Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Abstract………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… i
Introduction……………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………. 2
Overview…………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………….. 4
…… 10
Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………… 16
References………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………… 17
1
Introduction
The 21st century opened the eyes of men to technological advances. The fast-paced
technological advances and discoveries were made inorder to adapt to current trends and
to keep up with the current status quo. With this, technological advances have been leaning
According to The Light Source Guide UK, with the global concern over carbon emissions and
global warming, the key driving factor in the development and use of light sources is Energy
Efficiency. Building energy management is one of the major efforts in urban infrastructure
The building industry is a vital element of any economy but has a significant impact
on the environment. By virtue of its size, construction is one of the largest users of energy,
material resources, and water, and it is a formidable polluter (Akadiri et al, 2012). One of
the efforts of engineers and architects was to introduce new daylight based technologies
into buildings. According to a book by the International Energy Agency Energy Conservation
in Buildings and Community System Programs, daylight strategies and systems have not
always lived up to their promise as energy efficiency strategies that enhance occupant
comfort and performance. One reason is the lack of appropriate, low-cost, high-
advanced daylight strategies, and techniques to integrate daylight planning into the building
daylight is desired because it fulfils two very basic human requirements: to be able to see
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both a task and the space well, and to experience some environmental stimulation [Boyce
1998].
Artificial light sources represent a technological frontier and since their invention, they
offered humanity new points of view. Later, with the arrival of electricity began a new
developmental path, seeking to increase their energy efficiency, lifetime and quality (Botero
et al, 2015). According to an article written by Georges Zissis in 2020, increasingly present in
our activities, lamps and lighting have seen continuous development over the centuries. The
use of electricity has been a revolution in this field. However, all the sources generating
artificial light from electricity always use two basic properties, incandescence and
luminescence, which had already been identified by prehistoric man. Artificial lighting can
make up for the lack of natural light for the environment. It is an artificial light environment
that is artificially created in accordance with the physiological and psychological needs of
people. Although artificial lighting can create a good architectural light environment,
artificial light sources rely on a large amount of conventional energy, which makes
architectural lighting occupy a huge part of building energy consumption. Lighting power
consumes 17% of power the State Grid annually and consumes 1.7 million barrels of oil per
day. In China, the total power consumption of lighting has exceeded 550 billion kilowatt-
hours by 2011 and is increasing at a rate of 10% to 14% each year. (Yuhan Huo,2018).
In order to meet the living means of people wherein sustainability and comfortability is
incorporated, engineers and architects create a macro environment to meet the needs of
people. With the technological advancements, people use a natural lighting and artificial
3
Overview
According to an article written by the Ohio State University Extension, natural lighting or
also known as daylighting is used in creating a space in which it efficiently brings natural
light into a building. Natural Light is found in nature which aren’t controllable by people.
According to the human visual function test, the human eye has higher visual effect and
comfort in the natural light than in the artificial light. It is said that natural lighting or
daylighting is used in order to save energy. The regulated entrance of natural light, direct
sunshine, and diffused-skylight into a structure to minimize electric lighting and save energy
environment for building occupants by giving a direct link to the dynamic and continually
the controlled admission of natural light, direct sunlight and diffused-skylight to reduce
Direct Sunlight from the sun is one the natural sources of lighting. Without the Sun’s light
and heat, the Earth would be a lifeless ball of ice coated rocks. The sun warms our seas, stirs
our atmosphere, generates our weather patterns, and gives energy to the growing green
plants that provide food and oxygen for life on earth (A Meeting with the Universe, National
lighting is defined by the Green Home Technology Center of Ohio State University as the
light reflecting off of ground surfaces, adjacent buildings, light shelves and wide windows
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sills. Internal reflection is a source of natural light that is reflection of internal walls, ceilings
and the floor of your home. This also includes high reflective sources such as smooth or
glossy surfaces, light colored finishes and mirrors (Green Home Technology Center of Ohio
State University).
Incandescent
These are a source of electric light that works by incandescence, (i.e. heat-driven light
emissions). An electric current passes through a thin filament, heating it until it produces
light. The enclosing glass bulb prevents the oxygen in air from reaching the hot filament,
An LED lamp is a type of solid state lighting (SSL) that uses light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as the
source of light, rather than electrical filaments are usually clusters of LEDs in a suitable
housing. They come in different shapes such as strips or on a PCB included in a Luminaire.
There are also standard retrofit shapes available such as B22/E27 cap to retrofit
Incandescent lamps or the MR16 retrofit Halogen lamps with a GU10 or GU5.3 bi-pin base.
• LED Modules
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• Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED)
Discharge
Gas-discharge lights are a group of counterfeit light sources that produce light by sending an
electrical release through an ionized gas. The personality of the gas release fundamentally
relies upon the recurrence or tweak of the current. Regularly, such lights utilize a latent gas
(argon, neon, krypton furthermore, xenon) or a combination of these gases. Most lights are
loaded up with extra materials, similar to mercury, combination, sodium, and additionally
metal halides. In activity the gas is ionized, and free electrons, sped up by the electrical field
in the cylinder, impact with gas and metal iotas. A few electrons orbiting around the gas and
metal iotas are invigorated by these impacts, carrying them to a higher energy state. At the
point when the electron falls back to its unique state, it emanates a photon, bringing about
noticeable light or bright radiation. Bright radiation is changed over to apparent light by a
fluorescent covering within the light's glass surface for some light kinds.
The fluorescent lamp is perhaps the best known gas-discharge lamp. Discharge lamps tend
• Fluorescent
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High Pressure Discharge
• Mercury Vapour
• Metal Halide
• Xenon Arc
Induction
In contrast with all other electrical lamps that use electrical connections through the lamp
envelope to transfer power to the lamp, in electrodeless lamps the power needed to
generate light is transferred from the outside of the lamp envelope by means of
(electro)magnetic fields. There are two advantages of eliminating electrodes. The first is
extended bulb life, because the electrodes are usually the limiting factor in bulb life. The
second benefit is the ability to use light generating substances that would react with metal
The concept behind color rendering index (CRI) is to provide a relative measurement of how
the color rendition of a light source compares to that of a reference radiator. This index tells
us to what degree colors of an illuminated object are rendered accurately. While color
quantify the color reproduction performance of a light source. Therefore, the numerical
measurement of color rendition has a qualitative indication. White LED light can be created
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by using either phosphor coated dies or a red, green, blue (RGB) combination. The latter
may even be supplemented by a fourth colour, usually yellow or amber. The spectral power
distributions of these two methods are very different, which means that the use of a
calculated (measured) CRI ranking may not match a visual ranking. The current CRI
calculation method was introduced in 1974 but there have been several research papers
that have questioned it suitability for all types of light sources. A recent review by the CIE
that a supplementary method is required to better describe the performance of white LEDs.
In the meantime it is worth noting that there are warm white LED sources with CRIs up to
Ra98. Almost all white LEDs designed for general illumination are now exceeding Ra80.
While the development of new metrics is being considered it is recommended that white
LEDs are also subjected to visual assessments in the intended application if there is any
doubt about the claimed CRI. The importance of a light source's color rendition is
manifested in every aspect of life and work. Before the emergence of fluorescent lamps the
color reproduction performance of a light source had never been a concern. In industrial
facilities such as textile factories, food processing plants, printing facilities, car painting
workshops and microelectronics assembly lines, high color fidelity lighting allows workers to
see colors accurately for performing precision tasks and quality checks. In hospitality
settings such as hotels, restaurants and bars, the vibrancy of colors helps create spaces that
delight. Retail lighting must have great colors to highlight the premium quality of
merchandise and enhance retail displays for maximum impact. Color rendering is a critical
factor to take into account in museum, gallery and exhibition hall lighting. The quality of
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color can mean the difference between life and death. High quality light is required in
surgical procedures to create as reliable visual information (such as unadulterated detail and
contrast between adjoining tissues) as possible of the area being operated on.
Lighting should be designed to enhance both the overall building architecture as well as the
Office Space
closed offices1
Auditoria 150-200
Public Areas
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Stairwells 200
Support Spaces
Toilets 200
Specialty Areas
Kitchens 500
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Structured Parking, Intersections 100
Area/Activity W/m2
factor is applicable
for multi-function
spaces.
these spaces.
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these spaces.
Food Service
Stairs
Garage
Parking Area
Library
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Lobby (General)
Atrium (Multi-Story)
Office
partitions or with
the height
prescribed.
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Open plan offices,
Accounting
Accounting
Filing, Inactive
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Mail Room
Shop (Non-Industrial)
Table 2: System Performance Unit Lighting Power Allowance Common Activity Areas
Fixture Ballasts. Ballasts should have a sound rating of “A” for 430 MA lamps, “B” for 800
MA lamps and “C” for 1500 MA lamps. Electronic ballasts should be used wherever possible.
Exit Signs. Exit signs shall be of the LED type, have an EnergyStar rating, and meet the
Special lighting design concepts are encouraged in these spaces. The lighting design should
be an integral part of the architecture.Wall fixtures or combination wall and ceiling fixtures
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may be considered in corridors and tunnels to help break the monotony of a long, plain
space.
fixtures.
Ample daylight is the illumination of choice in dining areas, assisted by fluorescent fixtures.
Structured Parking. Fixtures for parking areas may be fluorescent strip fixtures with wire
guards or diffusers. Care must be taken in locating fixtures to maintain the required vehicle
parking structures.
High Bay Lighting. Lighting in shop, supply, or warehouse areas with ceilings above 4900
Exterior Lighting
Exterior luminaries must comply with local zoning laws. Lighting levels for exterior spaces
should be the values indicated by the IES Lighting Handbook. Flood lighting should only be
provided if specified in the building program. Exterior lighting of a historic structure should
be designed to blend with and support the new architectural characteristics that contribute
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Parking and Roadway Lighting. Parking and roadway lighting should be an HID source and
ratio.
Entrances. Lighting fixtures should be provided at all entrances and exits of major buildings.
These exterior lighting fixtures shall be connected to the emergency lighting circuit.
Loading Docks. Exterior door lighting should be provided at loading docks. Fixtures for
Controls. Exterior lighting circuits should be controlled by photocell and a time clock
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Conclusion
In conclusion, this paper has defined natural lighting or also known as daylight as
naturally occurring which cannot be controlled by men. The main source of this daylight
comes from the sun. Artificial Lighting on the other hand is divided into five categories
namely: incandescent, Light Emitting Diode, Discharge, Fluorescent and Induction. The
importance of color rendition discerns in our everyday life. Color rendition plays a vital role
in almost every industry which even includes surgery rooms in hospitals. Since light is
essential for the buildings aesthetics and it is simply the main source of life. As seen in table
1 and table 2, these are the appropriate lighting for a specific occupancy.
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References
A meeting with the universe National Aeronautics and Space Administration Washington,
Artificial versus natural light source identification with light intensity sensors for energy
monitoring by Farrokh Jazizadeha, Jue Wanga, a Via Department of Civil and Environmental
assessment of buildings in scale models and test modules. Solar Energy, 79(2):168–182,
2005.
Belinda L. Collins. Review of the psychological reaction to windows. Lighting Research and
"Daylighting" by Gregg D. Ander of the FAIA Southern California Edison; updated by the U.S.
Daylighting, Artificial Lighting and Non-Visual Effects Study for a Residential Building by Prof.
John Mardaljevic, Prof. Marilyne Andersen, Nicolas Roy and Dr. Jens Christoffersen ,School
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Edwards, L.; Torcellini, P. A Literature Review of the Effects of Natural Light on Building
Georges Zissis. Light Sources and Lighting: from Technology to Energy Savings. Jean-Claude
00685707
LED Measurement Series: Color Rendering Index and LEDs by U.S Department of Energy
1_8
The Light Source Guide by the Lighting Industry Association, 2017 www.thelia.org.uk
Tan, B.; Yavuz, Y.; Otay, E.N.; Çamlıbel, E. Optimal selection of energy efficiency measures
for energy sustainability of existing buildings. Comput. Oper. Res. 2016, 66, 258–271.
https://greenhome.osu.edu/natural-lighting
https://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting
https://www.gsa.gov/node/82715?fbclid=IwAR0mv4MNdSlxJ-
ih3HZ4cr3JmpfQHIzgCzzl6b0I5_hjfx0-26NqH72IdYg
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