-uses
It can then be applied on the
skin to heal burns, cuts, and
wounds.
California Poppy Eschscholzia It can be used in bladder https://www.profl
californica problems in adults and owers.com/blog/m
children and help reduce edicinal-flowers-
anxiety and insomnia, as and-uses
well. California Poppies can
also be used along with
other natural sources over a
longer period of time to help
with fatigue and depression
Carnation Dianthus Its petals can be brewed to https://www.profl
caryophyllus make an excellent tea to owers.com/blog/m
reduce, agitation, anxiety, edicinal-flowers-
stress and fatigue. It has and-uses
 also healing effect on the
skin and can bring down
swelling.

5. Why are petals and sepals called accessory parts?

The sepals and petals are called accessory parts because although they attract pollinators and protect
flower buds, they are not directly involved with sexual reproduction

6. What is pollination? Differentiate self-pollination from cross pollination

Pollination is the process of transferring pollen grains from the male anther of a flower to the female
stigma. Self- pollination happens within the same flower or within a different flower on the same
individual plant, while cross pollination occurs when pollen grains are being transferred to a flower on
another individual of the same species

7. Give the descriptive term for flowers that are pollinated by wind, water, animal and
insects

POLLINATED BY WIND

o Anemophily – pollination by wind, e.g. in many grass plants (Poaceae or Gramineae)

and sedges (Cyperaceae).

POLLINATION BY INSECTS

o Cantharophily – pollination by beetle.

o Entomophily – a composite term for pollination by insects.

o Melittophily or hymenopterophily – pollination by bee, example the aster by

bumblebee.

o Myrmecophily – pollination by ant, example in the Dwarf owl-clover (Orthocarpus

pusillus).

o Necrocoleopterophily – pollination by carrion beetle, example in the carion flower

Hydnora africana.

POLLINATIN BY ANIMAL

o Cheiropterophily – pollination by bat, examples the century plants (Agave spp.), white
saguaro cactus (Carnegiea), some bananas (Musa spp.).

POLLINATION BY WATER

o Hydrophily – pollination by water, e.g. the aquatic plants seagrasses (Zostera sp.)
and ribbon weed (Vallisneria spiralis).
 CCP1.1: PHARMACEUTICAL
BOTANY WITH TAXONOMY

SEEDS

Video 1: Seed Dissection (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zn2VGjN7kk4)

1. STRUCTURE OF THE SEED:

 Draw a seed with seed coat, the seed coat removed, and the seed cut open
showing its various parts. Label fully your drawing

SEED WITH SEED WITHOUT

SEED COAT SEED COAT

TESTA (SEED
COAT)

HILUM

MICROPYLE

EPICOTYL

HYPOCOTYL

RADICLE

HILUM

COTYLEDON

SEED COAT
 2. CLASSIFICATION OF SEED AS TO NUMBER OF COTYLEDON
 Give examples of monocot and dicot seeds
MONOCOT: Barley, bread weath, finger millet, corn, rice and sorghum
DICOT: Butter tree, castor, papaya, pea, radish, sunflower, beans, peanuts and lentils

3. CLASSIFICATION OF SEED AS TO STRUCTURE FOR FOOD STORAGE

 Give examples of Endospermic and Non-endospermic seeds
ENDOSPERMIC SEED: castor seed, barley, cotton, rice, wheat, onion, coffee beans
NON-ENDOSPERMIC SEED: bean seed, pea, gram, mango, tamarind, jackfruit, mustard and
sunflower.

RESEARCH
**Please refer to the Handouts given at our google classroom

ANALYSIS
Online Quizzes

Quiz 1: Flowers and Seeds (Edmodo)

Quiz 2: Transpiration (Edmodo)

Quiz 3: Scientific Names (Edmodo)

Hook Activity:
Instruction: Watch the video with the link below

FRUITS
Video 1: Hands On: Fruit Dissection (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d7foMnmtlhM)

1. CLASSIFICATION OF FRUITS
 Give examples of fruits and classify them based on composition: simple
aggregate and multiple

SIMPLE AGGREGATE MULTIPLE

Berries (tomato, grapes, Raspberry Pineapple
blue berries, cranberries,
banana)
Pepo (chayote,gourd, Blackberry Mulberries
cantelope,pumpkin,
squash, cucumber,
muskmelon
Hesperidium Magnolia Figs
(kumquat,clementine,
pomelo, lime,citrus fruit
and grapefruit)
Drupe (peach, plum, buttercup Osage oranges
nectarine, olive, mango,
almond, avocado, prunus)
Follicle (milkweed, lotus
columbine, delphinium,
larkspur, love is a mist)
Legume (pea, peanut, Custard apple
wisteria, runner bean,
green beans)
Capsule (lily, cotton,
eucalyptus, horse
chestnut, iris)
Caryopses (grasses, rye,
oats, barley, millet, corn
wheat)
Nuts (oak, litchi, trapa,
cashew nut, chestnuts,
acorn,hazelnut)
 CCP1.1: PHARMACEUTICAL
BOTANY WITH TAXONOMY

2. STRUCTURE OF FRUIT
 Sketch the sections of fleshy fruits, label the pericarp layers and specify the kind
of fleshy fruit for each of them

BERRY- AVOCADO

EXOCARP

MESOCARP

ENDOCARP

PEPO- CUCUMBER

EXOCARP

ENDOCARP

MESOCARP
HESPERDIUM- ORANGE

EXOCARP

MESOCARP

DRUPE-PEACH

EXOCARP

MESOCARP

ENDOCARP
POME- APPLE

EXOCARP

MESOCARP

ENDOCARP
 Draw a Simple dry dehiscent fruit and give their type according to dehiscence
 Draw a Simple dry indehiscent fruit

FOLLICLE - MILKWEED LEGUME - WISTERA

CAPSULE - IRIS

CARYOPSES - CORN NUTS – ACORN

 3. Why are strawberries, raspberries and mulberries not berries?
Strawberries, raspberries and mulberries are not berries because they came from a single flower with
more than one ovary, thus they are an aggregate fruit. Berries are simple fruits that came from one
flower with one ovary and typically have several seeds.

4. In citrus fruits such as orange and lemon, what composes the fleshy portion of the fruit?
Its outer layer is called exocarp and the whitish part of the rind of the citrus fruits is a mesocarp. It is
also made up of small-juice filled pockets called juice sac. The fleshy portion of the citrus fruit also
composed of small juice-filled pockets but every segment is called pulp. The layer that covers the pulp
is called rind and segment is a part of a citrus fruit surrounded by a thin membrane containing the pulp
and seeds; each segment derives from separate ovaries within a single flower.

5. Coconut is not a nut, and it does not perfectly fit the description of a drupe. Explain.
Botanists classified nut as type of fruit that has shell and a seed, although coconut has a hard shell and
a seed it is not considered to be a true nut, because true nuts are indehiscent; they don’t split open to
release their seeds when ripe, however coconut germinates and sprouts from the end of the shell,
which then eventually splits, therefore it is not a nut. Meanwhile, drupe is a fruit that has hard covering
that protects the seed but a drupe is a type of fruit that contains a seed, and coconut can be considered
as the seed itself, because seed is a reproductive part of a flowering plant that contains baby plant
inside it and when you look at one end of the coconut you can see holes, this is where plants sprout,
therefore coconut does not perfectly fit the description of a drupe.

Hook Activity:
Instruction: Watch the video with the link below

TRANSPIRATION

Video 1: Leaf Transpiration Experiment (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YeOw-wJR9fc)

1. What are some of the harmful effects of transpiration in plants? (excluding those that
are already mentioned)
 Reduced growth- with transpiration, water deficit decreases the growth that
gives the plants a stunted appearance
 Reduced yield- decreased availability of water inside the plant checks
meristematic activity and hence the formation of flowers, fruits and seeds.
 Abscisic acid- Water stress produces abscisic acid. Abscisic acid prevents
several plant processes and promotes abscission of leaves, flowers and fruits
 Wastage of energy The energy used in absorption and conduction of water
goes waste, Since 98-99% of absorbed water is lost through transpiration,
2. Name three types of transpiration and differentiate each
Stomatal transpiration, lenticular transpiration and cuticular transpiration
Stomatal transpiration is the most abundant dominant being responsible for the most water loss in
plants. It accounts 90-95% of the water transpired. Water vapor diffuses through the stomata. In
lenticular transpiration the water evaporates through openings called lenticels, whilecuticular
transpiration is the type of transpiration responsible for water loss through cuticle. Water vapor directly
diffuses through the cuticle on leaves and herbaceous stems and escapes to the atmosphere.
 3. Explain the formation of water droplet within the inner linings of the bell jar.

The water droplets formed came from the transpiration of plants. When you put plant under the sun
and cover it with a bell jar, the plant will undergo transpiration, the water vapor will then condense
on the inner linings of the bell jar.

ACTION
BE A PLANTITO/PLANTITA

Instruction:

A. Every seed you plant move us closer to a more sustainable and healthier local food
system. So, get out there and plant a seed of your choice and snap a photo. The more
seeds you plant the higher grade you’ll get. Post a video update of your babies every
Friday to your facebook account. Use #myplantTitaJourney or #myplantTitoJourney

B. Kindly describe the seeds, fruits, and flowers of your plants based from the knowledge
you’ve gained from the subject.

Tomato and okra are angiosperm because they are flowering plants. My plant okra is a
capsule. It is a simple, dry fruit that splits open along multiple pores. Its flowers are
yellow with a crimson center but unfortunately, you can't see any flowers and fruits yet
but Okra has a perfect flower because it has both stamen and carpel. And my tomato
plant bears tomatoes that are considered as berry because they are fleshy fruit that have
soft tissues throughout and contains few to many seeds. And tomato plants also bear
flowers and it is also a perfect one because it has male and female parts.
 CCP1.1: PHARMACEUTICAL
BOTANY WITH TAXONOMY

RUBRIC FOR GRADING

Not
Excellent Good Fair Poor
Complete
25 pts 20 pts 15 pts 10 pts
5 pts

Plot/sequence Script has an in- Script is Script is Script is Not

depth, complete, complete, complete with a incomplete
pts
logical story with logical story few rough with major
Complete
a beginning, with a spots; needs gaps; length
No script
Video segment has an middle and end. beginning, more length. is too short.
was turned
middle and
introduction, middle and end. in.
end.

Pronunciation/Dialogue In the group In the group In the group

pts almost all words some words many words N/A 0.
were pronounced were were
correctly. pronounced pronounced
correctly with incorrectly.
Uses more the exception
complex of 3-4 words. Language is
language, but choppy and
with pauses or Uses simple disconnected.
chunks. sentences.

Acting & Originality

pts Great clarity, Missing one of Missing two of Missing more
voice projection, the previous the previous than 2 Missing all
no laughing that elements. elements. elements or elements.
obscures scene, you can't
speaking in understand
complete or hear.
sentences. Unique
and exciting.
Oscar worthy
material!

Quality The program The program The program The program The program
quality is very quality is okay quality is not quality is not
good and shows and shows very good and reflects poor suitable to
very good some shows little knowledge of air on
knowledge of knowledge of knowledge of camera television.
camera angles, camera angles, camera angles, angles,
camera shots, camera shots, camera shots, camera
and editing. and editing. and editing shots, and
editing
 CCP1.1: PHARMACEUTICAL
BOTANY WITH TAXONOMY

CLOSURE

LEARNING SKILL

YE TBH, IDK
S
I can DESCRIBE the structure
of a flower, DIFFERENTIATE
monocot from dicot flower,
and CONTRAST different
inflorescence
I can DESCRIBE the structure
of a seed and RELATE it to its
function, ENUMERATE seed
types
DIFFERENTIATE monocot
from eudicot seed
I can DESCRIBE the structure
of a fruit and RELATE it to its
function, I can ENUMERATE
fruit types
I can DIFFERENTIATE fleshy
from dry fruit
I can DESCRIBE the general
process of transpiration
 CCP1.1: PHARMACEUTICAL
BOTANY WITH TAXONOMY
POSTTEST

1. Stem, leavess, flowers, and fruit, nodes, buds

a. Angiosperm anatomy c. Endodermis
b. Sperm Nuclei d. Angiosperms
2. Matured ovary which contains seeds; provides protection for seeds as well as method to
disperse them
a. Stem c. Leaf
b. Fruit d. Cortex
3. Produce seeds without flowers (include conifers and cycads)
a. Gymnosperms c. Angiosperms
b. Endodermis d. Flower
4. Which among these are factors that does not affect Stomatal movement
a. Amount of Light
b. Concentration of carbon dioxide
c. Water supply
d. NOTA
5. Types of transpiration except:
a. Stromatal c. Lenticular
b. Cuticular d. None of the Above