r[maAm"dNrdKifq&mawmf pMum&Sif r[maAm"dNrdKifq&mawmf

rmwdum
earm aw Ak'¨ 0D&w¬K usr;f OD;ed'gef; 1
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(avcu© E ¨ u xm) ● pufwyf,mOf 0efwif trsm;oHk; 3

● udk,fawGU&SmMu vlYygy umr tm;udk;&m 9
usr;f pmtrSw-f 17? twGJ-3^5 ● pMum,mOf&ojzihf avmuudk wnfzef
❊ *E¦ 0 if r if ; usrf ; pm&if ;
vdkufaomtcg 15
tvQif ; rygonf U / ● Nidrfoufat;csrf;rIwkdY aygif;pkxm;aom
❊ avmucef ; 0g "r® w m vwk\ Yd urÇm 25
teEÅaus;Zl;awmf&iS f ● pMumrif;\wefckd; udk,fawGUwkd;rdaeaom
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r[maAm"dNrdKifq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;
❊ wpf c k r [k w f wpf c k [ k w f ● udk,fawGU&SmMu vlUAmv "r®tm;rudk; 35
a&;om;pD&iftyfaom ● avmurSm igonfom tBuD;qHk;tjrwfqHk;
Zmwf x k w f Z mwf v rf ; &d S / tomqH;k 38
❊ raumif ; yk H r S D ; aumif ; yk H r S D ; ● usifhwkef;uvnf;trsm;zdkY? yGihfawmhvnf;trsm;
zdo
Yk m 40
pk p nf ; onf r S m &d S / ● O,smOfjcHydkif&SifBuD;rsm;\vkyfxHk; "r®wmyrm 45
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pMum&Sif ●

● qifrJwl qifjzLjzpfatmif vkyfvkdY&aumif;&rnf 57

þud k zwf r S w f M unf U /
( puú0wåd u xm ) ● pufESpfck ESifh vlYraem 66
● {[d vmvSnfh? yód &IvSnfh b,fvkdyif {nfhcH
&dSaeaomfvnf; 71
r[maAm"d N rd K if q &mawmf
● usrf;NyD;ed*Hk; 76
● usrf;aygif;tm;vHk; urÜwfzHk; ed*Hk;csKyfvkdufNyD 78

1
pMum&Sif 1 r[maAm"dNrdKifq&mawmf pMum&Sif 2

rMunfnKd Mu/
& Z Æ H - rif ; tjzpf o d k Y ? y w å H - a&muf o G m ;aom?
puú D & anmye
anmye-pMum 0aw;rif;udkum;? oaAÁ 0 Zae Zae-
urÇmah jrqk;H vltm;vk;H wdu Yk yif? &anm
&anm-pMumrif;\? 0oH-
tvdkus? tEk * l-tpOf vdkufygMu&avukef\/
{omyx aAsu &ZÆ m emr emr-þpMumrif ; tjzpf
rnfonfum;? aAm"doawåm a,0Ekacg cg-bk&m;tavmif;
usr;f OD;ed'gef; awmfBuD;yif r[kwfavm/
(puú0wåd uxm) Ak a '¨ g-bk&m;[lonfvnf;? tanm tanm-pMumrif;xm;
wjcm;onf? e -r[kwf/ &anm &anm-pMumrif;[lonfvnf;?
"r®ó puúomrdaum Aka'¨g yóaEém0g tanm
tanm- bk&m;rSwpfyg; wjcm; onf? e -r[kwf/
tyoaEé m aupd / puúó-puf\? a0 rawåm00-uGmjcm; aejcif;rQom/
&ZÆHye puúD&anmywåH oaAÁ0 0oG rE¨*lZae/
{omyx aAsu &ZÆmemr aAm"doawåm ❖

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jzpfawmfryl gaom? Aka'¨gye
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f u
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2
3 r[maAm"dNrdKifq&mawmf pMum&Sif 4 5 r[maAm"dNrdKifq&mawmf

tEG,f jywfawmufusonftxd)wdkifatmifvnf; o,f yrmom .../

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odaYk Mumifh þ"r®pufum; tm;vk;H wdt Yk ay: jzefu
Y suv f rT ;f rd;k odkYpOfvQuf umrpuf&dyf cdkvdkufolrsm;um; igwkdY
xm;aom rdk;yrmom/ wnf&m þurÇmtm;jzifh urÇmom;tm;vk;H wdu k af v;wku
d &f Sd
umrpMumum; udprö Ny;D c&D;oGm;&if;uyif tavmif; ajrtqkH;wnf;/
awmfw\ Ykd uHt&mcs rcHz;l aomt&m r&d&S atmif rawGUzl; "r®puf&dyf cdkvIHvdkufygMuolrsm;um; urÇmcsD pum;
pufwyf,mOf 0efwif trsm;okH;
aom tawGU? rawG;zl;aom tawG;? rvkyfzl;aom tvkyf? ajymzdkY aeaeomom t&d,mwdkYom udef;ydkuf&mjzpfojzifh
rajymzl;aom tajym[lí (enf;usOf;uyfoyf udk,fawGU t&d,wdkuf trnfwGifaom tm&SwdkufrSmyif ae&mrESHY/
puf(puú)\ obm0onf vnfywfrIjzpfapjcif;yif
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wef;r0ifrD umvrsm;ü jzpfyiG ahf om bke;f ? uH? wefc;dk wdjYk zifh uefYvefY/ pufESpfyg; rnfodkY uGmjcm;avbdoenf;/
pufonfvnf;aumif; puf[laom oabmpktm;jzifh
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twlwyl if/
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aMumifh xdkpufESpfckwkdY\ oabmoGm;um; rdk;ESifhajryrm
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uGmjcm;&m\/ "r®pufum; rkd;? umrpufum; ajr/
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"r®pMumum; udpöNyD; bkef;awmf? ÓPfawmf? wefcdk;
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awmfwkdYjzifh jyKpD&ifxm;aomt&mjzpfjcif;aMumifh þurÇm
o,fydk;Edkifaom tvwfpm; pufrsKd;jzpf&um; (bkef;uHjzifh pnf;pdr?f ÓPfpnf;pdrrf sm;jzifh xkrH rT ;f xm;aom avmukw&å m
þpMu0VmrQru omreftm;jzifh pMu0Vmwdu k w
f pfaomif;?
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Edkif\/ bkHtm;jzifh b0*f? b0tm;jzifh a*gMwbl (ykxkZOf

3
pMum&Sif
umrpufydkif pMum0aw;rif;um; olYt&dyfcdkrsm;udk
uH ig;yg;vkHjcHKapojzifh owfjcif;? towfcH&jcif; ponf
'ku©rS uif;vGwf½kHom wwfEdkif\/ xdkuHrsm;udk vkHap&mrS
a&0ifvmonfyrmaom arwåm u½kPm udk,fcsif;pm
wef;wlxm;pdwf vlwdkif;0,f udk,fpD udef;aeojzifh ESvkH;
pdwf0rf; at;csrf;½kHrQ wwfEdkif\/ xdktaMumif;cHrsm;rS
wpfqufwnf;wd;k tusK;d tjzpf jzpfyiG v hf maom udavom
xl? tylpw d Mf urf; aumif;uiftESYH rysUH ESjYH cif;? tylrvGeo
f jzifh
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jcif;? rdk;om;wdrfrsm; ae&mjzefYvsuf urÇmajrjyifay:odkY
zsef;yufay;aomaMumifh &moDrSef ae&mrvyf rdk;rSefrSef
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vmMuawmhum 'gecef;? oDvcef;rsm;yg pnfum;vmawmh
\/
xd k t usKd ; quf r sm;rS quf í jzpf a y:vmaom
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tawG;jzifh pdwfysHUpdwfylrsm; uvljcif;r&dSawmhí xdkacwf
<uif;aom uHcsdKUrIrsm;vnf; r&dS/ xdkrQom wwfEdkifaom
6 7 r[maAm"dNrdKifq&mawmf pMum&Sif 8
ya'o(uefYowf) pGrf;tm;&SifrQom/ odkYaMumifh...trsm;wdkYvnf; igwkdYuJhodkYyif tawG;
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wpfzef...xdkESifhwpfqufwnf; tawG;yGm;ae& jcif;yif/
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l m;wdYk pdww f iG ;f ud,k w
f iG ;f rsm;&dS rsK;d ½d;k
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om; tm;vkH;yif vdkvdkvm;vm; cdkvIHvmMu\/ oifMh u\/
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k m;vk;H odr;f ½k;H í tawG;jzifh ac:,lMunfyh grlum;
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tusKd;rxl;aomt&m jzpfaeívnf; rar;vdkjyef/
4
9 r[maAm"dNrdKifq&mawmf pMum&Sif 10 11 r[maAm"dNrdKifq&mawmf

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tygjzpf\/

5
pMum&Sif 12 13 r[maAm"dNrdKifq&mawmf pMum&Sif 14

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pMum&wemqdkufxdkufaom pMumrif;avmif;\ oDv rSwpfyg; tjcm;r&dNS y/D odrYk [kwf e0*Fov D jzifh a&S;bke;f &dSacsNyD/
twdwfu odkjr§Kyfxm;cJhNyD;aom yg&rD&du©mxkyfrsm;xJwGif a&S;uH ('geoDvuH)rsm;udk xkwf,lí pMumwnfaqmuf umrpMum&wemonf ocFg&pkww Ykd iG f uHocFg&pkjzifh
xd'k ge xdo k vD rsK;d wif;wif;ygae\/ pMum&wem vnfywf jcif;/ wnfaqmufxm;&m jzpfjcif;aMumifh vufjzifv h nf; prf;Munfh
ap&mwGif t"du yg0if&aom uHt&m0if xdk'ge xdkoDv vlom;wkdif;\ tm½kHonf umr*kPfüomwnf\/ í &paumif;\/ rsufpdjzifh Munfhívnf; jrifpaumif;\/
rygvQif ,if;pMumum; wnfzdkYvnf;rjrif? vnfzdkYvnf; vl o m;wd k i f ; \tm;ud k ; jcif ; onf v nf ; umrcH p m;&mü xdu k H ocFg&onf umrudk tm;wd;k jyjcif;? tm;ud;k &jcif; owåd

6
15 r[maAm"dNrdKifq&mawmf pMum&Sif 16 17 r[maAm"dNrdKifq&mawmf

&dS&m xdkpMum&SifrS tm;rudk;? rnfolUtm;udk;ygtHhenf;/ t"d|mef? omrefuHjzLpkjzifh r&Edkifonfudk owdjyK&rnf/ odaYk Mumifh xdpk Mumrif; &daS eorQ umvywfv;Hk tcsi;f
,ckaomf pdwfjzLpif½kHrQru awmufyvmNyDjzpfaom csi;f owfjzwfni§ ;f qJjcif; uif;a0;jcif;ESit hf wl uHig;yg;vk;H
❖ aMumifh...pMum&wemESifhwuG xdkuf&m&wemrsm;yg vnf; vkjH cKH aeMu\/ tjiif;tckef tcdu k vf nf; uif;a0;ae
vdkufygum qdkufvmNyDqdkygpdkY/ Mu\/ odkYaMumifh w&m;pD&ifa&;jzifh tkyfcsKyf&efvnf; rvdk/
pMum,mOf&ojzifh avmuudk wnfzefvdkufaomtcg xdtk cg olaumif;jyK rif;tjzpf eef;pHum tkycf sKy&f yg wpfzef pMumrif;\'getm; oDvtm;rsm;uvnf;
awmhrnf/ eef;pnf;pdrrf sm;udvk nf; pdwEf vS ;Hk tvdk awmifw h txGufwdk; oefvGef;aomaMumifhvnf;aumif;? ypöKyÜefuH
pMumrif;avmif;onf ...arwåmjzifh pdwfudk jzLpif wkdif; NyD;pD;apaom 0o0wåDewfrsKd;EG,fyrm cHpm;cGifh&vm wdkufoavmuf twdwfuH tvdkufjyif;aeaomaMumifh
apjcif;? u½kPmjzifh udk,f(EIwf)wdkYudk jzLpifapjcif;rsm; apygonf/ vnf;aumif;? uHtusKd;ay;\ pnf;pdrfrsm; olYwGifru
jyKvkyfum Oykofaqmif 0if\/ pdwfjzLpifonfESifh pMum xdkpMumrif; b,frSm tvkyfqif;rnfenf;/ olae&m þurÇmavmuBuD; wpfckvkH;&dS vlESifhowå0g
&wem qdu k v
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&wemrsm; qdkufa&mufvm\/ tjcm;tvkyf r&dSawmhNyD/ 'ge oDvac: uHukodkvfwdkY\ onf xGut f m;aumif;vGe;f vSojzifh olw Y iG rf Qru olaY b;&dS
owd todwYdk tNct H &Hjzifh pdwu f jkd zLpifjcif;? pnf;vk;H tvkyo f nf xdrk Qom tusK;d ay;aomaMumifw h nf;/ wpfzef acsmif;wGif;wpfavQmufvkH; txdyif pD;qif; ajy;aqmhae
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D wk\ Yd t&deS t
f [kejf yif;vGe;f jcif; onfyrm urÇmjh ynfot l m;vk;H wdyYk g 0ajymom,mapygonf/
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rsm; jrK§ yEf x
HS m;&mqDoYkd wnfrh wfjcif;? vsijf refjcif; t[kew f Ydk xufvGef;jcif;aMumifhvnf;aumif; olYwGifru olae&m awmifhwuif;pGmjzifh pD;yGm;Opömrsm; jzpfxGef;vmaeMuNyD;
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xdktwdwfuH &du©mxkyfrsm;ESifh ,ck t"d|mefpkwkdYtMum; tay:üyif... rdk;aumif;rdk;\ vTrf;rdk;&GmoGef;jcif;yrm awmh\/ odkYaMumifhvnf; xdkpMumrif; pD;yGm;a&;&m tcif;
wd&pämefb0rsm;pGmjzihf ,kwn f ahH om tvkyrf sK;d pkw H uYkd kd jyKusihf tm;vk;H at;pdak pygonf/ aumif;uifv\ xGe;f yjcif;yrm pDrH&jcif; tvQif;r&dS/
xm;cJ&h m? rJarSmifaom uHnpfxBk u;D udk xd;k azmufí ,ckEiS hf tm;vkH; at;jrom,mapygonf/ xdkrS&aom tm;vyfcGifh tcGifha&; xdkpMumrif;
twdwf tcsw d t
f qufr&d ef qdo k nfrmS omrefov D ? omref tb,fudk tokH;csrnfenf;/

7
pMum&Sif
wpfzefvnf; xdkpMumrif;\ 'gepk oDvpk uHrsm;rS
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wdkif; NyD;pD;aeMuawmh&m uHpnf;pdrf cHpm;jcif;? uHay;orQ
tvkyu f okd m vky&f awmhjcif;rsm;jzifh tcsed u f ek q
f ;Hk Mu&onf/
pifMu,faom'ge\ t&dSefowåd rIwfvTifhtm;onf
awmifhwjcif;udk uif;a0;apEdkif\/ pifMu,faom oDv\
t&dSefowåd rIwfvTifhtm;onf aMumifhMujcif;udk uif;a0;
apEdik \f / xdu k pH k jyKuwnf;u avmb aomu Mum;0ifrcH?
apwemt&if;cH uHrQ jyKpkxm;jcif;aMumihf/
xdpk Mumrif;onfvnf;aumif;? xdu k rÇmol urÇmom;
rsm;onfvnf;aumif; xdkawmifhwuif;? aMumifhMuuif;?
taMumif;&if;udk t&if;wnfí þypöuü© vnf; twdwjf rKyf
udk pky?f tem*wftzdq Yk kd jrKyo
f nfyh rmaom uHopfrsm; xyfrH
jyKusifhjcif;jzifh tcsdefukefvGefaponf/
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wpfzef uHoGif; t&if;jr§Kyfjcif;trI jyKaeyg\/
urÇmol urÇmom;rsm;onfvnf; wlaomcE¨m?
wlaomtusiw hf jYkd zifh umrMuOfz,f olawmfpifweYdk ,fy,fü
18 19 r[maAm"dNrdKifq&mawmf pMum&Sif 20
aeMuukeaf om y&drmæ Zu(y&dzv kd )f trnfcH tdr&f mraxmif xdak eYEiS n hf tul;wGiu f m; "r®*P k (f &wemh*P k )f tm½k, H jl cif;
vlYabmifrSxGuf uHBuD;qufrsm;tm; vdktyf&m&mrsm;jzifh jzifh aeYtzdYk ntzdu Yk ukeo f mG ;aom arwåmtm;rsm;ESiw hf uG
jyKpkvkyfauR; uHopfarG;vsufuom .../ ukov ur®yxtm;rsm;udk ¤if;wd\ Yk e,fu;l tMum; tMum;
wpfzef pMumrif;BuD;onfvnf;aumif;? urÇmol wdüYk tm;jznf&h &Sm\/ ae0ifomG ;Ny?D aeYtm½kcH pH w d f pm&if;ydwf
urÇmom;rsm;onfvnf;aumif; wpfvvQif &SpfBudrfus vdu k Nf y/D
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quf tem*wftxd wd;k wufapaom t|*F e0*Fov D awmf bkeH ef;jyó'f\ txufq;Hk txyfoYkd wufa&mufawmfru l m
rsm; usihfokH;vsufuom... / yloGm;aompdwfudk at;ap&\/ vIyfoGm;aompdwfudkvnf;
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bmwpfckrQ r,fr,f&& r&dSMuNyD/ xdkodkY pdwfjyKjyif&ef wufa&mufavaomtcgwdkif;
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f kd udik v
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f m;aom pMumrif;Bu;D \uHpnf;pdryf if/ awmh/}} ]][,f... Asmyg'0dwuf oifvnf; onfae&mrSm
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8
21 r[maAm"dNrdKifq&mawmf pMum&Sif 22 23 r[maAm"dNrdKifq&mawmf

onfae&mrSmyif ae&pfcahJ wmh/}} ]],ck igoGm;rnfh (wufrnf)h xdak rwåm\ qefu Y sibf uf&efoo l nf umr&m*-olY tay: {uefvt kd yfaeaom tajccH 'getm; oDvtm;rsm; bk&m;
ae&monf oifwdkYESifh xdkufwefaom ae&mrsKd;r[kwf/ jypfrmS ;pdwjf zifh vdv
k m;wyfrufaeawmhjcif;? Asmyg'-olt Y ay: jzpf&ef tm;jynfrh jynfh t"d|mefjzifh prf;oyf azmfxw k Mf unfh
jzLpifjrihjf rwfaom t&d,mwdYk ae&mrsK;d om jzpfacsawmh\/ jypfrSm;pdwfjzifh udk,fvdkovdk r&rnfudk pdk;xdwfaejcif;? jcif;yif jzpf\/
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H kd a0ae,srsm;odYk
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tay: &pf0aJ wG; awG;ay;wwfaom umr0dwuf/ xdBk uKd uf xdkpMumrif;BuD;\arwåmüum; &efolonf rdzk&m; wpfzef xdkuHaumif;udk taMumif;cHxm;vsufuyif
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awmhum tm½kcH si;f zufowf vk;H axG;&mrS olysuf ud, k yf suf arwåm&efbuf ,if;tcsufudk txufbkHwufí y,fzsuf yg&rDuHpkrsm;udkvnf; jzpfaprnf/
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k m;aom 'gerI? oDvrI xdu k pH w
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f m
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qufqjH cif;jzifh olo Y wåpd rG ;f xrf;jyavh&\ Sd / zdçk rt&müum; tqufjzwf\/ umrtm;0ifcsed f rdpmä 0dwuf trSm;ok;H csuf orQ tem*grfb0 ra&mufrcsif; wpfpcef; xçaeMurnf
zcifu ud, k o
hf rD;tay:(rdcifu ud, k ohf m;tay:) xm;avh wdkYudk jyefvnftoufquf\/ om/
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f zH suq f ;D vdjk cif;onf

9
pMum&Sif 24
vnf; tvdkBuD;jcif;yif/ "r®*kPfjzifh olwpfyg;odkY vdkufvH
u,fwifvdkjcif;onfvnf; tvdkBuD;jcif;yif/ or®mqE´?
rdpämqE´ESifh or®m0dwuf? rdpäm0dwuf tMum;rS zGm;ajrmuf
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um; twlwlyif/
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onfvnf; tvdBk u;D jcif;yif/ bk&m;tjzpfjzifh a0ae,strsm;
tpm; u,fvdk rçvdkjcif;onfvnf; tvdkBuD;jcif;yif/
odkYaMumifh pMumrif;tjzpfjzifh bk&m;tjzpf &ifh? r&ifh
(uHyGm; ryGm;) prf;oyfumvtwGif;&dS umr aoG;acsmif;pD;
wkdufyJG jzpfyGm;aejcif;rsm;udk tqdk;rqdkomNyD/
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25 r[maAm"dNrdKifq&mawmf
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qdwfae&mrSjzpfaom pdwf\at;jr NidrfoufrI? 0D&d,xuf
rydkaom a'gouif;qdwfae&mrSjzpfaom pdwf\at;jr
NidrfoufrI? orm"dxuf rydkaom arm[uif;qdwf ae&mrS
jzpfaom pdw\ f at;jrNird o f ufrI odrYk [kwf avmb? a'go?
arm[ [laom yljyif;]]ae}}rsm;tpm; qE´? 0D&d,? orm"d
[laom pdwx f m;jzifh ]]v}}yrm at;Nird ;f om,maeaom pdwf
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pMum&Sif 26
acsmif;iSifwl ]]vl}}[lí jzpfrvmapEdkif/ vljzpfvmaomfrS
vnf; tNird ;f "mwf raqmifaom vla,mifrQom jzpfvmEdik f
onf/
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xdkpMumrif;&dS ]]v}}yrmaom arwåmawmf t&dyfatmuf
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£óm rpä&d, ponfrsm;vnf;r&dS/
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wpfqufwnf;aom rormpdwx f m;jzifh olwpfyg; ypön;f rsm;
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aysmyf g;vdo k jzifh zsuq
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tvdkvdkuif;qdwfaeMuawmh&m urÇmBuD;um; Nidrfouf
at;csrf;rIwdkY pkaygif;xm;aom ]]v}}tpif;pif;wdkY\ vrif;
urÇmBu;D wnf;/
10
27 r[maAm"dNrdKifq&mawmf
vlom;tm;vkH; xdkuHrsm; vkHjcHKaeMuawmhojzifh
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r&dSbJ Nidrfoufat;aq;\/
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ojzifh wdkif;jynfvk,ufrIray:/ odkYaMumifh ppfom;r&dS?
vufeufr&dSbJ Nidrfoufat;aq;\/
xdu k mv&dS tkycf sKyaf &;um; pMumrif;Bu;D \ Mo0g'yif
wnf;/ xdu k mv&dS tkycf sKyaf &;Oya'um; ig;yg;aom vlusihf
oDvrsm;yifwnf;/
xd k w G i f pMumrif ; BuD ; onf tcgtm;avsmf p G m
pMum,mOf pD;eif;vsufu aumif;uifc&D;jzifh urÇmodkY
vSnfhywfum ukodkvfaumif;rIt&mü rarhMu&ef owd
ay;\/ tukodkvftrI bmwpfckrQ rjyKrdMu&efvnf; owd
ay;\/
xdaYk emuf ukov kd rf jS zpfaom aumif;usK;d wko Yd nfvnf;
rd r d x H o d k Y o m jyef v mrnf j zpf a Mumif ; ud k v nf ; aumif ; ?
tukov kd rf S jzpfaom qd;k usK;d rsm;uvnf; rdro d o
Ykd m jyefvnf
qdkufa&mufvmrnfjzpfaMumif;udkvnf;aumif; Mo0g'
ay;\/
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pMum&Sif 28
aumif;rIu aumif;usKd;? raumif;rIu raumif;usKd; rdrdokdY
om wdk;0ifvmrnf[laom xdkMo0g'jzifhyif ,OfNyD;om;
jzpfaeMu acsNyD/
vludkvlcsif; qkH;r &ojzifh...uRJ? EGm;wdkY qkH;r&mü
tokH;jyKaom vGefBudK;wJí qJGiif&jcif;? ½dkufykwfíjyKjyif
&jcif;? wdkif? opfyif csnfaESmifí 'Pfcwf&jcif;yrmaom
aumif;rIü vufxyfoifay;&jcif;? qdk;rIü tcsKyfcsí
n§Of;&jcif;rsm; tvQif;rvdkNyD/
pMumrif;Bu;D xdo k u
Ykd rÇmcef; vSn&hf müyif pMum,mOf
tjynfh rdzk&m;rsm;&dSapvsufu 0JbufvSnfhvnf; toifh?
,mbufvSnfhvnf; toifhjzifh tvdkawmfjynfhap\/ vlü
jzpfaom pnf;pdrfcHrsm;? ewfüjzpfaom pnf;pdrfcHrsm;yrm
toifhpDrHNyD;csnf; jzpfae\/ wpfurÇmvkH;udk rdrdbkef;jzifh
aygif;½k;H um aumif;pm;apaom apwem? arwåm? oDvwd\ Yk
aus;Zl;um; ¤if;tm; wefjyefaus;Zl;qyfaeMuacsNyD/
wpfzef xdkvufatmufcH urÇmol? urÇmom;rsm;
onfvnf;? oDv tusit hf m;jzifv
h nf; ig;yg;aomusi0fh wf
rsm;udkyif urÇmokH;tjzpf rlxm;um usifhokH;aeMuawmh&m
oroD v tusifhwl jzpfaeMu\/ 'd | d tjriftm;jzifhvnf;
raumif;udrk aumif;twkid ;f yif trSejf rifaeMuNy;D ? aumif;udk
29 r[maAm"dNrdKifq&mawmf
vnf; aumif;twkid ;f vQif twnfjh rifaeMuawmh&m or0g'
0g'wljzpfaeMu\/
acwfqdk; acwf,kwfMum;u vlom;rsm;uJhodkY olY
touf rowfrStjrwf? olYtouf owfrStjrwf[lí
oDvcsi;f tjiif;yGm;p&mr&d/S uHvrHk t S aumif;? uHrvkv H nf;
aumif;jzifhvnf; oDvuJGxm; 0g'jcm;r&dS/ o'¨gwGif ynm
qifhí MunfhrStrSef? o'¨goufoufjzifh MunfhrStrSefjzifh
vnf; t,luJGjym;jcif;r&dS/
odkYaMumifhvQif t,l oDv wlrQjcif;\ &vm'ftjzpf
jzifh owfjzwfjcif;tpm; u,fwifjcif;jzifh tcsif;csif;
tapmifah &Smuf xm;ay;aeMuavNy/D wrif vdrn f p§ ,
f jl cif;
rqdkxm;bd? vrf; aumuf&ypönf;udkyif r,lMuawmhNyD/ olY
umr udk,fhumr vk,ufoHk;tpm; apmifhpnf;jcif;jzihf
tpm;xk;d vdu k Mf uNy/D tjypfz;Hk uG,jf cif; t<um;azmfxw k jf cif;
tpm; olwpfyg; rppf&bJ ESiyhf if 0efcNH y;D jzpfaeMuNy/D b0ESihf
"r®udk rl;,pfjcif;jzifh arhaysmufjcif;tpm; owdw&m;jzifh
tpm;xd;k vdu k Mf uNy/D
odkYaMumifh vlvQifaumif; ewfaumif;raeomawmh
&um;...or®ma'0ac: t&d,m0if ewfrsm;uvnf;
urÇmBu;D udk xde;f odr;f apmifah &SmufMu&\/ avmuygvac:
11
pMum&Sif 30 31 r[maAm"dNrdKifq&mawmf pMum&Sif 32

avmuapmifhewfrsm;uvnf; urÇmom;rsm;udk tulnD
ay;Mu&\/
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wdt
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Yk m; ud,
k af wGUtm;jzifh uHw&m;\*kPf ykí
H ,kv
H mMu
awmhum uHaumif;Mum; acgif;xm;vsufuom/
❖ rsm;tay: cifrifrIvnf; tm;BuD;aewwf\/ odkYaMumifh
pMumrif;\wefcdk; udk,fawGUwdk;rdaeaom xdkvlom;
pMumrif;\ bke;f uHonf...rd;k ? v? prf;yrm rdrw d iG f
omru urÇmhy&dowfyg pdrfh0if pD;qif;apum aumif;usKd;
umr usKd;zvwdkYudk raMumifhrMu rawmifhrw cHpm;cGifh
omapcJhykHudk qkdcJhNyD;NyD/
þrSmwGif...urÇmwGif;&dS ykxkZOf vlom;rsm;\
bm0o½kyf xkwjf yzdYk vdv k mNyx
D if\/ ykxZk Of[o
l nf pdwuf kd
npfywfatmifvkyf&mü trsm;qkH; vkyfNyD;olrsm;wnf;/
vlom;[lonf wd&pämefxuf ÓPfydk&dSNyD;? wd&pämefxuf
tvkyfwGifus,folrsm;wnf;/ ESpfckaygif;aomf rdrdpdwfudk
npfywf&mü trsm;qkH; tokH;jyKNyD; wd&pämefwdkYxuf
raumif;&mbufü wd;k wufaeolrsm;yif? tE¨Amv tuef;? wGif uHtusKd;ay;rQudkom arQmfapmifhaeawmhrnf/ tarG&
trdkufrsm;\ bm0wnf;/ jzpfap? olwpfyg;wdkY tay;turf;&jzpfap? bmrqdk uH
xdyk x
k Zk Ofw\Ykd obm0 pdwaf e? pdwx f m;onf ... aMumifch sn;f xifaewwf\/ pMumrif;uJo h aYkd om uHaqmif
udk,fhudk,fudk cifrifrItm;BuD;avh&dS\/ odkYaMumifh udk,f bke;f &Si?f uH&iS Ef iS hf wd;k rdaeygaomfum; xdb k ek ;f &dy?f uH&yd Mf um;
oufom&mudk tNr&J mS Mu\ H / olwpfyg;tay: cifrifrv I nf; rS xGufawmhrnfyif r[kwfNyD/
tm;BuD;aewwf\/ odkYaMumifh tazmfr&dS raewwf/ tm½kH xdpk Mumrif;\ bke;f rd;k ? uHr;kd &GmoGe;f NzKd ;jcif;um; ...
udk,fwdkifxdawGUcGifh&aom udk,fawGUrsufjrifjzpfaeawmhí
Edk;uwnf;u trsKd;rsKd;½Iodae&rS tm;&\/ ÓPfrD? rrD rvdk/ tEdkif& zJorm;vufxJrS a0pkcJG&ykHrsKd;
xdkwGif...udk,fhudk,fudk cifrifrItm;BuD;avh&dSol jzpfaeí udk,ftm; pdkufxkwfp&mrvdk/ wpfzufu t&dSefcs
onf udk,fhudkvnf; n§m\/ pdwfudkvnf; tvdkvdkuf\/ odkY onfbufu t&dSef& ay;,lenf;jzpfaeí teD;uyfí jyef
aMumifh udk,femrnfhtvkyf? udk,fyifyef;rnfhtvkyfqdk vnf aus;Zl;qyf&efrvd/k uHay;t&omrsm; pdwv f w
G ?f ud, k f
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rvkyfbJ&u b,fvdkaernfenf;/ aomtjyif;orm;rsm;twGuf b,favmuf tm;usp&m
wpfzef pdwu f v kd nf; tvdvk ukd af e&awmhjcif;aMumifh aumif;oenf;/
pdwfBudKuftvkyfrsKd;rSwpfyg; tjcm;rvkyfvdk/ odkYaMumifh wpfzef olwpfyg;tay: cifrifrI tm;BuD;avh&dSol
wpfzufaumif; raumif;um; taMumif;r[kwfawmh/ xdk onf cdkvIHp&mawGUu ,drf;vdkufvdkuf? cdkvIHvmolawGUu
vlom; aoG;qd;k xd;k í pdwx f <u tb,ftvkyu f kd prnfenf;/ odr;f ydu
k f yduk jf zifh tcsed jf ynfh olwpfyg;wd\
Yk pdwjf zifch sn;f om
ud,
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tZÑwå? A[d'¨(twGif;jyif) um,\ jzpfysuforQ tpkH

12
33 r[maAm"dNrdKifq&mawmf
tukerf odawmh/ olwpfyg;\tZÑwå A[d'¨ um,\ jzpfae
ysufaeykHtpkHudkvnf; tukefrodawmh/
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aeonfrsm;\ taoqkH;rSom aorSef;od&awmhrnf/
a&SUjzpfEiS hf aemufjzpfwYkd tMum;&dS tysuw f &m; ÓPfr0ifpm;
rdí tjzpfcsnf; xifaernf/ olYü udk,hfü bmudkrQ ÓPf
rvdkufrdí pdwfBudKuf&m taumif;xifaeawmhrnf/
odaYk Mumif.h ..xdv k o l m; b0udv k nf; &GrH ek ;f &aumif;
rSe;f rod/ umrudv k nf; &GrH ek ;f &aumif;rSe;f rod/ tvdu
tvsm;oifh cHpm;enf;jzifh wpfb0vlvkH; tokH;csoGm;awmh
rnf/
wpfzef tm½krH sm;tay: cifrifrI tm;Bu;D avh&o
vnf; a&xJ wkwfjcpfí t½kyfa&;&onfyrmaom 0w¬K½kyf
rsm;rS yJhus&m vGifhpif&dyfrsm;udkvQif wu,fhvl wu,fh
tawGUxifum 0rf;omp&m&dSu 0rf;om? ½kyf&SifMunfhí
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&dSu 0rf;enf;? ½kyf&SifMunfhí usdefqJenf;yrm jzpfyGm;ae
ygrnf/
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vmaom tyl&yd rf Q jzpfaejcif;aMumifv h nf;aumif;? rdrb
pMum&Sif 34 35 r[maAm"dNrdKifq&mawmf
vnf; b0ifEv S ;Hk tylq;Hk aom vIid ;f jzifh zrf;,lcpH m;ae&jcif; vnf oHawmfOD; wifMurnfrSmum; rvJGNyD/
aMumifv h nf;aumif; tm½kw H u
Ykd kd rnfrQcpH m;cHpm; tm;r&Edik /f
odkYaMumifh tm½kHcHpm;cGifh&&mü tm;r&wdkif; a&SUodkY ❖
wdk;um wdk;um cHpm;cGifh awmif;cHae&awmh&m? Mumaomf
tm½kH\ zrf;pm;jcif;udk cHvdkuf&awmhonf/ olYtm½kHcif udk,fawGU&SmMu vlYAmv "r® tm;rudk;
oavmuf olt Y m½k&H iS \
f vufatmuf 0ifa&mufí trIxrf;
'ge oDvwdkY\ uHt&m prf;oyf&m pMumrif;tjzpf
ay;ae&jcif;wnf;/
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xd k o k H ; cif ; pm;&if ; csKyf a omf ...ud k , h f u d k , f u d k
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umrudk psme(psmef)jzifh vJvS,fum yg&rDjznfhenf;
v? prf;wd\ Yk pdjk ynfjcif;? at;jrjcif;? pD;qif;jcif;jzifh rdrt d ay:
vnf;yg\/ umrudk ÓP(ÓPf)jzifh vJv, S u f m yg&rDjznfh
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cspfcsifwdkif; cspfaeaya&mhrnf/
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0g;&vGwfaom iSufaysmoD;rSnfh &SmazGay;&müyif
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tcGHETmNyD;om; jzpfavrS vufcHpm;okH;vdkaom xdkykxkZOf
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tay:,Hord S twGi;f odrsm;odYk wd;k wufvm&ef jznfu h siehf nf;
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h Qif ]]t&Sirf if;Bu;D urÇmqk;H aomfrS uHawmfrukeyf gapESihf
rsm;yg yg0if\/
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aemufqkH;aom yg&rDjznfhusifh&m\ umvwGifum;
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13
pMum&Sif 36 37 r[maAm"dNrdKifq&mawmf pMum&Sif 38

igtay: tpJG&dS? r&dS? igü cif? rcif prf;oyfaomtm;jzifh onfhtwl arwåm tm;enf;aevQif a'gojzifh 0ifa&muf avmurSm igonfom
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tyef;cHí usifhMunfhonf/ rwkefvIyf/ aevQifvnf; umr? rme ponfrsm; qJGudkifum 0ifa&muf
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igüNiad evQif olay:vmaomtcg 0ifa&muf ru,f
rdk; &GmoGef;rsdK;vnf; tvQif;r&dSNyD/
Edik /f olüNiad evQif ig0ifvmaomtcg 0ifa&mufru,fEikd /f

14
39 r[maAm"dNrdKifq&mawmf pMum&Sif 40 41 r[maAm"dNrdKifq&mawmf

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15
pMum&Sif 42
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43 r[maAm"dNrdKifq&mawmf
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16
45 r[maAm"dNrdKifq&mawmf pMum&Sif 46 47 r[maAm"dNrdKifq&mawmf

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17
pMum&Sif 48 49 r[maAm"dNrdKifq&mawmf pMum&Sif 50

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18
51 r[maAm"dNrdKifq&mawmf pMum&Sif 52 53 r[maAm"dNrdKifq&mawmf

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rarhonfxuf rarhaumif;/ xdk'kv’b(tvGef&cJvGef;vS <ua&mufí a[mcRwf&onf vnf;&dS\/ &Hwpfcg t*Fkvd ok;H a&rsm; uyfvLS Mu&mwGiv f nf; tvSLcHawmfr\ l / tvSLcH
aom) tcGit hf cg ig;rsK;d udk aeYpOfaeYwikd ;f yif om0u&[ef; rmvuJhodkYaom ypädrb0du(onfb0onf olYtwGuf ap\/ narSmifpysKd;(ckepfem&DcefY) a&mufvQifyif... yef;

19
pMum&Sif 54
eHo
Y mwdjYk zifh toihjf yifqifxm;&m qDr;D tvif;a&mif wdjYk zifh
txl;jyKvyk x f m;&m yv’iaf wmfoYkd <ua&mufawmfrul m xdvk l
y&dowfrsm;tm; uRwfxdkufaom a0ae,s uRwfxdkuf&m
a'oemjzifh wefqmqifí a[mawmfrl&\/
vlwdkYw&m;emcsdef NyD;pD;í jyefvnfxGufcGmoGm;Mu
onfESifh ausmif;awmfwGif;0,f enf;cHum usihfaeMuaom
&[ef;awmfrsm;tm; tzl;awGUcH\/ avQmufxm;orQ
ajzMum;ay;&\/ tm½kHrSm;aevQif wnfhay;&\/ tm½kHrSef
aeu wGef;ay;&\/ o'¨g 0D&d, wuf<ucdkifrmapaom
a'oemawmfjzifhvnf; vrf;cif;ay;&ao;\/
ÓOfheufydkif;odkY a&mufvmNyD/ n\wdwfqdwfcsdef
(q,fem&DcefYodkY) a&mufvQifyif ajrtjyif&dS ½ku©pdk;? bkr®pdk;
pol atmufewfrsm; vma&mufz;l arQmjf cif;? ar;avQmufjcif;?
w&m;em,ljcif;rsm;udk vufcHawmfrlum tzl;awGUcH&\/
ajzMum;ay;&\/ a[mMum;\/
oef;acgif,o H Ykd a&mufvmNy/D aumif;uifae odMum;
ewfrif;Bu;D ESiw hf uGaom or®mt,l&Sd ewftrsm; qif;ouf
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rsm;udv
k nf; vufcaH wmfrNl y;D tzl;cH tawGUcH&\/ ajzMum;
&\/ a[mMum;\/
55 r[maAm"dNrdKifq&mawmf pMum&Sif 56
okdYESifh rdk;aomufydkif;buf ul;xGufvmNyD/ tcsdefrSeforQ avmutwGufcsnf; jzpfaeaom
n\(ESpef m&DrS av;em&DtwGi;f cef)Y aemufq;Hk tydik ;f xdbk &k m;? 'kvb ’ wefz;dk odem;vnfaeMuaom vlom;rsm;u
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qif ; ouf v mMuum zl ; arQmf j cif ; ? ar;avQmuf j cif ; ? aeMuaom ewfrsm;uvnf; bk&m;udk jyefcsdefaeMu\/
emMum;jcif;rsm; jyKvkyfMujyef&m xdkjA[®mrif;BuD;rsm;tm; cPESifh v,wefzdk; odem;vnfaeMuaom jA[®mrsm;u
vnf; tzl;cH tawGUcHjcif; ajzMum;ay;&jcif; a[mMum;& vnf; bk&m;udk jyefcsdefaeMu\/
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tm; pdwfawmfwGif;rSz,f&Sm;í wnfae Munfaeaom rsm;bufrSmrlum; ...
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kd cf E¨m tewåudk twåjzifh twdkuftcHvkyfvQufuvnf;
\ yifyef;jcif;udk tem;ay;awmfrl\/ aumif;? 'ku©udk okcjzifh twdkuftcHvkyfvQufuvnf;
NyD;onfESifh...t½kPfusif;csdef0,f avmuBuD;\ aumif; tedpöudk edpöjzifh twkduftcH vkyfvQufuvnf;
twGif; ,aeY uRwfxdkufolrsm;&dS&modkY tem0&PÓPf aumif; wpfpifaxmifí ajymifavSmifjcif;? wpfpifaxmif&m
oAÁnKwÓPfawmfjzifh csOf;eif;arTaESmufum MunfhNrJ aemuf vdu k yf gtm;ay;jcif;rsm;jzifh wpfurÇmvk;H rqdx k m;bd?
twkdif; Munfhawmfrl&jyefonf/ wpfwu kd f wpfjynfrmS yif vlwidk ;f aph tdrwf ikd ;f aph rck0d ifMu/
b,frmS vJ olwu G ?f b,frmS vJ olcsr;f om? b,frmS vJ
oloufom/ xdkrQtxd arwåmu½kPmBuD;rm;aombk&m; ❖
avmu0,f olwpfyg;wnf;&,fom/
20
57 r[maAm"dNrdKifq&mawmf pMum&Sif 58 59 r[maAm"dNrdKifq&mawmf

qifrJwl qifjzLjzpfatmif vkyfvdkY &aumif;&rnf
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kd mNy/D wpfqufwnf; ygyurÇmrS umrurÇm
odkY ul;ajymif;vmykHudkvnf; odzdkYvdkvmNyD/
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owå0gwdkif;\ b0tponf rod&mrSvnf; pcJhMu&\/
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zl ; jcif ; ? tpJ G [ l í vnf ; ,cif u r&d S c J h z l ; jcif ; rsm;yif /
rod&mum; "mwfav;yg;rS pcJJh&jcif;? ½kyfbm0rS pcJh&jcif;?
t0dZÆmodrS pcJh&jcif;rsm;yif/
xdkodkYr&dSaom½kyfESifh rodaomemrfwkdY jzpfay:vm&ef
rSm twdkuftcHtm;jzifh "mwfoufudk jzpfapEdkifaom ajr?
a&? av? rD;pkH urÇmrsK;d rSom "mwfaumifac: owå0gtopf
rsm; jzpfcGifh&dS\/
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um; rçbm0xG e f ; um;vm&NyD ; avtm; t"d u jzif h
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avao;/ odaYk Mumifh uHtm;jzifh taMumif;cH tusK;d oufukd
jzpfap&mrS wkHYjyefvmaom rdcif zcifvnf; r&dSao;/
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xdkowå0g\ zGHUNzdK;BuD;xGm;EIef;udk OwkrSjzpfaom
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jzifh t[m&rSjzpfaom t&omowå&d Sd twdu k t
f cH"mwfrsm;
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tokH;csaomtm;rsm;twGuf tNrJ 0rf;pmjznfhay;ae&yg
awmhrnf/
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jzpfay:vmaponf/ 0rf;pmrxnf&h u raeomjcif;? rcHom
jcif; a0'emrsm; jzpfyGm;vmapygonf/ xdkpOf aeomjcif;
a0'emu avmb[laom pdwfudk arG;zGm;ay;NyD;? rae
omjcif ; a0'emuvnf ; a'gopd w f u d k arG ; jrLay;
vdu
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tm;rsm;udkrSDí tpmrSaoG;? aoG;rStom;? tom;rStqD?
tqDrStqDcJ? tqDcJrS ½dk;wGif;jcifqD? ½dk;wGif;jcifqDrS
okufaoG;[lí tqifhqifhjzpfay:vmap&m avmbrS
jzpfaom umrpdwfrsm; x<uvmMuNyD/ avmbrS jzpfaom
&m*pdwfrsm;vnf; x<uvmMu&NyD/
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y,fazsmufay;Edik pf rG ;f &daS om zdb
k m0ü wyfrufjcif;&m*rsm;
uyg qifhyGm;jzpfay:vmMurnf/
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k m0üvnf; aoG;cdt k m; jynfNh zKd ;vm½krH Qru avESihf
tcd;k "mwfrsm;uyg x<uvm&um; rçenf;wl umr &m*rsm;
qifyh mG ;jzpfay:vm&onf/ t½d;k r&dS cE¨mao;rsm;u tm;enf;

21
pMum&Sif 60 61 r[maAm"dNrdKifq&mawmf pMum&Sif 62

pGmjzpfay:apNyD; t½dk;jynfhcE¨mBuD;orm;rsm;u tiftm; tBuKd uu f sjzifh tjyif okc? twGi;f aomreó a0'emrsm; tBuD ; trS L ;jyKítod ? tawG U ütm;pd k u f o d ? tawG U ü
BuD;rm;pGm jzpfay:vmapjcif;rQom uGmjcm;Murnf/ yGm;pD;apNyD/ tBudKufrusjzifh tjyif'ku© twGif;a'greó ESpfoufod? tawGU ü awGUvdkod rsm;wnf;/
cE¨m&dSvQif cE¨mxdef;odrf; apmifha&Smuf&eftwGuf a0'emrsm; yGm;pD;vmacsNy/D tm½krH rd&mrS tjyifa&m? twGi;f txufyg (ckepfyg;pk ajcmufyg;pk) rsm;wkdYum; pdwfü
tMunf"mwfcu G rf sm; ygvm&onf/ tMunf"mwfcu G pf &Hk u
Sd yg Oayu©ma0'emrsm; yGm;pD;vmaeNyD/ ,SOaf om apwodurf sm;jzpfMuNy;D ? aumif;&mqd;k &m&dS aumif;
tm½kyH &Hk yd rf sm; qkid &f m"mwfcu G o f Ykd ay:xifvmrnf/ tMunf xdak 0'emrsm;aMumifyh if avmbonfvnf; tEkt&ifh pdwf qdk;pdwfrsm; tm;vkH;ESifhyif oufqdkifaeacs&m aemif
"mwfEiS hf tm½kH qk&H mrsm;ü obm0"mwfoufrsm; twJv G u kd f tjyif;taysmhodkYvdkufum avmbpdwftrsKd;rsKd; yGm;vm aumif;pdwfarG;jrLvmvQifvnf; ¤if;wdkUyg0if&rnfom/
ay:xGufvmrnf/ obm0"mwfouf twJGvdkufay:xGuf &ygonf/ a'goonfvnf; tjyif;taysmhodkYvkdufum þüum; avmb? a'go? arm[pdwf udef;wnfvm
vm&mrS xdod ½kyfemrfrsm; xif&Sm;vm&onf/ a'gopdwEf pS rf sK;d xk;d 0ifvmonf/ arm[onfvnf; tm½krH d &mrS raumif;&mbuf touf0ifoGm;aom &m*p½dkuf?
xdktcg ½kyfESpfckxd (tMunf"mwfESifhtm½kH) tod rrdov Ykd u
kd u f m arm[pdwf ESprf sK;d xyfrí H wd;k 0ifvmonf/ a'gop½dkuf? arm[p½dkufrsm; xlajymvmykHudkom jyqdkrnf
wpfcsufay:EIef;wkdYjzifh jrifod Mum;odrSonf olYoabm xdkowå0grsm; xkdpdwfokH;rsKd;wkdYjzifhyif usihfpOfudk jzpf&m xdkwpfq,fhokH;rsKd;vkH;wdkYonfvnf; raumif;p½dkuf
apmaMumay;EdkifpGrf;&dSaom MuHodtxd jzpfay:vmMu jynfwnfvmMuonf/ xdpk w d of ;Hk rsK;d wkjYd zifyh if b,ftm½kH rdrd (raumif;usifh) tm;ay;olrsm; tjzpfom/
awmhrnf/ tod&dSaeMuawmhonf/ xdkpdwfokH;rsKd;wdkYjzifhyif b0\ qdkcJhNyD; xdktao;pm;owå0gav;rsm;\ wpfaeYwm
xdMk uo H od nf jyifywdu Yk tawGUcHpm;aepOf xdak wGU&m uHMur®mudk om,mvmMuawmhonf/ odkYr[kwf ,kwf? umvonf rdrdwdkYcE¨m0,f tNrJjzpfay:aeaom awGa0
tm½kuH kd twGi;f rSae vufcu H m pkpH rf; ok;H oyfq;Hk jzwfay;avh edrfhpdwfrsm;jzifh p½dkuf? ÓOf? 0goemrsm; arG;pm;aeMujcif;/ ai;armjcif; arm[? tpmr& cE¨may: tpm'ku©usojzifh
&dSonf/ xdkMuHodonf tu,fwdwd jyifywdkYu awGUxd xdpk w
d rf sm;udk Nc&H v
H suuf wJzG uf 0ifygaejcif;rsm;um; jzpf&aom rcHr&yfEdkifjcif; a'go? wpfzef tpm&SmazG&
ray;Muavaomtcg rdr\ d raemwGi;f &dS tm½kaH [mif;rsm;udk tawGUütod? tawGUücHpm;od? tawGUürSwo f m;od? tawGU vmjyefojzifh cE¨may: tpm;okcusojzifh jzpf&aom aeom
vSefavSmum jyefajymif;cHpm;avh&dSonf/ üapwemxm;tod? tawGUütwnfod? tawGUü pdk;rdk;od? xdik o
f mjcif; avmbwdu Yk kd t&if;cHí tcsi;f csi;f tjyeftvSef
xdrk Qtxd ½kypf Hk emrfpw Hk jYkd zif(h tawGUtxd tpktH vif tawGUüESvkH;oGif;odrsm;wnf;/ qufqHMu&mrSvnf; xdkokH;rsKd; wpfrsKd;rsKd;wdk;vmaprnf/
0,f) tm½kcH pH m;cGihf &vmNyjD zpfaom xdo k wå0gonfum;... wpfzef tawGUüMuHod? tawGUüokH;oyfod? tawGUü tcsif;csif; roifhrwifh&mrsm;rSvnf; xdkokH;rsKd; wpfrsKd;rsKd;

22
63 r[maAm"dNrdKifq&mawmf
wdk;vmaponf/
xdkrSwpfqifhwdk;í rdrd odkYr[kwf tcsif;csif;wdkYudk
rSDvsufu aoG;oGif; tm;pmESifh aoG;vTwftm;jzKef;ac:
tpmpm;jcif; arxkerf 0DS jJ cif;jzifh avmb rS umr&m*? a'go
rSvnf; tmCmw Asmyg' tm;BuD;rsm; wdk;yGm;vmMu
awmh u m bmrqd k ud k , f B ud K uf z d k Y rBud K uf z d k Y a vmuf y J
odwwfMuawmhrnf/ bmrqdk udk,fBudKuf&m rBudKuf&m
aemufyJ vdkufygMuawmhonf/
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wpfaeYwm ukefvGefMu&av&m? cE¨mwGif; tyl tykyfESifh
aoG;yl avylrsm; aeukeftxd tqrwef pD;qif;aeawmh
jcif;aMumifh xdu k mrwdYk &SmazGciG hf r&ojzifh tumvqd&k aom
numvwGifum; tdyfarmus arm[pdwfxm;jzifh cE¨mudk
vnf; ukpm; tcsdefudkvnf; ausmfvTm;Mu&ygonf/
xdok wå0grsm;ü aeYwiG f avmb? a'goac: &m*p½du k f
a'gop½du k rf sm;u Bu;D pd;k í nwGiu f m; arm[p½du k u
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tpmpm;pdwf? arxkefpdwfjzifh at;&dyf&SmMuHjcif;/
xdb k 0rsK;d um; wpfb0wnf;vnf;r[kw?f wpfurÇm
pMum&Sif 64
oufwrf;rQcsnf;vnf; r[kwfcJhyg/ xdkumvrsKd;um; acG;?
0uf? MuufrSr[kwf? vlrSr[kwf? b0rsKd;pkHtukefüyif jzpfcJh
Muygonf/ xdt k cGit
hf a&;rsK;d um; ,ckrS &,lvo dk nfr[kw?f
b0tqufquf arQmfvifhvsufucsnf;om/
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ajymif;&efrSm? xdkrQwJGvmaom tusifh,kwfudk ,ckrS
ykwfxkwfypf&ef qdkonfrSm qifrJwludk(aygif;tdk;BuD;
ay:wifí) qifjzLawmfjzpfvmap&ef c0gonf\ vuf
tyfum jyKjyifay;aponfurS vG,fulOD;rnfxif\/
þüum; ...omref o'¨g? qE´? 0D&d,tm;rsm;jzifh
r&Edkifonfhtjyif ydkwdk;? ydkqdk;vmapEdkifygonf/ omref
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rSeof rQ arS;omvdu
k f txdu k x f uf ydv
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aom eouúm ukodawe *EÅHK}}
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65 r[maAm"dNrdKifq&mawmf
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owå0gwdkif;wdkY\tay:odkY arm[onf tcsdefjynfh
aeY? n usa&mufaewwfaomaMumifh xdkowå0gwdkY\
usifvnf&m b0onfvnf; wd&pämef trsm;qkH;/
xdwk &d pämefb0 wpf&mavmufrQ arm[tm; jyif;&Sae
oavmuf a&mufMu&NyD;rS wpfzufodkY ulnDxm;aom
rQwtm;aMumifh vlYtjzpfum; wpfb0/
vlum; xdrk Qtxd jzpfciG &hf tm;enf;vQif xdjk zpfciG &hf
vlb Y 0 jzpfvmMu&onfw h ikd f t&G,t
f m;jzifv
h nf; p½duk qf ;kd
wdkYbufuom tm;om\/ tcsdeftm;jzifhvnf; enf;wlyif
&d\
S / vljzpfaomfrv S nf; b0wdik ;f taumif;rsK;d wd;k 0ifavh
r&d/S
odkYaMumifh tm;BuD;rm;aom o'¨g? qE´? 0D&d, wdkYjzifh
jyKjyif,l&JrSom &m*p½dkufrSo'¨godkY? a'gop½dkufrSynmodkY?
arm[ p½dkufrS tawG;tac:odkY wufomMurnfjzpf&m
vlom;wdkif; taumif;rvdkcsif/ taumif;vdkcsifonfhwdkif
23
pMum&Sif
vlom;wdkif; yifyef;cH rvkyfcsif/ yifyef;cHvkyfcsifonfhwdkif
rodÓOf tkcH J aeojzifh todr0ifEikd /f tod0ifaeonfw h ikd f
rjrifbl;aom todrsKd;jzpfaeí tavhrvkyfcsif/ tavh
vkyo f nfwh ikd f tqef;BuKd upf w
d f a&SUuydwaf eí a&SUodrYk wd;k
vdck si/f
tk e f ; oD ; &aomarsmuf j zpf a p? ywå j rm;iarmuf
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u tokH;uscsif usOD;rnf/
umrowå0g umr&GmrSvmaom xdkvlom;rsm;um;
yifyef;aom tvkyfqdk r0g;&aom iSufaysmoD;rSnfhaomfrS
tcHGyg rpm;vdkMuNyD/ pdwf qHk;r &aomtvkyfqdkvQifvnf;
rnfrQyif a&SUuae oifoif wav;wpm; rvdkufemcsif
MuNy/D
❖ (tjrKyfudk ynmuEkwfí? tvIyfudk orm"duxkwfí?
pufESpfckESifh vlYraem
umrpufudkvnf;aumif;? umrpufydkif&Sif bk&m;
tavmif;awmf pMum0aw;rif;\oabmESifh obm0udk
vnf;aumif; txufu jyqdkcJhNyD;NyD/
66 67 r[maAm"dNrdKifq&mawmf pMum&Sif 68
onfhtwlvQif..."r®pufudkvnf;aumif;? "r®puf vufcH cHpm;cGifh&awmhrnf/ xdk"r®pufudkvnf; rsufpdjzifh
&Sif bk&m;\oabmESifh obm0udkvnf; jycJhNyD;NyD/ MunfhcGifhr&? ÓPfrsufpdjzifhom odcGifh&aponf/xdk"r®puf
xdkESifhwpfqufwnf;...avmuudkvnf;aumif;? oGm;vrf;ESihf vdu k yf g&usK;d rsm;udv k nf; raemjzifo h m cHpm;cGihf
avmutwGif;0if vlYtaMumif;udkvnf;aumif;? ¤if;wdkY &aponf/ odaYk Mumifh "r®pufonf raemr,,mOf (pdwjf zifh
pifwifjzpfay:vmykH ¤if;wdkY\trltusifhrsm;jzifh jycJhNyD;NyD/ om Ny;D aom,mOf)jzpf&um; ud, k vf mxdrS pdwu f odvakd om
þae&monfum; pufEpS cf Ek iS hf pufo;Hk vdo k l vlwu Ykd kd udk,fawGUcHvdkolrsm; pdwfr0ifpm;/
qufpyfay;aom ae&myifwnf;/ bk&m;tavmif;awmfuikd f umrpMum,mOfum;...
bk&m;&Sifydkif "r®pMum,mOfum; okH;q,fhwpfbkH wdkY igwdkYae&m þajrurÇmtjyifrQom vSnfhvnfoGm;Edkif\/
omru xdb k w
Hk \
Ykd jyifytxd ydaYk qmifEikd pf rG ;f &do
S nf/ odaYk omf ur®Zd'¨dac: uH\wefcdk;tmEkabmfrS xjzpf&aom pMum
pwk'o d m tvSLyJq G akd omfvnf; ud,k wf ikd of mG ;a&muf wd;k pm; ,mOfjzpfjcif;aumif; umrudo k m tusK;d jyK\/ trsm;udv k nf;
jcif;? 0D&,
d t&if;avmufawmh pdu k xf w k Ef ikd rf o
S m pm;ok;H cGihf xdu k mrtusK;d udo k m wd;k ap\/ uHrsupf jd zifyh if trsm;wdyYk g
&aponfyrm/ jrifEdkifMu\/ pMum,mOfxufokdYum; trsm; wufcGifhr&dS/
xdk"r®pMum,mOfum; odu©mokH;qifhwkdYjzifhvnf; odaYk omf pMum,mOf\ t&dyu f ukd m; vltrsm;vnf; vkyrf ,l
(BudK;pm;r,l)&bJESifh tvdkvdk&ap\/
tjzKwu f ukd m; oDvutkyí f ) tqifq h ifh wufvrS ;f vmcJ&h rdrd uH oufoufcsn;f r[kw?f pMum&Si\ f uHoufjzifh
OD;rnf/ udk,fudka&m pdwfudkyg xdef;csKyfí vdk&mta&muf yg aygif;½k;H xm;jcif;aMumifh raumif;rI'pk ½du k f rdrv d nf;rvky/f
ac:aqmifvmcJh&OD;rnf/ ynwfod(trsm;ajymod)tpm; olwpfyg;wdkYtvkyfudkvnf; rcH&/ umrcsrf;omudkum; rdrd
y&rwftod(udk,fudk,fwkdif udk,fydkifod)jzifhvnf; vJvS,f vnf;ry,f olwpfyg;wdkYvnf; y,fp&mrvdk/ odkYaomf
&OD;rnf/ b0ESifhumrusKd;rsm;udkum; rdrd\uHtwdkif;om xdktusKd;cHpm;cGifh&rsm;um; xdkpMumrif;BuD; ewf&GmrpHrD
24
69 r[maAm"dNrdKifq&mawmf pMum&Sif 70 71 r[maAm"dNrdKifq&mawmf

uHawmfrukefrD twGif;ydkif;av;rQom/ wufrnfenf;/ umrpMum&SifESifh "r®pMum&Sif rnfolYxH þae&monf pufESpfckESifh vlYraem tuJjzwf&rnfh
vlwo Ykd nfum;...aeYwikd ;f vnf; tpmpm;? aeYwikd ;f cd0k ifrnfenf;/ ae&mwnf;/
vnf; Owk\txdk; cHpm;aecGifh&Mu&m aoG;tm;vnf; þavmuBu;D onf rku d v f ;Hk Bu;D rsm;uom wpfv;Hk Ny;D ❖
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aeMuygonf/ þwGif tpmudkvnf; twdkif;tqrxm;bJ um; tenf;tusOf;av;rQom/ {[d vmvSnfh? yód ½IvSnfh
pm;ok;H rnf/ a&udv k nf; xifovdck sK;d OD;rnf/ ttdyu f v
kd nf; xdak vmuom;rsm;\ uHMur®mum; ... ydu k u f eG Bf u;D b,fvdkyif {nfhcH&dSaeaomfvnf;
xifoavmuf tdyOf ;D rnf/ xdo k ;Hk csuf uGi;f qufrd oku"f mwf jzifh tkyrf xd m;aom iSurf sm;urS vGwaf umif; vGwOf ;D rnf/
tE¨Dblawm t,Havmaum? wEkauw¬ 0dyóoD
rsm; wtdtdNydKqif;vmawmhonfom/ ,if;wdkYum; trdkufrSajymif; taumif;buf a&mufzdkYum;
oukaPm Zmvrkawåm0? tayÜgo*¾g, *päwd/
odaYk Mumif.h ..tpm;ruf? ttdyrf uf? a&csK;d rufwjYkd zifh tcGifhta&;enf;yg;vSacsao;/
rufokH;ruf qufusaeolrsm;u omrefvlrsm;xuf umr? vlrY aemonf aoG;? onf;ajc? av? ovdyw f \Ykd txd;k
t,Havmaum
vmaum-þavmuBuD;um;? tE¨Dblawm wm-
&m*tm; ydkíx<u Edk;Mum;aernf/ tqGrsm;csnf; cHaeMu&&m todÓPfvnf; yGifhoifh
trdkufwdkYuom zkH;tkyfae\/
xdo k üYl BuKd utf m;Bu;D aevQif b0ifrNird ?f ESv;Hk tdrv f yI f oavmuf ryGifh/ udk,fESifhpdwfudk xdef;csKyfí udk,ftm;
{w¬ - þavmuBuD ; xJ ü ? 0d y óoD - ud k , f w G i f ;
pdwfqdk;pdwfykyfrsm; vIyf&Gvmwwfonf/ xdktcg a&SUrod pdwt f m; tm;xkw&f rnfuv kd nf; rvdv k m;/ rsupf ad &SU tawGU
pdwx
f nfh ud,k t
hf aMumif; ud,
k jf yefMunfah vh&o
Sd o
l nfum;?
aemufrjrif rdkufpdwfBuD; 0ifvmawmhrnf/ ay:rSvnf;,kpH m;/ ud, k f ½kyo f rd ;f pdw½f yk of rd ;f í tNird ;f "mwf
wEk a um
um-rqdkpavmufuav;om/
tpmaoG;x xdrk aem tvIyt f &GaMumifh tBuKd uu f s rQcsnf; udef;aprnfqdku vkH;0rMum;vdk/
wo® m -xdkYaMumifh? ouk a PmPm- ydkufwGif;rd iSuf
cHpm;cGihf &rdaeuvnf; rd;k rjrif avrjrif bmtodrQr0ifNy/D xdv k ol m;rsm;\a&SUod.Yk ..odrYk [kwf oifah &SUod.Yk ..
taygif;txJrS? Zmvrkawåm-ydkufrSwdk;xGufvmcJhEdkifaom
tBuKd uu f s cHpm;cGihf r&avuvnf; rd;k rjrif avrjrif bm bk&m;&SiEf iS hf tavmif;awmfpMum&Sif twl,OS f 0ifvmygu
iSufrnfonf? tayÜ g 00-tifrwd tifrwef &Sm;yg;vSbdodkY?
todrQ r0ifNyD/ oifonf rnfou Yl kd tvsif c&D;OD; BuKd qrkd nfenf;/ oifonf
t,H avmaum
avmaum-þavmuom; xJ r S v nf ; ? o*¾ H -
xdv k rYl aemonf umrpufEiS hf "r®puf rnfonfph ufoYkd rnfo\ l Mo0g'udk cH,rl nfenf;/ oifonf rnfoal y;aom
ewfjynftp edAÁmefusatmifodkYum;? tayÜ g -tenf;
t&omrsm; cHpm;csifygoenf;/

25
pMum&Sif 72 73 r[maAm"dNrdKifq&mawmf pMum&Sif 74

tusOf;rQom? *pä d w d-oGm;omMuay\ wum;/
þum; bk&m;&Sif nnf;wGm;aom pum;awmfwnf;/
umrt&m0,f wPSmOD;pD;\/ xdkwPSm o'¨gbuf
rajymif;orQ "r®udk tm;rudk;/ "r®t&m0,f o'¨gOD;pD;\/
xdko'¨g Edk;xufaeorQ umraMumodkY awmrwdk;/
xdok Ykd vluikd rf I ESprf sK;d &daS cs&m...wd&pämefb0 tajc
wnfurÇmrS pwifxlaxmifvmcJh&aom umrwPSm/
,aeYvnf; tm½kt H rsK;d rsK;d wdjYk zifh tpmauR;í vufoyfarG;
xm;&aom umrwPSm/ xdktxJ wnfaqmufxm;aom
b0ESifhcE¨muvnf; umrtpmxnfhrS vIyf&Sm;aomtrsKd;
jzpfaejcif;rsm;aMumifh o'¨gbuf vufajymif;&efum; &ifMuyf
rnf/ olt Y vdu k o
f ifh qufvufvyI &f mS ;olrsm;um; &ifacsmif
rnf/
&ifMuyf'Pf MuMhH uchH í H ajymif;olrsm; "r®puf wufciG &hf
onf/ &ifMuyf'Pf vkH;0rcHEdkifolrsm; "r®puf wufcGifhr&/
xdk&ifMuyf'Pf MuHhMuHhcHolrsm;um; udk,fudkvnf;rn§m
pdwftvdkodkYvnf; rvdkufygol vlenf;pk rQavmufom
&d&S um; ... "r®pufxuf wufou l m; tenf;tusO;f av;
om/
avmuwGif...bk&m;onf tBuD;qkH; tjrwfqkH;
tomqk H ; jzpf N yD ; ? avmuD t usKd ; ud k vnf ; aumif ; ?
avmukw&å m tusK;d udv k nf;aumif;? ypöKyeÜ t
f wGuu f kd vnf;
aumif;? aemiftwGufudkvnf;aumif; bmrqdk vdko
avmuf w G i f r u vk d o nf x uf tyd k & apaom tewå
pGrf;tm;&Siftppf jzpf\/
odkYpOfvsuf...,if;bk&m;&Sif\tavmif;awmfb0
pMum0aw;rif;jzpf umvwkef;u jynftvkH; wdkuftvkH;
urÇmtvkH; tm;vkH;yif pkpk½kH;½kH; tkH;tkH;uRufuRuf wpfcJ
eufeufjzifh csO;f uyfjcif;? t½dt k aojyKjcif;? ,kMH unfav;pm;
jcif;? cdkudk;jcif; jyKcJhMuoavmuf ,ckum; jzpfrvmNyD/
urÇmwpfcv k ;Hk rqdx k m;bd wdu k w
f pfwukd yf if rESpYH yf/
wduk wf pfwu kd f xm;vdu k yf gOD;awmh? jynfwpfjynfyif rESpYH yf/
jynfwpfjynf xm;vdkufygOD;awmh? NrdKUwpfNrdKUyif tm;vkH;
tdrfaphra&muf/
pMum0aw;rif;tjzpfuvnf; onfbk&m;yJ/ onf
bk&m;uvnf; pMum0aw;rif;yJ/ odpYk Ofvsuf bmuGmjcm;ae
oenf;/
wpfzef u,fwif pGrf;tm;rsm;üvnf; ... onf
bk&m;\ pMumrif;b0wke;f u rSo D tl m;jzifh wpfurÇm? ay;Edik f
&mum; umr? onfrQavmufudkom/ pdwfxm;um; arwåm
rQom/
,ck onfbk&m;\ teEÅpGrf;tm;&SiftjzpfwGifum;
rSDoltm;jzifhvnf; wpfurÇm vlwpfrsKd;rQru urÇmtm;vkH;
bkHtm;vkH;wdkY\ twGif;tjyifay;Edkif&m? t&omtm;jzifh
vnf; umrokctjyif "r®okc? 0drkwådokc xdkrSyGm;um uH
t&m? psmef t&m? ÓPft&m tm;vk;H tqk;H txdyif/ wpfzef
pdwfxm;tm;jzifhvnf; arwåmrQru? u½kPm? rk'dwm?
Oayu©mtxdyif/ 0efaqmiftm;jzifh qd&k ygrl &do S rQ touf
ESifhcE¨m a0ae,sodkY tNyD;tyfNyD;om;wnf;/
odpYk OfvQu.f ..pMumrif;b0wke;f u tm;vk;H wpfnD
wpfñGwfwnf; Mo0g'oH emcHcJhoavmuf? onfbk&m;b0
ta&mufwGifum; ...tewå obm0Mo0g'udk twåjzifh
jyefvSefckcHolrsm;uvnf; 'keJYa';/ 'ku© obm0Mo0g'udk
okcjzifh jyefvnfacsyolrsm;uvnf; renf;vS/ tedpö
obm0Mo0g'udk edpjö zifh pum;&nfvo k rl sm;uvnf; r&Sm;/
aMomf . .. bk & m;... bk & m; ...ol Y u ½k P m
b,fvdkxm;xm; trsm;um; todrSwfrjyKcsifMuyguvm;/

26
75 r[maAm"dNrdKifq&mawmf pMum&Sif 76 77 r[maAm"dNrdKifq&mawmf

olaY rwåm b,fvo kd efoef trsm;um; rcH,v l Mkd uyguvm;/ Muavoenf;/ uo® m-bmhaMumifh? "r®ó qm,m,H-
olY0efaqmifwdkuf b,fvdkyifqdkufqdkuf trsm;um; rvdkuf usrf;NyD;ed*Hk; "r®pMum,mOf\t&dyfxJodkY? rmavaPmodEkacg
cg- rckd0if
csiMf uyguvm;/ csifMuavoenf;/
umró puú y0wåd? umr okcg, 0¡wd !
xdktrsm;um; wPSmrS o'¨godkY rajymif;csifMuao;/ r[maAm"d N rd K if q &mawmf
"r®óp puú 0wåd? oAÁH okcH ,H oma"wd
xdktrsm;um; a'gorSvnf; ynmodkY rajymif;csifMuao;/ 1362 ck E S p f ? wef c l ; vjynf h a usmf 2 &uf a eY
awe[d umr owåmeH? uo®m "r®ó y0awå
xdktrsm;um; arm[rSvnf; udk,fwkdiftawG;tac:odkY armae,sawm? pum;/
rmwmaPmod y&m,aem? avaPmod Ekacg
rajymif;jzpfMuao;/
qm,m,H/ /
xdb
k &k m;\ £pämo, raemr, ywåjrm;&wemuJo h Ykd
umró
umró-pMum,mOfESihf pMum&Sif\? puú y 0wå d-
aom vlcsrf;om? ewf? jA[®mwdkYcsrf;omtjyif "r®t&om?
pufvnfusKd;um;? umrok c g,0¡wd ! - vlUb0\umr?
0drwk då t&omwkEYd iS w
hf uGaom edAmÁ efcsr;f omudk ay;vdo k nfh
okcudkrQ twkd;&ap\/
vufaqmifyPÖm? tarGOpömum; vufrJrSajymif; vuf
"r®ópp-w&m;,mOfEiS fh w&m;&Si\f ? puú0wåd- puf
aumif;jzifh ,lrSom &rnfjzpf&m/
vnfjcif;um;? ,H oAÁH okcH- tMuifcsrf;omjcif;rSeforQ
tif;... bk&m;ESit hf rsm; b,fawmhrsm;rS eD;pyfMuygh/
t00udkvQif? oma"wd- NyD;pD;apEkdif\/
tif;... bk&m;ESio hf o
Yl m;orD;rsm;yif...b,fawmh
awe[d - xkdokdYjzpfvsufESihfyif? umrowå m eH -
rsm;rS twloGm; twlvm aexdkifcGifh&Muygh/
BuKd u&f m&mtaumif;xif BuKd u&f modo
Yk m oGm;vrf;jyifaeMu
ygukefaom owå0gtrsm;wkdYonfum;? "r® ó y0awå-
"r®pufvnfywf&m "r®&wem a0iSae&m yGJcif;xJodkY?
uo®m-bmhaMumif?h rmwmaPmodEkacg cg- ryke;f atmif;csif
Muavoenf;/ rmy&m ,aemod Ekacg cg- rvJavsmif;csif

27
pMum&Sif 78
usrf;aygif;tm;vkH; urÜwfzkH; ed*kH;csKyfvkdufNyD
avcu© a &[d vD y d u H ? tumoð E k ½ l y H "r® H
a,emuma&e aomt[H? rmyw¬d udwåd
,H vmbH?
e 'u©m ep 0goem? yewxmyd aAm"geH
aAm"d,m y*¾PdS wkumarm? ÓaPmyd
0d u od w k a0?
a, yóH "r®H 0dZÑEÅK? yw¬,mrDwd £rdem/ /
avcu© a &[d-rifouftu©&mwdkYjzifh?
tEk ½ l y H "r® H-w&m;ESifhtvdkufaom? vD y d u H - pmpk
aypka&;&mrIudk? tumoð - pdwfawG;vrf;azmuf rjzpfp
avmufjzifh aumufcg axmuf½I pk&if;jyK jyK&if;pk jyKcJhrd
pkcJhrdygacsNyD/
aomt[H - pmpk a ypk usrf ; tjzpf jyKpD & if a om
xkdigonf? a,etmuma&e
a,etmuma&e-tMuifusrf;i,f usrf;pk
pD&ifrItwwfjzifh? ud w å H p --xifay:ausmfMum; vlodrsm;
79 r[maAm"dNrdKifq&mawmf pMum&Sif 80
vdkjcif;udkvnf;? rmyw¬ d -rawmifhwcJhbl;onfrSm trSefyg/ £rd e mm-rSefonfudkum; 0efcH rrSefonfudk jiif;qef&jcif;
vmbH p -bkef;vmbfydkrdk pdkajyvdkjcif;udkvnf;? rmyw¬ d - aMumifh? £rd e m -rSefaompum; t&dSt&dStwdkif; ajymMum;
rarQmfvifh½dk; trSefyg/ &jcif;aMumifh? aomt[H -xdkigonf? yw¬ ,mrd-&vdkaom
p -aemuf w pf c suf r S m ? aomt[H - xd k i gonf ? qk opömjyKí awmif;yg\/
'u© m 0g 0g-pmaya&;&m uRrf;ESD;vdr®mjcif;aMumifhvnf;? e- wH-xdk igawmif;vdk&mqkonfum;? a,- a,-pmudv k nf;
r[kw/f zwf tjrwfvnf;&Sm bmomudv k nf; ,kMH unfMuygukeaf om
0goem ,p ,p-a&;om;rIbuf 0goemxufvGef;í tMuif bk&m;om;awmf orD;awmftaygif;wdo Yk nf? vDyduH-
vnf;? e -r[kwf/ pmud?k yóH -½IMunfv h suuf ? "r®Hyd-pmuajymMum; oabm
yewxmyd-xdo k yYkd if [kwb
f ;l [kwb f ;l ajymifvrd b
f ;l w&m;rsm;udv k nf;? 0dZÑEÅKwd-ud,k yf ikd Ó
f PfoiG ;f &Si;f &Si;f vif;
ok H ; aeygaomf v nf ; ? a0- a0-trS e f 0 ef c H & ygrl ? aAm"meH - jzifh bGif;bGif;BuD;ayguf xdk;azgufod odMuygapukef[lí/
odxdkufol vltaygif;wdkYtm;? aAm"meH-tod ay;xdkuf igwkoYd nfum; awm&yfurkd DS awm0oDjzifh aeavh&ySd g
aeol vltaygif;wdu Yk ?kd aAm"d,mm-opömÓPfjzif?h y*¾PdSwk ukef\/ pma&;&efqE´r&dS? a&;Edkifavmufaom tiftm;
umarm
umarm-ulaxmuf ydkYBudK csD;ajr§mufvdkí vnf;aumif;? vnf;r&dS/ a&;vnf;ra&;wwfcJh/ ra&;wwfbJ bmaMumifh
aAm"meH-today;xdkufol vltaygif;wdkY\? ÓaPmyd - a&;ovJ ar;p&m&dS\/
todÓPfonfvnf;? 0d u od w k u marm- yGifhapvdkí ajz&Sif;vdkonfrSm ...igwkdYESifh ywfouf pyfquf
vnf;aumif;? avcu© a &[d -pmrsufESmxuf riftus vsuf&dSMuygukefaom bk&m;om;awmf orD;awmfrsm;
tpufwdkYjzifh? vD y d u H -a&;om;rIudk? tumoð -jyKusifhrd olawmfaumif;tpm;pm;wkdYonf NrdKUudkvnf;r0if &GmwGif
cJyh gNy/D vnf; ruyf/ a[majymjcif; jyojcif;rsm;uvnf; tvGef
£rd e m-xdkxdkusrf;pk þrnfaom a&;om;rIaMumifh? jywfvyf/ onfodkYom uyfuvnf; ruyf jywfuvnf;
28
81 r[maAm"dNrdKifq&mawmf pMum&Sif 82 83 r[maAm"dNrdKifq&mawmf

jywfjzifh a&;&mrrI Oayu©mjyKxm;acsaomf ...

igwdoYk nfvnf; omoemh0ef wm0efraus&m a&muf
awmhrnf/ olwdkYonfvnf; ypönf;omaxmuf tm;udk;
oavmuf c&D; ra&muf &dSacsawmhrnf/
þtcsuf r sm;onf rwwf & mu rwwf p mjzif h
(uyfvmolrsm;tm; a&;ay;&mtwdkif; tzwfckdif;aeaom)
udkif;ESifhuRef; vGef;ysH\tcsufrsm;wnf;/
xdok aYkd &;ojzifh ... c&D;oGm;vm&ma&SU ajcxd;k ozG,f
jzpfaom vl½yI ?f vmbfayg? ausmaf Zm?a>c&H þav;wefwu Ykd kd
igwdkYonf rawmifhwrd/
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