International Journal of Research and Innovation Management

VOL: 6 No : 1 ISSN: 2462-1293

Chemical Effect Based On Salt Based Light: Power Consumption

Muhd Nasae Bin Mahyuddin
Mechanical Engineering Department, Politeknik Tuanku Sultanah Bahiyah, Kedah
Email: nasae@ptsb.edu.my
Zaliati Binti Jaafar
Mechanical Engineering Department, Politeknik Tuanku Sultanah Bahiyah, Kedah
Email: abrgtcd@gmail.com
Musla Binti Ismail
Mechanical Engineering Department, Politeknik Tuanku Sultanah Bahiyah, Kedah
Email: abcyhd@gmail.com
Md Razak Bin Daud
Mechanical Engineering Department, Politeknik Tuanku Sultanah Bahiyah, Kedah
Email: abcyhd@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Electricity is a major source of energy used either at home or at work. This study explores the
design and development of Salt Based Light. Salt Based Light is a lamp created by using an anvil
galvanic reaction with the help of saltwater solution. This solution is a type of solution salt that
reacts with copper and zinc sheets. It will form the reaction of oxidation reduction. This study
attempts to design a lamp that used chemical reactions from saltwater as source of electricity and
to prove that salt water can flow voltage electricity using chemical reactions. Three analysis on
voltage generation were carried out namely in different salt type, zinc and copper plate size. This
product consists of LED lamps, steel pole, wheeled tires, and material boxes. This Salt Based
Light design is a new product study with a shape structure such as streetlight poles. This product
produce light at night without electricity and as a new alternative for energy source and has been
proven when the light is generated from the LED.

Keywords: Electricity, Salt Lamp, Galvanic reaction, Voltage

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Electricity is a major source of energy used either at home or at work. Electrical home use is
typically used for lighting purposes, electrical and electronic equipment such as refrigerators,
washing machines, air conditioners and televisions. Whereas the use of electrical energy in the
workplace depends on the type of person's job but usually involves the use of electrical appliances
or electronic devices (Kypuros, J. A., & Longoria, R. G. ,2003). Each electrical device has a
different power rate or temperature consumption but usually for an office building, nearly 60% of
the power supply is used for air conditioning generation, 20% is for the generation of office
machines and the rest for lighting purposes (Gonzalez et al,(2016), Hussin, et al,(2020).

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This study is to create a lamp that use galvanic cell as source of electricity for LED lamp and to
make an analysis on Salt based light power consumption. Salt Based Light (SBL) is a LED lamp
created by using an anvil galvanic reaction with the help of saltwater solution. This solution is a
type of solution salt that reacts with copper and zinc sheets. It will form the reaction of oxidation
reduction. This study attempts to design a lamp that used chemical reactions from saltwater as
source of electricity with salt solution. In other, the use of this lamp is to help and reduce the cost
of electricity financing in everyday life.

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

Salt light uses the concept of electric charge reaction from brine to zinc and copper. Theory
ethically, a negatively charged zinc and positively charged copper is placed in a brine solution or
using two saline bridges connected by a salt bridge can generate an electric charge to switch the
light bulbs controlled by the potential meter. Normally, the liquid used for design salt light is a salt
solution. Previous study showed larch salt was used because they consist of sodium chloride,
zinc, and copper solvents to produce electrochemical currents.

2.1 Concepts and theories

In every oxidation-reduction reaction, electrons are transferred from one substance to another. If
one substance loses electrons, another substance must gain electrons. Oxidation is defined as
the loss of electrons; reduction is also the gain of electrons. In general, atoms of metals lose
electrons to form positive ions, whereas non-metals gain electrons to form negative ions. In terms
of oxidation and reduction, atoms of a metal are oxidized, and atoms of a non-metal are reduced.
It also considers, the reaction of zinc and copper (II) sulphate (1).

(Zn + CuSO4 ZnSO4 + Cu) --------- (1)

In this reaction, Zn atoms undergo oxidation to form Zn2+ ions by losing two electrons. At the
same time, Cu2+ ions undergo reduction to Cu atoms by gaining two electrons. The SO4²ˉ ions
and do not change. (2)

(Zn Zn2+ + 2eˉ (oxidation of Zn) ---------- (2)

(Cu2+ + 2eˉ Cu (reduction of Cu2+) ---------- (3)

In physically separate one half-reaction from the other in an apparatus called an electrochemical
cell, the two half-reactions can still occur, but now electrons must flow through an external circuit.
When the oxidation-reduction reaction generates electrical energy, the cell is called a voltaic cell.
Voltaic cell is when a piece of zinc metal is placed in a Cu2+ solution, the silvery zinc becomes
coated with a rusty-brown coating of Cu while the blue color (Cu2+) of the solution fades. The
oxidation of the zinc metal provides electrons for the reduction of the Cu2+ ions (Yulianti, D.,
2016).

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As long the Zn metal and Cu2+ ions are in the same container, the electrons are transferred
directly from Zn to Cu2+ (3). However, the components of the two half-reactions can be placed in
separate containers, half-cell connected by an external circuit. When the electrons flow from one
half-cell to the other, an electrical current is produced (Sze, S.M, 2006). In each half-cell, there is
a trip of metal, called an electrode in contact with the ionic solution. The electrode where oxidation
takes place is called anode and cathode. In example, the anode is a zinc metal strip placed in a
ZnSO4 solution. The cathode is a copper metal strip placed in a CuSO4 solution. In this voltaic
cell, the Zn anode and Cu cathode are connected by a wire that allows electrons to move from
the oxidation half-cell to the reduction half-cell.

The circuit is completed by a salt bridge containing positive and negative ions that is placed in the
half-cell solutions. The purpose of the salt bridge is to provide ions, such as Na+ and SO4²ˉ ions,
to maintain an electrical balance in each half-cell solutions. As oxidization occurs at the Zn anode,
there is an increase in Zn2+ ions, which is balanced by SO4²ˉ anions from the salt bridge. At the
cathode, there is a loss of positive charge as Cu2+ is reduced to Cu, which is balanced by SO4²ˉ
in the solution moving into the salt bridge and Na+ moving out into solution. The complete circuit
involves the flow of electrons from the anode to the cathode and the flow of anions from the
cathode solutions to the anode solution.

2.2 Terminology in lighting system

Lighting in a building is used to provide adequate lighting levels to perform certain tasks, increase
the level of safety of the people and building environment, increase productivity and create a
pleasant environment. Referring to the MS1525: 2007 standard lighting guidelines (Lux) is
required to meet satisfactory lighting for a task and acceptable internal general appearance for all
types of location and usage.

To produce an appropriate lighting, lighting selection is important in considering light emission

levels by lumens, power consumption (watts), lighting colour characteristics such as colour
indication level accuracy, usage life span and some other operating characteristics. With this
research, efficient lighting selections will produce the desired light level by using the minimum
electrical power.

Watt is amount of energy used by the lamp. Generally, 1-Watt Lamp produces 75 Lumen. Lumen
is an important lighting used to calculate the light requirement in a room. Light Emitting Diode
(LED) tends to polarize so much brighter than incandescent or neon bulbs. Thus, LED lamps have
more capabilities than incandescent lamps, and remain far more efficacious than fluorescent
lamps (Khan, N, 2011). Table 1 shows the comparison of LED light output comparisons with
fluorescent lamps. Based on Table 1 we can know the value of what wattage of LED light needed
to replace the previous conventional light. For example, if our bedroom space is in use with a 14-
watt fluorescent lamp, then to replace the LED light we need to use the 9 watts to get the same
light.

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Table 1 Comparison between LED light and fluorescent lamps

LED Light Fluorescent Lamps (Standard, Two Bars)
Watt (w): Light Output / lumen (lm)
4w = 350lm 5w = 235lm
7w = 600lm 8w = 430lm
9w = 806lm 11w = 620lm
12.5w = 1055lm
14w = 810lm
14w = 1400lm

2.3 Energy consumption

Household energy consumption in Malaysia has been increased in recent years, in parallel with
a continuous high rate of economic growth and urbanization (Azlina, A. A., 2016). As so the
amount of electricity bills rising each month. The electricity usage in Malaysia has reached its all-
time high in August 2018, with the consumption of 12,785.769kWh, whereas the lowest
consumption ever recorded was three decades ago, in February 1989 with 1,385.300kWh.
According to the data provided by CEIC, from the period of January 1989 to September 2018,
Malaysians consumed an average of 6,324.800kWh per month. Additionally, there was a steady
growth in electricity consumption from the year 2000 to 2006, as well as from 2009 to 2010 and
from 2014 to 2018. (Kajidata research, 2019).

3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Product Development

In developing SBL, a flow chart was carefully designed as a visual aid to manage product
development and to achieve the best quality product. Figure 1 shows SBL development flowchart.

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Fig 1 SBL development flowchart

3.2 Product Development

SBL product parts include lamp posts, iron boxes, perspective exits, LED lights, iron frame
frames, holders, pipe stems and wheel wheels. Figure 2 shows SBL assembly drawing and Figure
3 shows SBL isometric view.

Fig 2 SBL assembly drawing

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Fig 3 SBL isometric view

Figure 4 shows SBL finish product. The visible components are LED lamps, steel pole, wheeled
tires and material boxes. Among other components found in the material box are salt water, zinc
and copper iron, perspectives and wires. The shape of the product lamp is created to be used as
a decorative lamp for the visually impaired charity house and housing area.

Fig 4 Salt Based Light

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Saltwater
Container

Control Box

Fig 5 SBL saltwater container

Figure 5 shows SBL saltwater container and control box. This container box comprises of 114
saltwater slots which connected through parallel connection.

3.3 Product Development

Figure 6 shows standard operation procedure of SBL installation steps.

Fig 6: SBL standard operating procedure

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4.0 FINDINGS

4.1 Analysis on voltage using different salt type

SBL is an illumination energy resulting from an oxidative reduction reaction. It involves certain
components and vases. Among basic supplies are salt, water, zinc and copper sheets. The
amount of salt used to produce brine is also the difference. The quantity of salt is measured using
a spoon. Then, it will be inserted with zinc and copper pieces to see and get the resulting volumes.
Salt also has three differences, namely fine salt, sea salt, coarse salt. The amount of salt is
measured with the same quantity and gets the same voltage value.

Table 2 Comparison amount of voltage from different type of salt

Type Fine Salt Sea Salt Coarse Salt
1 scoop / 100 ml water 0.7 v 0.7 v 0.6 v
2 scoop / 100 ml water 0.68 v 0.7 v 0.7 v
3 scoop / 100 ml water 0.7 v 0.7 v 0.7 v
4 scoop / 100 ml water 0.7 v 0.7 v 0.7 v
5 scoop / 100 ml water 0.7 v 0.7 v 0.7 v

4.2 Analysis voltage created by the size of zinc and copper sheet

Table 3 shows the influence of size zinc and copper in the SBL. The results indicate that the zinc
and the copper sheet have a slight effect on the flame.

Table 3 The amount of voltage created using different zinc and copper sheet size
Size zinc and copper (inch) Voltage

1x1 0.5
1x2 0.6
1x3 0.7
1x4 0.72
1x5 0.73
1x6 0.74

SBL used 1x3 inch zinc and cooper size because this size is more flexible with the designed slot.
In addition, the smaller the slots size are, and the closer zinc and copper sheets are, the faster
the electrolysis reacts. In Figure 5, the number of slots in saltwater container is 6 vertical slots in
parallel connection which generated 13.3 volt.

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4.3 Analysis voltage created by the size of zinc and copper sheet

The analysis was done by letting the lamp light up for fifteen days without turning it off. Data taken
on each 3-day interval. Table 5 below shows the change in lighting of the lamp and the effect on
zinc and copper sheets for every 3 days. Maintenance by polishing using sandpaper to remove
erosion on zinc and copper plate must be done to maintain lamp brightness.

Table 4 Change of light brightness and weariness on zinc and copper plate
Day Lighting Changes Effects on Zinc and Copper
3 very bright still in good condition
6 very bright there is a small erosion in zinc
9 bright there is erosion in zinc
12 bright Reach erosion on zinc and rust
15 not bright there is much erosion in zinc

5.0 CONCLUSION

SBL is more specifically designated as a decorative lighting product in the dark with a structure
as streetlight poles. The shape of this product structure consists of a base of iron box, iron lamp
pole, wheel, switch on/off, LED lamp, the container of Perspex plate and crocodile clip. SBL use
oxidation-reduction process to light its LED. Based on this design and research done, saltwater
can be use as power source for LED. Saltwater container plays important role to produce high
voltage volume. For the salt type, user can use either fine salt, sea salt or coarse salt as they
produce nearly same amount of voltage. The arrangement of the structure of electrical materials
and components is done according to the steps and arrangements that have been planned.

In this study, four analysis has been performed. From the analysis on comparison amount of
voltage from different types of salt, it can be concluded that the differences that occur when
different quantities of salt are small and do not give any effect to the energy produced. From
change in brightness analysis, zinc and cooper plate need to be maintained to make LED light is
bright. Maintenance need to be done by polishing using sandpaper to remove erosion on zinc and
copper plate.

Through this created project product, all project objectives have been achieved. With the structure
of the project generated, the problem statement can be resolved, and this product can produce
light at night without electricity. A new alternative energy source has been proven when the light
is generated from the LED.

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